Testing for Mississippian Period Turkey Management in the Archaeological Record of the Southeastern United States

2021 ◽  
pp. 1-21
Author(s):  
Erin Kennedy Thornton ◽  
Tanya Peres ◽  
Kelly Ledford Chase ◽  
Brian M. Kemp ◽  
Ryan Frome ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
United States ◽  
Southeastern United States ◽  
Meleagris Gallopavo ◽  
American Southwest ◽  
Intensive Management ◽  
Archaeological Record ◽  
Eastern United States ◽  
Mississippian Period ◽  
Dna Analyses ◽  
Combined Data

People living in Mesoamerica and what is now the eastern and southwestern United States used turkeys (Meleagris gallopavo) as sources of meat, eggs, bones, and feathers. Turkey husbandry and domestication are confirmed in two of these regions (Mesoamerica and the American Southwest), but human-turkey interactions in Eastern North American (eastern United States and Canada) are not fully explored. We apply stable isotope (δ13C, δ15N) and ancient mitochondrial DNA analyses to archaeofaunal samples from seven sites in the southeastern United States to test whether turkeys were managed or captively reared. These combined data do not support prolonged or intensive captive rearing of turkeys, and evidence for less intensive management is ambiguous. More research is warranted to determine whether people managed turkeys in these areas, and whether this is generalizable. Determining whether turkeys were managed or reared in the southeastern United States helps define cultural and environmental factors related to turkey management or husbandry throughout North America. This inquiry contributes to discussion of the roles of intensified human-animal interactions in animal domestication.

1st Unnamed Cave: a Mississippian period cave art site in east Tennessee, USA

Antiquity ◽  
1996 ◽  
Vol 70 (270) ◽  
pp. 774-784 ◽  
Author(s):  
Charles H. Faulkner ◽  
Jan F. Simek
Keyword(s):  
United States ◽  
Soft Materials ◽  
Eastern United States ◽  
Special Group ◽  
Mississippian Period ◽  
East Tennessee ◽  
Cave Art

The well-protected walls and floors of deep caves are some of the few places where human markings on soft materials — sands, muds, clays — survive archaeologically. Since 1979, a special group of caves in the eastern United States has been reported with ‘mud-glyphs’ or prehistoric drawings etched in wet mud. Here, the seventh of these mud-glyph caves is described; once again, its iconography connects it to the ‘Southern Cult’ or ‘Southeast Ceremonial Complex’ of the Mississippian period.

Investigations in the Cahokia Site Grand Plaza

1993 ◽  
Vol 58 (2) ◽  
pp. 306-319 ◽  
Author(s):  
George R. Holley ◽  
Rinita A. Dalan ◽  
Philip A. Smith
Keyword(s):  
United States ◽  
Remote Sensing ◽  
Initial Growth ◽  
Eastern United States ◽  
Significant Information ◽  
Mississippian Period ◽  
Deep Pit ◽  
Cahokia Mounds

Research designed to explore the Grand Plaza at the Cahokia Mounds site, the largest Mississippian-period mound center in the eastern United States, documents that plazas may yield significant information regarding Mississippian manipulation of the landscape and the initial growth of mound centers. Probing and excavation within the Grand Plaza revealed that buried ridge-swale topography, identified through an electromagnetic-conductivity survey, was stripped and then filled by the Cahokians. Excavation also corroborated the presence of deep-pit borrows identified by remote sensing. Based on the ceramics recovered from our excavations, we argue that these earth-moving events were initiated prior to the onset of the Mississippian period (ca. A.D. 1000). Reclamation of the borrowed areas resulted in the formation of the mound-plaza configuration early during the Mississippian period.

