scholarly journals Functional Trade-offs in the Mechanical Design of Integrated Products - Impact on Robustness and Optimisability

2019 ◽  
Vol 1 (1) ◽  
pp. 3491-3500
Author(s):  
Nökkvi S. Sigurdarson ◽  
Tobias Eifler ◽  
Martin Ebro
Keyword(s):  
Design Process ◽  
Lead Time ◽  
Mechanical Design ◽  
Functional Design ◽  
Trade Off ◽  
Trade Offs ◽  
Final Design ◽  
And Performance ◽  
Geometric Variation ◽  
Sweet Spots

AbstractIt is generally accepted in industry and academia that trade-offs between functional design objectives are an inevitable factor in the development of mechanical systems. These trade-offs can have a large influence on the achievable robustness and performance of the final design, with many products only functioning in narrow sweet-spots between different objectives. As a result, the design process of multi- functional products can be prolonged when designers concurrently attempt to find sweet-spots between a number of potentially interdependent trade-offs. This paper will show that designers only have six different approaches available when attempting to manage a trade-off while trying to ensure robustness and a sufficient performance. These fall within one of three categories; accept, optimise, or redesign. Selecting the wrong approach, can result in consequences downstream which can be difficult to predict, amongst others a lack of robustness to geometric variation, constrained performance, and long development lead time. This points to a substantial potential in the synthesis of design methods that support the identification and management of trade-offs in early product development.

scholarly journals Potential trade-off between vocal ornamentation and spatial ability in a songbird

2013 ◽  
Vol 9 (4) ◽  
pp. 20130344 ◽  
Author(s):  
Kendra B. Sewall ◽  
Jill A. Soha ◽  
Susan Peters ◽  
Stephen Nowicki
Keyword(s):  
Cognitive Abilities ◽  
Spatial Task ◽  
Repertoire Size ◽  
Trade Off ◽  
Trade Offs ◽  
Brain Structure And Function ◽  
And Performance ◽  
Song Control ◽  
And Function ◽  
The Relationship

Bird song is hypothesized to be a reliable indicator of cognition because it depends on brain structure and function. Song features have been found to correlate positively with measures of cognition, but the relationship between song and cognition is complicated because not all cognitive abilities are themselves positively correlated. If cognition is not a unitary trait, developmental constraints on brain growth could generate trade-offs between some aspects of cognition and song. To further clarify the relationship between song and cognition in song sparrows ( Melospiza melodia ), we examined repertoire size and performance on a spatial task. We found an inverse relationship between repertoire size and speed of spatial learning and suggest that a developmental trade-off between the hippocampus and song control nuclei could be responsible for this relationship. By attending to male song, females may learn about a suite of cognitive abilities; this study suggests that females may glean information about a male's cognitive weaknesses as well as his strengths.

Abstractions, Design Views and Focusing

1994 ◽  
Author(s):  
Stephen P. Hoover ◽  
James R. Rinderle
Keyword(s):  
Design Process ◽  
Object Representation ◽  
Mechanical Design ◽  
Polynomial Equations ◽  
Critical Design ◽  
Design Representation ◽  
Design Variables ◽  
Final Design ◽  
Basic Approaches ◽  
Mechanical Design Problem

Abstract Abstractions serve to reduce the complexity of the design process by providing a simple yet still useful representation of the design. Abstractions change one or all of the focus, resolution and accuracy of the design representation. Focusing abstractions direct the designer’s attention to fundamental relationships amongst design variables and requirements. The process of forming focusing abstractions incorporates the design relations and variables that are of concern to the designer, while mitigating the complexity of the resulting design view for the designer. The complexity is minimized by reducing the number of variables and relations considered simultaneously. This is done in a manner which allows the designer to determine the need for further refinements in configuration, to make parametric decisions, and to identify critical design relationships. The appropriate use of focusing abstractions can improve both the design process and the final design. Several basic approaches to creating focusing abstractions are described and one method, based upon Gröbner Bases, is developed in detail. This method is appropriate for a design object representation consisting of parametric constraints represented as sets of polynomial equations. This approach is demonstrated within the context of a sample electro-mechanical design problem, a cordless screwdriver.

scholarly journals Beyond binary choices: Understanding and exploiting trade-offs to enhance creativity

First Monday ◽  
2006 ◽  
Author(s):  
Gerhard Fischer
Keyword(s):  
Communities Of Practice ◽  
Middle Ground ◽  
Trade Off ◽  
Trade Offs ◽  
Communities Of Interest ◽  
Binary Choices ◽  
Social Creativity ◽  
Sweet Spots ◽  
Active Contributor

