How Reliable is Taiwan's Colonial Period Demographic Data?: An Empirical Study Using Demographic Indirect Estimation Techniques

2012 ◽  
pp. 349-376
Author(s):  
Li Chun-hao ◽  
Yang Wen-shan ◽  
Chuang Ying-chang
Keyword(s):  
Empirical Study ◽  
Demographic Data ◽  
Colonial Period ◽  
Indirect Estimation ◽  
Estimation Techniques

scholarly journals An assessment of third-party reporting of close ties to measure sensitive behaviors: the Confidante Method to measure abortion incidence in Ethiopia and Uganda

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Margaret Giorgio ◽  
Elizabeth Sully ◽  
Doris Chiu
Keyword(s):  
Performance Monitoring ◽  
Third Party ◽  
Indirect Estimation ◽  
Estimation Techniques ◽  
Continued Use ◽  
Nationally Representative ◽  
Using Data ◽  
One Year ◽  
Implementation Problems ◽  
Abortion Incidence

Indirect estimation techniques are an important tool for measuring sensitive and stigmatized behaviors. This includes third-party reporting methods, which have become increasingly common in the field of abortion measurement, where direct survey approaches notoriously lead to underreporting. This paper provides the first in-depth assessment of one of the most widely used of these techniques in the field of abortion measurement: the Confidante Method. We outline six key assumptions behind the Confidante Method and describe how violations of these assumptions can bias resulting estimates. Using data from modules added to the nationally representative Performance Monitoring for Action (PMA) surveys in Uganda and Ethiopia in 2018, we compute one-year abortion incidence estimates using the Confidante Method. We also perform a validation check, using the method to estimate IUD and implant use. While our results reveal that the method performed differently in each country, there were implementation problems in both settings. Several of the method’s foundational assumptions were violated, and efforts to adjust for these violations either failed or only partially addressed the resulting bias. Our validation check also failed, resulting in a gross over-estimate of IUD and implant use. We identify substantial biases in both the numerator and denominator of our abortion estimates and challenge the continued use of this method to estimate abortion incidence. These results have implications more broadly for the potential biases that can be introduced in using third-party reporting of close ties to measure other sensitive or stigmatized behaviors.

scholarly journals Money and Currency in African History

2018 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jane I. Guyer ◽  
Karin Pallaver
Keyword(s):  
Empirical Study ◽  
Common Ground ◽  
New Technologies ◽  
Slave Trade ◽  
Colonial Period ◽  
African History ◽  
Mobile Money ◽  
The World ◽  
Recent Phase ◽  
Atlantic Slave Trade

African peoples have managed multiple currencies, for all the classic four functions of money, for at least a thousand years: within each society’s own circuits, in regional exchange, and across the continent’s borders with the rest of the world. Given the materials of some of these currencies, and the general absence of formalized denominations until the colonial period, some early European accounts defined certain transactions as barter. The management of multiplicity is traced through four eras: a) the precolonial period, with some monies locally produced and acquired, and others imported through intercontinental trades, such as the Atlantic slave trade, and eventually under the expansion of capitalism to Africa; b) the colonial period, when precolonial monies, in some places, still circulated with official monies; c) postcolonial national monies for the new African states; and d) the most recent phase of multiplicity in use, due to migration and sales across borders as well as to the use of new technologies, such as mobile money. The management of multiplicity thereby has a long history and continues to be an inventive frontier. History and ethnography meet on common ground to address these dynamics through empirical study of money in practice, and broader scholarship has drawn on a large variety of original sources.

scholarly journals The Macroeconomic Controversy Over Price Rigidity — How to Resolve it and How Bayesian Estimation has Led us Astray

2022 ◽  
Author(s):  
David Meenagh ◽  
Patrick Minford ◽  
Michael R. Wickens
Keyword(s):  
Monte Carlo ◽  
Bayesian Estimation ◽  
Estimation Methods ◽  
Monte Carlo Experiment ◽  
Price Rigidity ◽  
Estimation Bias ◽  
Indirect Estimation ◽  
Macroeconomic Models ◽  
Estimation Techniques ◽  
Price Flexibility

AbstractPrice rigidity plays a central role in macroeconomic models but remains controversial. Those espousing it look to Bayesian estimated models in support, while those assuming price flexibility largely impose it on their models. So controversy continues unresolved by testing on the data. In a Monte Carlo experiment we ask how different estimation methods could help to resolve this controversy. We find Bayesian estimation creates a large potential estimation bias compared with standard estimation techniques. Indirect estimation where the bias is found to be low appears to do best, and offers the best way forward for settling the price rigidity controversy.

scholarly journals Group stereotypes and symbols of overcoming difficult social situations in the image of small groups

