Perceiving the Nesting of Affordances for Complex Goal-Directed Actions

2015 ◽  
pp. 547-567 ◽  
Author(s):  
Leonard S. Mark ◽  
Lin Ye ◽  
L. James Smart
Keyword(s):  
Complex Goal

Activation of the Human Superior Temporal Gyrus during Observation of Goal Attribution by Intentional Objects

2004 ◽  
Vol 16 (10) ◽  
pp. 1695-1705 ◽  
Author(s):  
Johannes Schultz ◽  
Hiroshi Imamizu ◽  
Mitsuo Kawato ◽  
Chris D. Frith
Keyword(s):  
Functional Imaging ◽  
Superior Temporal Gyrus ◽  
Target Object ◽  
Directed Motion ◽  
Intentional Objects ◽  
Geometrical Shapes ◽  
Goal Attribution ◽  
Complex Goal

Previous functional imaging experiments in humans showed activation increases in the posterior superior temporal gyrus and sulcus during observation of geometrical shapes whose movements appear intentional or goal-directed. We modeled a chase scenario between two objects, in which the chasing object used different strategies to reach the target object: The chaser either followed the target's path or appeared to predict its end position. Activation in the superior temporal gyrus of human observers was greater when the chaser adopted a predict rather than a follow strategy. Attending to the chaser's strategy induced slightly greater activation in the left superior temporal gyrus than attending to the outcome of the chase. These data implicate the superior temporal gyrus in the identification of objects displaying complex goal-directed motion.

scholarly journals Reductions in prefrontal activation predict off-topic utterances during speech production

2018 ◽  
Author(s):  
Paul Hoffman
Keyword(s):  
Prefrontal Cortex ◽  
Speech Production ◽  
Formal Analysis ◽  
Neural Systems ◽  
Healthy Older Adults ◽  
Linguistic Analyses ◽  
Complex Goal ◽  
First Time ◽  
Increased Activity ◽  
Selection Of

AbstractThe ability to speak coherently is essential for effective communication but declines with age: older people more frequently produce tangential, off-topic speech. Little is known, however, about the neural systems that support coherence in speech production. Here, fMRI was used to investigate extended speech production in healthy older adults. Computational linguistic analyses were used to quantify the coherence of utterances produced in the scanner, allowing identification of the neural correlates of coherence for the first time. Highly coherent speech production was associated with increased activity in bilateral inferior prefrontal cortex (BA45), an area implicated in selection of task-relevant knowledge from semantic memory, and in bilateral rostrolateral prefrontal cortex (BA10), implicated more generally in planning of complex goal-directed behaviours. These findings demonstrate that neural activity during spontaneous speech production can be predicted from formal analysis of speech content, and that multiple prefrontal systems contribute to coherence in speech.

A Framework for Early Usability Integration in Web Applications Development Process

2011 ◽  
pp. 292-314
Author(s):  
Daniela M. Andrei ◽  
Adriana M. Guran
Keyword(s):  
Design Process ◽  
Web Applications ◽  
Web Design ◽  
Interdisciplinary Approach ◽  
Main Concern ◽  
Development Life Cycle ◽  
Software Engineering Process ◽  
Complex Goal ◽  
The Web

Developing usable products becomes more and more important for software developers. Developing web applications it’s more challenging than developing desktop applications due to the various users that will interact with the final product. Satisfying users’ expectations becomes a very difficult task, as usability proves to be a very complex goal to achieve in the context of increased productivity targets in software engineering process. The present chapter focuses on the idea of rethinking the concept of usability moving from the traditional view of usability expressed in the internal characteristics of the product towards usability understood as deriving from the quality of interactions between humans, their work and the web design product. Usability is not only an add-on or a final result in the design process but it is embedded as a main concern within the design process itself. In order to build usable products, a great attention should be oriented to users and their needs, and this can be a very challenging task for software developer teams. In this chapter we will describe an interdisciplinary approach, based on applying social sciences techniques and methods that can be helpful in overcoming the difficulties in understanding the users. We will provide a short description of the proposed methods, a guide in applying these methods and a framework that integrates each of the proposed methods into the corresponding step of the web product development life cycle. The chapter ends with the presentation of two case studies showing the applicability of the proposed solution in real design contexts.