Many research approaches are conceptualized as binary choices, representing endpoints of a spectrum (each of them providing important perspectives within their own discourses). Design and creativity are often conceptualized as being focused on one of these binary choices, thereby overlooking other possibilities. To better stimulate, enhance, and support creativity, our research has explored the middle ground between the endpoints defined by binary choices to identify “sweet spots” based on a careful trade–off analysis of specific goals, objectives, stakeholders, and socio–technical environments. This paper illustrates some of the major trade–offs related to design and creativity that we have explored in our research over the last ten years, including prescriptive and permissive environments, individual and social creativity, communities of practice and communities of interest, and consumer and active contributor cultures. It briefly describes some of the socio–technical environments that we have developed to enhance creativity in specific contexts.

A Knowledge Base Data Representation for Collaborative Mechanical Design

1991 ◽  
Author(s):  
Richard L. Nagy ◽  
David G. Ullman ◽  
Thomas G. Dietterich
Keyword(s):  
Knowledge Base ◽  
Design Process ◽  
Collaborative Design ◽  
Mechanical Design ◽  
Data Representation ◽  
Design Parameters ◽  
Base System ◽  
Design Decision ◽  
Design Information ◽  
Final Design

Abstract Collaborative design projects place additional burdens on current design documentation practices. The literature on group design has repeatedly documented the existence of problems in design decision making due to the unavailability of design information. This paper describes a data representation developed for collaborative mechanical design information. The data representation is used to record the history of the design as a sequence of design decisions. The resulting knowledge base records the final specifications, the alternatives which were considered during the design process, and the designers’ rationale for choosing the final design parameters. It is currently used in a computerized knowledge base system under development by the Design Process Research Group (DPRG), at the authors’ institution (OSU).

Automatically Denormalizing Document Relationships

2017 ◽  
Author(s):  
Will Thompson
Keyword(s):  
Data Storage ◽  
Software Maintenance ◽  
Design Patterns ◽  
Unique Problem ◽  
Trade Off ◽  
Xml Databases ◽  
Trade Offs ◽  
Single Data ◽  
And Performance ◽  
Document Relationships

Native XML databases provide no exception to the problem that data may not be easily contained by any single data storage idiom. Many-to-many relationships, in particular, present a unique problem for documents, as strategies for joining across documents are a potential minefield of software maintenance and performance problems. Automatic denormalization shifts the responsibilty for managing relationships to write-time, making an explicit trade-off for simplicity and speed at runtime. This paper discusses existing strategies for managing relationships across documents and explores design patterns and use cases for performing automatic denormalization and their trade-offs.

Development of an Umbrella Checkout System: A Case Study of a Senior Capstone Design Project

2009 ◽  
Author(s):  
Mark D. Fuge ◽  
Ben D. Berkowitz
Keyword(s):  
Design Process ◽  
Radio Frequency Identification ◽  
Common Good ◽  
Markov Models ◽  
Mechanical Design ◽  
Tracking System ◽  
Final Design ◽  
Check System ◽  
Product Realization ◽  
Capstone Design

Senior capstone design classes allow for both a theoretical and physical basis for learning the principles of the product realization process. By providing an example of the design process for a senior capstone project studied at Carnegie Mellon University, this work highlights insights gained about both the mechanical design process and the product itself. The product studied in this work is an umbrella check system that utilizes Radio Frequency Identification to create a tracking system for a communal resource. The product itself represents a departure from umbrellas as a personal item into use as common good within a community, which has important economic and environmental effects. This work will highlight the various product realization processes that took place in order to translate the product from a user need to a final design, including a traffic analysis based on Markov Models and the construction of several prototypes.

TRANSOBJ: SOFTWARE PROTOTYPING ENVIRONMENT FOR REAL-TIME TRANSACTION-BASED SOFTWARE SYSTEM APPLICATIONS

1992 ◽  
Vol 02 (01) ◽  
pp. 5-29 ◽  
Author(s):  
KIYOSHI ITOH ◽  
YASUHISA TAMURA ◽  
SHINICHI HONIDEN
Keyword(s):  
Real Time ◽  
Design Process ◽  
Large Scale ◽  
Time Span ◽  
Software Systems ◽  
Functional Design ◽  
Concurrent Software ◽  
Object Based ◽  
Software Prototyping ◽  
And Performance