Taxonomic revision of the Opuntia humifusa complex (Opuntieae: Cactaceae) of the eastern United States

Phytotaxa ◽  
2017 ◽  
Vol 290 (1) ◽  
pp. 1 ◽  
Author(s):  
LUCAS C. MAJURE ◽  
WALTER S. JUDD ◽  
PAMELA S. SOLTIS ◽  
DOUGLAS E. SOLTIS
Keyword(s):  
United States ◽  
Southeastern United States ◽  
Diploid Species ◽  
Taxonomic Revision ◽  
Florida Keys ◽  
Early Pleistocene ◽  
Eastern United States ◽  
Distribution Maps ◽  
Northern Mexico ◽  
Opuntia Humifusa

The Humifusa clade represents a recent radiation that originated in the late Pliocene or early Pleistocene and consists of about 10 species widely distributed in North America from northern Mexico north to Ontario, Canada, and south to the Florida Keys. This clade likely originated in the edaphically subxeric regions of northern Mexico and the southwestern United States, and from there it later spread to the southeastern United States and ultimately produced a small radiation in the eastern United States. Hybridization among evolutionarily divergent diploid species of the southeastern (SE) and southwestern (SW) United States subclades led to the origin of many polyploid taxa, which today occupy about 75% of the distribution of the clade. Here we present a taxonomic revision of the SE subclade of the Humifusa clade and polyploid derivatives that commonly occur in the eastern United States (i.e., the O. humifusa complex). We recognize eight taxa: Opuntia abjecta, O. austrina, O. cespitosa, O. drummondii, O. humifusa, O. mesacantha subsp. mesacantha, O. mesacantha subsp. lata, and O. nemoralis, as well as the interclade allopolyploid, Opuntia ochrocentra, derived, in part, from a member of the O. humifusa complex. Diagnostic keys, descriptions, original photos, and distribution maps are provided for each taxon. Neotypes are designated for the names O. austrina (NY) and O. youngii (USF), and O. drummondii and O. tracyi are lectotypified from an illustration in Maund & Henslow and a specimen at NY, respectively.

The Yanomamö of the Mississippi Valley? Some Reflections on Larson (1972), Gibson (1974), and Mississippian Period Warfare in the Southeastern United States

1981 ◽  
Vol 46 (4) ◽  
pp. 909-916 ◽  
Author(s):  
D. Bruce Dickson
Keyword(s):  
United States ◽  
South America ◽  
Sandy Loam ◽  
Southeastern United States ◽  
Ontological Argument ◽  
Basic Material ◽  
Mississippi Valley ◽  
Lower Mississippi Valley ◽  
Mississippian Period ◽  
Material Conditions

Larson's (1972) hypothesis that warfare during the Mississippian period in the Southeast was primarily a struggle over the fertile silt and sandy loam bottomland soils is summarized. This is then contrasted with Gibson's (1974) thesis that, at least in the Lower Mississippi Valley, warfare was caused by the "asymmetrical" nature of the kinship systems found there. Such systems led to status decline over several generations and forced individuals to attempt to offset the decline by achieving success in warfare. The Larson-Gibson dispute is essentially an ontological argument which pits the materialist's view of reality against that of the idealist. This dispute is compared to a similar one between Harris (1971, 1974, 1977, 1979) and Lizot (1977) concerning the explanation of Yamomamo warfare in South America. Following this, the basic material conditions of Mississippian warfare are suggested. The importance of mechanisms such as Gibson has proposed for understanding Mississippian warfare at the "tactical" level is recognized. Finally, primacy is given to Larson"s materialism at the "strategic" level.

scholarly journals Virulence of Blumeria graminis f. sp. tritici on Winter Wheat in the Eastern United States

Plant Disease ◽  
1998 ◽  
Vol 82 (1) ◽  
pp. 64-68 ◽  
Author(s):  
A. S. Niewoehner ◽  
S. Leath
Keyword(s):  
United States ◽  
Winter Wheat ◽  
Resistance Genes ◽  
Virulence Genes ◽  
Southeastern United States ◽  
Blumeria Graminis ◽  
Eastern United States ◽  
Single Spore ◽  
Differential Host ◽  
Wheat Leaves

