The Historical Evolution of Welfare Systems in Latin America: Qualitative Comparative Analysis

Author(s):  
Alex Segura-Ubiergo
2015 ◽  
Vol 9 (1) ◽  
pp. 21
Author(s):  
Marlon Vinícius Brisola ◽  
Magali Costa Guimarães

ResumoA política de Estado que prioriza a produção e a exportação de produtos agropecuários in natura ou semi-processados tem sido a tônica de alguns países, especialmente, Brasil, Argentina, Uruguai, Chile e Colômbia, na América Latina. Nesses espaços, os Sistemas Agroindustriais (SAGs) representam importantes campos de análise econômica, política e social, demarcando o grau de desenvolvimento de determinados territórios ou populações. Uma das características dos SAGs é a constituição de redes que têm diferentes níveis de consolidação e especificidades, em função da complexidade das atividades de processamento, do nível de incertezas mercadológicas e da estrutura concorrencial. Contudo, distinções entre SAGs de produtos adversos ou concorrentes, ou entre diferentes territórios onde atuam um mesmo SAG, podem ser observadas e, tais diferenças, podem estar relacionadas a diferentes constituições institucionais que os regem. Partindo dessa premissa, propõe-se este estudo ao sugerir a utilização da técnica QCA (Qualitative Comparative Analysis) associada à análise histórico-comparativa de casos como método para o entendimento dos efeitos da evolução institucional territorial sobre o desempenho econômico dos SAGs. O mesmo método foi utilizado por Brisola (2013) para analisar o padrão de relação entre o Estado e as associações empresariais industriais, no Brasil e na Argentina, no período entre 1956 e 1978, e compará-lo ao seu impacto sobre o upgrading industrial, em cada um destes países. A replicação do método e a sua discussão passa pela definição conceitual das dimensões do estudo, bem como pela caracterização dos indicadores que as suportam, utilizando como casos os marcos político-temporais que retratam as diferentes constituições institucionais dos territórios sob análise. Espera-se, como resultado, encontrar, com a aplicação dessa metodologia, melhores interpretações das razões que levam aos diferentes desempenhos técnico, econômico e/ou político dos SAGs e suas redes inseridas nos territórios produtivos agroindustriais, tanto na América Latina, como em outras regiões do globo.Palavras-chaveAnálise histórico-comparativa; Instituições, Sistemas Agroindustriais; Território. *** Resumen La política de Estado que priorice la producción y exportación de commodities agrícolas ha sido la prioridad de algunos países en Latinoamérica, especialmente Brasil, Argentina, Uruguay, Chile y Colombia. En estos espacios, los Sistemas Agroindustriales (SAGs) representan campos importantes de análisis económicos, políticos y sociales, que marcan el grado de desarrollo de algunas regiones o poblaciones. Una de las características de los SAGs es el establecimiento de redes que tienen diferentes niveles de consolidación y especificidades, en función de la complejidad de las actividades de procesamiento, del nivel de incertidumbres de marketing y de la estructura competitiva. Sin embargo, entre los SAGs de productos competitivos o entre los SAGs de distintos territorios es posible observar distinciones relacionadas con diferentes constituciones institucionales que las gobiernan. De este hecho, se propone en este estudio, sugiriendo el uso de QSA (Qualitative Comparative Analysis), asociada con el análisis de caso histórico comparativo como un método para la comprensión de los efectos del desarrollo institucional territorial sobre el desempeño económico del SAG. El mismo método fue utilizado por Brisola (2013) para analizar el patrón de relación entre el Estado y las asociaciones de empresarios industriales en Brasil y Argentina, en el período comprendido entre 1956 y 1978. El método de replicación y su debate consiste en la definición conceptual de las dimensiones del estudio y la caracterización de los indicadores que lo apoyan, utilizando como casos políticos y plazos que representan las diferentes constituciones institucionales de los territorios colocados bajo análisis. Así, como resultado, encontrase con la aplicación de esta metodología mejores interpretaciones de las razones que llevan a las diferentes actuaciones técnicas, económicas y o políticas del SAG y sus redes incrustadas en territorios productivos agroindustriales, tanto en América Latina como en otras regiones.Palabras-claveAnálisis histórico-comparativa; Instituciones, Sistemas Agroindustriales; Territorio ***AbstractThe state policy that prioritizes the production and exportation of agricultural products - au naturelle or semi-processed -  has been the keynote of some countries, especially Brazil, Argentina, Uruguay, Chile and Colombia in Latin America. In these spaces, the Agribusiness Systems (SAGs) represent important fields of economic, political and social analysis, marking the degree of development of certain areas or populations. One of the hallmarks of the SAGs is the establishment of networks that have different levels of consolidation and specificities, depending on the complexity of the processing activities, the level of marketing uncertainties and competitive structure. However, there may be distinctions between SAGs of adverse or competing products, or between different territories where they operate the same SAG, and such differences may be related to different institutional constitutions that govern them. From this premise, this study suggests the use of CSF technicque (Qualitative Comparative Analysis) associated with the historical-comparative case analysis as a method for understanding the effects of territorial institutional development on the economic performance of the SAGs. The same method was used by Brisola (2013) to analyze the relationship pattern between the state and the industrial business associations in Brazil and Argentina, in the period between 1956 and 1978, and compare it to its impact on industrial upgrading, in each country. The method of replication and its discussion involves the conceptual definition of the study dimensions and the characterization of indicators that support it. All of this, using as framework the temporal-political markers that depict the different institutional constitutions of territories under analysis. It is expected, as a result, to find with the application of this methodology the best interpretations as to why that lead to different technical, economic and/or political performances of SAGs and their embedded networks in agribusiness productive territories, both in Latin America, as in other regions. KeywordsHistorical and comparative analysis; Institutions, agribusiness systems; Territory.