A software prototyping environment called TransObj (TRANSaction and OBJect) is used for designing real-time Transaction-based Concurrent Software Systems (TCSS). In a TCSS design process, a software designer should perform both functional design and performance design. The designer should change his design view from a transaction-based paradigm to an object-based paradigm during the TCSS design process. Recognition of re-entrant functional objects and serially reusable functional objects in the TCSS should be required. TransObj includes the Stepwise Prototyping Method (SPM), and two SPM-based tools: Prolog-based TransObj (P-TransObj) and GPSS-based TransObj (G-TransObj). SPM enables the designer to advance both functional design and performance design for the TCSS prototype as controling the change of design view paradigms. P-TransObj mainly checks the prototype in a microscopic view on a personal computer. G-TransObj mainly checks the same prototype with a longer time span on a large-scale computer.

scholarly journals A NEW ANALYTICAL METHODOLOGY TO HANDLE TIME-COST TRADE-OFF PROBLEM WITH CONSIDERING QUALITY LOSS COST UNDER INTERVAL-VALUED FUZZY UNCERTAINTY

2019 ◽  
Vol 25 (2) ◽  
pp. 277-299 ◽  
Author(s):  
Mohammad Hossein Haghighi ◽  
Seyed Meysam Mousavi ◽  
Jurgita Antuchevičienė ◽  
Vahid Mohagheghi
Keyword(s):  
Critical Path ◽  
Quality Loss ◽  
Time Cost ◽  
Analytical Methodology ◽  
New Approach ◽  
Trade Off ◽  
Trade Offs ◽  
And Performance ◽  
Interval Valued

This paper proposes a new framework in addressing time-cost trade-off problem (TCTP) under uncertainty. First critical path analysis is carried out based on developing a new interval-valued fuzzy (IVF)-program evaluation and review technique (PERT) approach. Then, non-conformance risks that influence on execution quality of activities are identified and evaluated based on a new approach that considers probability of risk along with impacts on time, cost, and performance. Then, a new mathematical model under IVF uncertainty is presented to decrease project total time while considering time, cost and quality loss cost that is determined in form of rework or modification cost. Finally, the approach categorizes the activities in three groups based on their level of criticality. Outcome of this methodology is a scheduling that addresses time, cost and quality trade-offs in addition to categorizing activities in different groups based on being on the critical path. Therefore, the project manager not only gets a scheduling based on the TCTP with considering quality loss cost but also has a knowledge of activities that require extra attentions. To show the steps of this methodology, an existing application from the literature is adopted and solved.

scholarly journals MODELLING DESIGN TRADE-OFFS USING A SET THEORY APPROACH: ALTERNATIVE PATHS FOR NAVIGATING TRADE-OFF SITUATIONS

2021 ◽  
Vol 1 ◽  
pp. 2177-2186
Author(s):  
Jordan Nickel ◽  
Ada Hurst ◽  
P. Robert Duimering
Keyword(s):  
Design Optimization ◽  
Design Process ◽  
Set Theory ◽  
Design Space ◽  
Theory Approach ◽  
Descriptive Model ◽  
Trade Off ◽  
Design Creativity ◽  
Trade Offs ◽  
Pareto Frontiers

AbstractThis paper synthesizes concepts from the design creativity and design optimization literatures to develop a conceptual descriptive model of trade-off situations in design. Using a set theory approach, a model of the design space is expanded to formalize the description of trade-offs as Pareto frontiers on this space. The modelling of design process and human biases and limitations on the structure of these design spaces explores the perceptions designers form of these design spaces. The model presented describes how altering the framing and formulation of the design space can be used to alter or bypass the original Pareto frontiers of that space, allowing trade-offs to be navigated outside of the original limitations.

Hardware/software trade-offs for shared resources virtualization in mixed-criticality automotive multicore systems

2017 ◽  
Vol 59 (5) ◽  
Author(s):  
Timo Sandmann ◽  
Andre Richter ◽  
Johann Heyszl ◽  
Enno Lübbers
Keyword(s):  
Operating Systems ◽  
Resource Constraints ◽  
Hardware Support ◽  
Shared Resources ◽  
Trade Off ◽  
Context Switching ◽  
Trade Offs ◽  
Time Requirements ◽  
And Performance ◽  
Interrupt Handling

AbstractVirtualization plays an important role for embedded systems where hardware support can prove beneficial, but these systems also pose a challenge due to power, resource constraints; reliability, safety, real-time requirements; diversity of devices, and operating systems. Therefore a trade-off between flexibility, determinism and performance exists in the embedded application domain. As virtualization in software always incurs overhead due to context switching, interrupt handling, etc. the aim is to minimize the overhead and make execution more deterministic using hardware support.

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