Samples of perithecia of Blumeria graminis f. sp. tritici from senescing wheat leaves were collected by cooperators from 17 states. Ascospores were discharged from perithecia and single-spore isolates were characterized for virulence genes using a differential host series containing 15 known resistance genes. A total of 520 isolates from 17 states were characterized in 1993 and 1994. Virulence frequencies and complexity and racial composition were examined. The data were analyzed for associations among sets of virulence genes and the geographical distribution of phenotypes. Virulence to Pm3c, Pm3f, pm5, Pm6, and Pm7 was present in all states surveyed. Since 1990, virulence to Pm3a has increased in the northeast, and virulence to Pm1, Pm4b, Pm8, and Pm17 has increased across the area surveyed. The resistance genes Pm12 and Pm16 remain highly effective in the southeastern United States. An increase in virulence frequencies and complexity of isolates was observed.

scholarly journals Contextualizing Ancestral Pueblo Turkey (Meleagris gallopavo spp.) Management

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Cyler Conrad
Keyword(s):  
Meleagris Gallopavo ◽  
American Southwest ◽  
Archaeological Sites ◽  
Archaeological Record ◽  
Ancestral Pueblo ◽  
Global Perspectives ◽  
Animal Management ◽  
Human Management ◽  
Human Animal

AbstractPenning turkeys (Meleagris gallopavo spp.) in the Ancestral Pueblo American Southwest/Mexican Northwest (SW/NW) involved the creation or use of a variety of spaces and contexts throughout AD 1–1600 and into the post-contact era. Turkey pens, or captivity, occur through simple tethering, reuse of abandoned pit houses or surface rooms, or creation of pens within villages, plazas, and elsewhere. Turkey dung, droppings, and eggshells are fundamental for determining the presence or absence of pens at archaeological sites. In this paper, I review the archaeological record for turkey pens and focus on three main questions: (1) how are turkey pens identified in the SW/NW, (2) if turkey pen construction or evidence for turkey captivity shifts through time, and (3) what the record of turkey penning informs us regarding the long-term human management of these birds and global perspectives on human–bird/human–animal management. Ancestral Pueblo peoples created an adaptive and flexible strategy for turkey penning, which successfully integrated these birds into ceremonial and socioeconomic processes for approximately 1600 years.

Blastomyces dermatitidis

2012 ◽  
pp. 164-167
Author(s):  
Janis E Blair
Keyword(s):  
United States ◽  
Histoplasma Capsulatum ◽  
Southeastern United States ◽  
Fungal Growth ◽  
Blastomyces Dermatitidis ◽  
Ohio River ◽  
Recreational Water ◽  
Eastern United States ◽  
Rivers And Lakes ◽  
River Valleys

Blastomyces dermatitidis is a fungus endemic in the central and eastern United States. It is coendemic with Histoplasma capsulatum in much of the central and southeastern United States, including the Mississippi and Ohio river valleys. Distribution of B dermatitidis extends farther north and west than H capsulatum and includes northern Wisconsin, Minnesota, Ontario, and Manitoba. Fungal growth occurs in nitrogen-rich soils close to streams, rivers, and lakes. Many outbreaks of blastomycosis occur within 100 meters of recreational water. Infection can be asymptomatic or can cause flulike symptoms, pneumonia, or skin, bone or CNS manifestations. Diagnosis and treatment are also reviewed.

scholarly journals Global analysis of the relation between aerosols and short-lived trace gases

2010 ◽  
Vol 10 (8) ◽  
pp. 18919-18951
Author(s):  
J. P. Veefkind ◽  
K. F. Boersma ◽  
J. Wang ◽  
T. Kurosu ◽  
N. Krotkov ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
United States ◽  
Biomass Burning ◽  
Western Europe ◽  
Southeastern United States ◽  
Satellite Observations ◽  
Trace Gas ◽  
Eastern United States ◽  
Aerosol Formation ◽  
The Tropics ◽  
Combustion Processes