Stimulation of eating by the second messenger cAMP in the perifornical and lateral hypothalamus

1997 ◽  
Vol 273 (1) ◽  
pp. R107-R112 ◽  
Author(s):  
E. R. Gillard ◽  
A. M. Khan ◽  
A. ul-Haq ◽  
R. S. Grewal ◽  
B. Mouradi ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Food Intake ◽  
Lateral Hypothalamus ◽  
Second Messengers ◽  
Second Messenger ◽  
Cyclic Monophosphate ◽  
Camp Analog ◽  
Complex Goal ◽  
Intracellular Action ◽  
Stimulation Of ◽  
Goal Oriented Behavior

Despite intense study of neurotransmitters mediating hypothalamic controls of food intake, little is known about which second messengers are critical for these mechanisms. To determine whether adenosine 3',5'-cyclic monophosphate (cAMP) might participate in these mechanisms, we injected the membrane-permeant cAMP analog 8-bromo-cAMP (8-BrcAMP) hypothalamically in satiated rats. Injection of 8-BrcAMP (10-100 nmol) into the perifornical (PFH) and lateral hypothalamus (LH) dose dependently stimulated food intake of up to 15.7 g in 2 h. Significantly smaller responses were obtained with thalamic injections. In contrast to the strong stimulatory effects of PFH and LH 8-BrcAMP, cAMP and 8-bromo-guanosine 3',5'-cyclic monophosphate (100 nmol) were ineffective, suggesting a chemically specific, intracellular action. Consistent with this, combined PFH injection of 7-deacetyl-7-O-(N-methylpiperazino)-tau-butyryl-forskolin dihydrochloride and 3-isobutyl-1-methylxanthine, agents that increase endogeneous cAMP, stimulated eating of up to 9.9 g in 2 h. These results demonstrate that increases in PFH/LH cAMP can elicit complex, goal-oriented behavior, suggesting an important role for cAMP in hypothalamic mechanisms stimulating food intake.

Impairments of procedures for implementing complex language are due to disruption of frontal attention processes

2006 ◽  
Vol 12 (2) ◽  
pp. 236-247 ◽  
Author(s):  
MICHAEL P. ALEXANDER
Keyword(s):  
Narrative Discourse ◽  
Response Criteria ◽  
Motor Aphasia ◽  
Basic Language ◽  
Clinical Disorders ◽  
Executive Deficits ◽  
Clinical Phenomenology ◽  
Complex Goal ◽  
Grammatical Structures

Production of complex discourse—lengthy, open-ended utterances and narratives—requires intact basic language operations, but it also requires a series of learned procedures for construction of complex, goal-directed communications. The progression of clinical disorders from transcortical motor aphasia to dynamic aphasia to discourse impairments represents a progression of procedural deficits from basic morpho-syntax to complex grammatical structures to narrative and a progression of lesions from posterior frontal to polar and/or lateral frontal to medial frontal. Two cases of impaired utilization of language exemplify the range of impairments from clearly aphasic agrammatic, nonfluency to less and less “aphasic” and more and more executive impairments from transcortical motor aphasia to dynamic aphasia to narrative discourse disorder. The clinical phenomenology of these disorders gradually comes to be more accurately defined in the terminology of executive deficits than that of aphasia. The executive deficits are, in turn, based on impairments in various components of attention. Specific impairments in energizing attention and setting response criteria associated, respectively, with lesions in superior medial and left ventrolateral frontal regions may cause defective recruitment of the procedures of complex language assembly. (JINS, 2006,12, 236–247.)

Radical schemes for representing objects of observation and restrictions in the operation of the spacecraft target equipment for the task of forming its working program

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
M.V. Pirogov ◽  
N.N. Pleshchev ◽  
V.V. Rozhkov
Keyword(s):  
Mathematical Models ◽  
Problem Area ◽  
Standard Representation ◽  
Mathematical Objects ◽  
Software And Hardware ◽  
Complex Goal

The paper considers the problem of generating a list of objects for space survey. To solve the problem it is proposed to use mathematical objects — schemes of radicals, aimed at eliminating critical weaknesses related to the use of mathematical models and corresponding software and hardware in the problem area of complex goal-oriented systems. Also mathematical standardization of complex goal-oriented systems based on the use of radical schemes seems to be necessary. The paper substantiates the need for using radical schemes for the standard representation of objects of observation and restrictions in the operation of the spacecraft target equipment for the task of designing its working program.