2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Johann Johann And Devika

BACKGROUND Since November 2019, Covid - 19 has spread across the globe costing people their lives and countries their economic stability. The world has become more interconnected over the past few decades owing to globalisation and such pandemics as the Covid -19 are cons of that. This paper attempts to gain deeper understanding into the correlation between globalisation and pandemics. It is a descriptive analysis on how one of the factors that was responsible for the spread of this virus on a global scale is globalisation. OBJECTIVE - To understand the close relationship that globalisation and pandemics share. - To understand the scale of the spread of viruses on a global scale though a comparison between SARS and Covid -19. - To understand the sale of globalisation present during SARS and Covid - 19. METHODS A descriptive qualitative comparative analysis was used throughout this research. RESULTS Globalisation does play a significant role in the spread of pandemics on a global level. CONCLUSIONS - SARS and Covid - 19 were varied in terms of severity and spread. - The scale of globalisation was different during the time of SARS and Covid - 19. - Globalisation can be the reason for the faster spread in Pandemics.


2021 ◽  
pp. 1-6
Author(s):  
Matias López ◽  
Juan Pablo Luna

ABSTRACT By replying to Kurt Weyland’s (2020) comparative study of populism, we revisit optimistic perspectives on the health of American democracy in light of existing evidence. Relying on a set-theoretical approach, Weyland concludes that populists succeed in subverting democracy only when institutional weakness and conjunctural misfortune are observed jointly in a polity, thereby conferring on the United States immunity to democratic reversal. We challenge this conclusion on two grounds. First, we argue that the focus on institutional dynamics neglects the impact of the structural conditions in which institutions are embedded, such as inequality, racial cleavages, and changing political attitudes among the public. Second, we claim that endogeneity, coding errors, and the (mis)use of Boolean algebra raise questions about the accuracy of the analysis and its conclusions. Although we are skeptical of crisp-set Qualitative Comparative Analysis as an adequate modeling choice, we replicate the original analysis and find that the paths toward democratic backsliding and continuity are both potentially compatible with the United States.


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