Abstract. The spatial and temporal correlations between concurrent satellite observations of aerosol optical thickness (AOT) from the Moderate Resolution Imaging Spectroradiometer (MODIS) and tropospheric columns of nitrogen dioxide, sulfur dioxide, and formaldehyde from the Ozone Monitoring Instrument (OMI) are used to infer information on the global composition of aerosol particles. When averaging the satellite data over large regions and longer time periods, we find significant correlation between MODIS AOT and OMI trace gas columns for various regions in the world. This suggests that enhanced aerosol and trace gas concentrations originate from common sources, such as fossil fuel combustion, biomass burning, and organic compounds released from the biosphere. This leads us to propose that satellite-inferred AOT to NO2 ratios for regions with comparable photochemical regimes can be used as indicators for the relative (local) efficiency of combustion processes. Indeed, satellites observe low AOT to NO2 ratios over the eastern United States and western Europe, and high AOT to NO2 ratios over comparably industrialized regions in eastern Europe and China. Emission databases and OMI SO2 observations over these regions suggest a much stronger sulfur contribution to aerosol formation than over the well-regulated areas of the eastern United States and western Europe. Furthermore, satellite observations show AOT to NO2 ratios are a factor 100 higher over biomass burning regions than over industrialized areas, reflecting the unregulated burning practices with strong primary particle emissions in the tropics compared to the heavily controlled combustion processes in the industrialized Northern Hemisphere. Simulations with a global chemistry transport model (GEOS-Chem) capture most of these differences, providing some confidence in our understanding of aerosol sources, formation mechanisms, and sinks. Wintertime aerosol concentrations show strongest correlations with NO2 throughout most of the Northern Hemisphere. During summertime, AOT is often (also) correlated with enhanced HCHO concentrations, reflecting the importance of secondary organic aerosol formation in that season. We also find significant correlations between AOT and HCHO over biomass burning regions, the tropics in general, and over industrialized regions in southeastern Asia. The distinct summertime maximum in AOT (0.4 at 550 nm) and HCHO over the southeastern United States strengthens existing hypotheses that local emissions of volatile organic compounds lead to the formation of secondary organic aerosols there. GEOS-Chem underestimates the AOT over the southeastern United States by a factor of 2, most likely due to too strong precipitation and too low SOA yield in the model.

OVERWINTERING OF WESTERN FLOWER THRIPS (THYSANOPTERA: THRIPIDAE) IN PENNSYLVANIA

1993 ◽  
Vol 125 (5) ◽  
pp. 971-973 ◽  
Author(s):  
C.M. Felland ◽  
L.A. Hull ◽  
D.A.J. Teulon ◽  
E. Alan Cameron
Keyword(s):  
United States ◽  
North America ◽  
Frankliniella Occidentalis ◽  
Southeastern United States ◽  
Western Flower Thrips ◽  
Western North America ◽  
Eastern United States ◽  
Northeastern United States ◽  
Flower Thrips ◽  
The World

Western flower thrips, Frankliniella occidentalis (Pergande), originally distributed throughout western North America (Bryan and Smith 1956), have since spread to greenhouses in the eastern United States and Canada, and to many other parts of the world (Brodsgaard 1989). Populations have established outdoors in the southeastern United States (Chamberlin et al. 1992) and in several other warm regions of the world (Brodsgaard 1993). but have failed to establish in Ontario (Broadbent and Hunt 1991) and the northern parts of Europe (Brodsgaard 1993). We have not found reports of western flower thrips overwintering outdoors in the northeastern United States.

Capillaria tridens (Dujardin 1845) Travassos 1915, from Wild Turkeys (Meleagris gallopavo) in the Southeastern United States

1975 ◽  
Vol 61 (6) ◽  
pp. 1115
Author(s):  
William R. Davidson ◽  
Forest E. Kellogg ◽  
Gary L. Doster
Keyword(s):  
United States ◽  
Southeastern United States ◽  
Meleagris Gallopavo ◽  
Wild Turkeys
Sign in / Sign up

Export Citation Format

Share Document