Effects of Food Deprivation upon Cue Utilization as Measured by Novelty-Incentive

1974 ◽  
Vol 26 (2) ◽  
pp. 206-217 ◽  
Author(s):  
Kermit T. Hoyenga ◽  
Katharine Blick Hoyenga
Keyword(s):  
Food Deprivation ◽  
Male Rats ◽  
Complex Stimulus ◽  
Latent Learning ◽  
Cue Utilization ◽  
Free Exploration ◽  
Incentive Value ◽  
Low Levels ◽  
Complex Goal ◽  
Hunger Drive

A series of three experiments was done to test the hypothesis that high levels of food deprivation would adversely affect cue utilization from a complex stimulus goal as tested by its novelty-incentive value when that goal was later opposed to food for hungry subjects in a T-maze. It was found that the hunger drive level under which the male rats had originally experienced the complex stimulus goal determined its later incentive value, whether the original experience was in a latent learning type II situation (Experiment I, 20 subjects), a drive-shift situation (Experiment II, 40 subjects), or a free exploration situation (Experiment III, 30 subjects). In each experiment, having first experienced the complex goal under low levels of deprivation significantly decreased the frequency of choices of that goal in a later test relative to the performance of the more deprived animals. The data was interpreted as indicating that utilization of cues, in the sense of input and possibly retention of information, was hindered by the higher levels of deprivation.

scholarly journals Modernization of managerial approaches to combating corruption in the context of ensuring the European integration of Ukraine

2019 ◽  
pp. 66-72
Author(s):  
Hanna Pashkova
Keyword(s):  
European Integration ◽  
Financial Stability ◽  
Public Perception ◽  
Good Governance ◽  
Public Awareness ◽  
Public Institution ◽  
Local Conditions ◽  
The Public ◽  
Complex Goal

The article investigates the phenomenon of corruption as a systemic possibility of forbidden actions and violation of established norms in public administration. Corruption is drawn here as a dangerous social and political phenomenon that emerges as one of the key threats and impediments to the successful development and reconstruction of a country on the way of its European integration. It emerges due to such reasons as blurred authority, insufficient publicity and transparency of the public institution and its’ representatives activity, low index of accountability, which leads to the emergence of personal incentives for officials and, above all, the absence of penalties for violations of rules. Accordingly, the fight against corruption and the public perception of this phenomenon should now be based on regular assessments of the situation in the regions. And national and local strategies to reduce the perception of corruption by the population of the country should be targeted for the long term. Such activities should be based today on the clear principles that define the limits of anti-corruption policy on the central level. Therefore, adherence to these principles can serve as a measure of the efficiency of the state’s anti-corruption policy. The prerequisites for the emergence and progression of this phenomenon on the territory of Ukraine have been determined in the article. The following principles include: political will; financial stability; public awareness raising; assessing the context and local conditions; engaging facilitators; problem identification, risk assessment and stakeholders identification; good governance; complex goal setting; a display of trust and stakeholder engagement; message creation and directing; motivating stakeholders and their expectations framing.

scholarly journals Alternation emerges as a multi-modal strategy for turbulent odor navigation

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Nicola Rigolli ◽  
Gautam Reddy ◽  
Agnese Seminara ◽  
Massimo Vergassola
Keyword(s):  
Search Task ◽  
Search Time ◽  
Optimization Methods ◽  
Value Theory ◽  
Odor Plume ◽  
Marginal Value ◽  
Plume Tracking ◽  
Flying Insects ◽  
Complex Goal ◽  
Goal Directed Behavior

Foraging mammals exhibit a familiar yet poorly characterized phenomenon, "alternation", a momentary pause to sniff in the air often preceded by the animal rearing on its hind legs or raising its head. Intriguingly, rodents executing an olfactory search task spontaneously exhibit alternation in the presence of airflow, suggesting that alternation may serve an important role during turbulent plume-tracking. To test this hypothesis, we combine fully-resolved numerical simulations of turbulent odor transport and Bellman optimization methods for decision-making under partial observability. We show that an agent trained to minimize search time in a realistic odor plume exhibits extensive alternation together with the characteristic cast-and-surge behavior commonly observed in flying insects. Alternation is tightly linked with casting and occurs more frequently when the agent is far downwind of the source, where the likelihood of detecting airborne cues is higher relative to cues close to the ground. Casting and alternation emerge as complementary tools for effective exploration when cues are sparse. We develop a model based on marginal value theory to capture the interplay between casting, surging and alternation. More generally, we show how multiple sensorimotor modalities can be fruitfully integrated during complex goal-directed behavior.

What are the consequences of understanding the complex goal-directed actions of others?

2005 ◽  
Vol 28 (5) ◽  
pp. 700-701 ◽  
Author(s):  
Mary Gauvain
Keyword(s):  
Shared Intentionality ◽  
Key Features ◽  
Developmental Course ◽  
Complex Goal

Four issues that build on the ideas offered by Tomasello et al. are discussed: the developmental course of shared intentionality and its relation to other developing abilities and experiences, and the conceptualization of three key features of the process: motivation, plans and the development of planning, and culture.

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