2019 ◽  
pp. 45-58
Author(s):  
Olha Pletka
Keyword(s):  
Empirical Study ◽  
Small Groups ◽  
Demographic Data ◽  
Group Processes ◽  
Study Groups ◽  
Social Situations ◽  
Second Stage ◽  
Self Help ◽  
Demobilized Soldiers ◽  
Self Help Groups

Introduction. Sometimes a person meets with complex social situations. How a person lives these situations down? What is the experience that supports and drives a person to recovery? How does the group help for a person in this? These questions now arise for each of us, because there is no person in the world who would have had the experience of living in complex social situations Purpose. The purpose of the article is to describe the results of the study of group stereotypes and the symbolism of complex social situations in small groups of different directions. Methodology. The sample of empirical research is 132 individuals - 16 groups of different directions: therapeutic (2), educational (7) and crisis (5) (real groups that were in situations of conflict and crisis) and self-help groups (2). Self-help groups are a group of families of demobilized soldiers (heterogeneous) and a group of veterans. The empirical study was conducted in 2 stages. In the first stage, the questionnaire “I am in the group” was prepared and tested. It consists of 21 questions and demographic data of the respondents (age, gender). In the second stage of the empirical study, the seminar “Difficult Social Situations: Experiences of Living and Overcoming” was conducted in the study groups, followed by a survey of respondents. The duration of the seminar is 3-4 hours, depending on the needs of the group Results. The article presents the results of an empirical study of group stereotypes and symbols in the image of small groups in complex social situations. The research identified stereotypical perceptions of the group and overcoming difficult social situations, outlined by the author as external and intra-group stereotypes. External group stereotypes include the destructive, relatively destructive, conditionally constructive and constructive groups of stereotypes described by the respondents. The groups of stereotypes pertaining to external groups are described in detail: relatively destructive (Uniqueness, Closeness and Complexity) and conditionally constructive (Causality and Willingness). Intra-group stereotypes are indicated too. Also, the article highlights a number of group symbols and group processes highlighted by the respondents, describes the analysis of the results of the “Symbolization of experience” methodology. Typization of symbolization of complex social situations and ways of overcoming them is presented. The symbols of this process are determined by the respondents by those symbols that demonstrate the dynamics (or transformation) of the character itself, the dynamics of the plot development, and the abstract ones, which have internal, not obvious, outside logic. Examples of these characters are described. Conclusion. The analysis of the results of the study showed that group stereotypes play a key role in predicting strategies for overcoming difficult social situations, and symbolizing this process helps to find support and help, both within and outside the group

scholarly journals The Threat of COVID-19 and Job Insecurity Impact on Depression and Anxiety: An Empirical Study in the USA

2021 ◽  
Vol 12 ◽  
Author(s):  
Bojan Obrenovic ◽  
Jianguo Du ◽  
Danijela Godinic ◽  
Mohammed Majdy M Baslom ◽  
Diana Tsoy
Keyword(s):  
Empirical Study ◽  
Structural Model ◽  
Job Insecurity ◽  
Demographic Data ◽  
Mental States ◽  
The United States ◽  
Stressful Events ◽  
Anxiety And Depression ◽  
Depression And Anxiety ◽  
The Impact

As the coronavirus disease 2019 pandemic causes a general concern regarding the overall mental health of employees worldwide, policymakers across nations are taking precautions for curtailing and scaling down dispersion of the coronavirus. In this study, we conceptualized a framework capturing recurring troublesome elements of mental states such as depression and general anxiety, assessing them by applying standard clinical inventory. The study explores the extent to which danger control and fear control under the Extended Parallel Processing Model (EPPM) threat impact job insecurity, with uncertainty phenomenon causing afflicting effect on the experiential nature of depression heightened by anxiety. With the aim to explore the job insecurity relationship with anxiety and depression, and measure the impact of EPPM threat, an empirical study was conducted in the United States on a sample of 347 white collar employees. Demographic data, EPPM threat, job insecurity, anxiety, and depression data were collected via a standardized questionnaire during the coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) pandemic. The questionnaire consisting of multi-item scales was distributed online. All the scale items were evaluated on a 5-point Likert scale. SEM software AMOS version 23 was used to perform confirmatory factor analysis with maximum likelihood estimation. In the structural model, relationships between the threat of COVID-19, job insecurity, anxiety, and depression were assessed. The findings of the study suggest that job insecurity has a significant impact on depression and anxiety, whereas the threat of COVID-19 has a significant impact on depression. Mediating effects of job insecurity and EPPM threat impact on anxiety were not established in the study. The study contributes to the apprehension of the repercussions of major environmental disruptions on normal human functioning, and it investigates the effects of self-reported protective behaviors on risk perception. The study also explains the underlying mechanisms of coping behavior as possible antecedents to mental disorders. When subjected to stressful events, heightened psychological arousal causes physical and psychological challenges of affected employees to manifest as behavioral issues.

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