Automatically Denormalizing Document Relationships

2017 ◽  
Author(s):  
Will Thompson
Keyword(s):  
Data Storage ◽  
Software Maintenance ◽  
Design Patterns ◽  
Unique Problem ◽  
Trade Off ◽  
Xml Databases ◽  
Trade Offs ◽  
Single Data ◽  
And Performance ◽  
Document Relationships

Native XML databases provide no exception to the problem that data may not be easily contained by any single data storage idiom. Many-to-many relationships, in particular, present a unique problem for documents, as strategies for joining across documents are a potential minefield of software maintenance and performance problems. Automatic denormalization shifts the responsibilty for managing relationships to write-time, making an explicit trade-off for simplicity and speed at runtime. This paper discusses existing strategies for managing relationships across documents and explores design patterns and use cases for performing automatic denormalization and their trade-offs.

Formalizing Patterns with the User Requirements Notation

2011 ◽  
pp. 302-323 ◽  
Author(s):  
Gunter Mussbacher ◽  
Daniel Amyot ◽  
Michael Weiss
Keyword(s):  
Design Patterns ◽  
User Requirements ◽  
Trade Off ◽  
User Requirements Notation ◽  
Trade Offs ◽  
Combined Use ◽  
Particular Solution

Patterns need to be described and formalized in ways that enable the reader to determine whether the particular solution presented is useful and applicable to his or her problem in a given context. However, many pattern descriptions tend to focus on the solution to a problem, and not so much on how the various (and often conflicting) forces involved are balanced. This chapter describes the user requirements notation (URN), and demonstrates how it can be used to formalize patterns in a way that enables rigorous trade-off analysis while maintaining the genericity of the solution description. URN combines a graphical goal language, which can be used to capture forces and reason about trade-offs, and a graphical scenario language, which can be used to describe behavioral solutions in an abstract manner. Although each language can be used in isolation in pattern descriptions (and have been in the literature), the focus of this chapter is on their combined use. It includes examples of formalizing Design patterns with URN together with a process for trade-off analysis.

scholarly journals Potential trade-off between vocal ornamentation and spatial ability in a songbird

2013 ◽  
Vol 9 (4) ◽  
pp. 20130344 ◽  
Author(s):  
Kendra B. Sewall ◽  
Jill A. Soha ◽  
Susan Peters ◽  
Stephen Nowicki
Keyword(s):  
Cognitive Abilities ◽  
Spatial Task ◽  
Repertoire Size ◽  
Trade Off ◽  
Trade Offs ◽  
Brain Structure And Function ◽  
And Performance ◽  
Song Control ◽  
And Function ◽  
The Relationship

Bird song is hypothesized to be a reliable indicator of cognition because it depends on brain structure and function. Song features have been found to correlate positively with measures of cognition, but the relationship between song and cognition is complicated because not all cognitive abilities are themselves positively correlated. If cognition is not a unitary trait, developmental constraints on brain growth could generate trade-offs between some aspects of cognition and song. To further clarify the relationship between song and cognition in song sparrows ( Melospiza melodia ), we examined repertoire size and performance on a spatial task. We found an inverse relationship between repertoire size and speed of spatial learning and suggest that a developmental trade-off between the hippocampus and song control nuclei could be responsible for this relationship. By attending to male song, females may learn about a suite of cognitive abilities; this study suggests that females may glean information about a male's cognitive weaknesses as well as his strengths.

scholarly journals A NEW ANALYTICAL METHODOLOGY TO HANDLE TIME-COST TRADE-OFF PROBLEM WITH CONSIDERING QUALITY LOSS COST UNDER INTERVAL-VALUED FUZZY UNCERTAINTY

2019 ◽  
Vol 25 (2) ◽  
pp. 277-299 ◽  
Author(s):  
Mohammad Hossein Haghighi ◽  
Seyed Meysam Mousavi ◽  
Jurgita Antuchevičienė ◽  
Vahid Mohagheghi
Keyword(s):  
Critical Path ◽  
Quality Loss ◽  
Time Cost ◽  
Analytical Methodology ◽  
New Approach ◽  
Trade Off ◽  
Trade Offs ◽  
And Performance ◽  
Interval Valued

This paper proposes a new framework in addressing time-cost trade-off problem (TCTP) under uncertainty. First critical path analysis is carried out based on developing a new interval-valued fuzzy (IVF)-program evaluation and review technique (PERT) approach. Then, non-conformance risks that influence on execution quality of activities are identified and evaluated based on a new approach that considers probability of risk along with impacts on time, cost, and performance. Then, a new mathematical model under IVF uncertainty is presented to decrease project total time while considering time, cost and quality loss cost that is determined in form of rework or modification cost. Finally, the approach categorizes the activities in three groups based on their level of criticality. Outcome of this methodology is a scheduling that addresses time, cost and quality trade-offs in addition to categorizing activities in different groups based on being on the critical path. Therefore, the project manager not only gets a scheduling based on the TCTP with considering quality loss cost but also has a knowledge of activities that require extra attentions. To show the steps of this methodology, an existing application from the literature is adopted and solved.

Formalizing Patterns with the User Requirements Notation

2011 ◽  
pp. 301-319
Author(s):  
Gunter Mussbacher ◽  
Daniel Amyot ◽  
Michael Weiss
Keyword(s):  
Design Patterns ◽  
User Requirements ◽  
Trade Off ◽  
User Requirements Notation ◽  
Trade Offs ◽  
Combined Use ◽  
Particular Solution

Patterns need to be described and formalized in ways that enable the reader to determine whether the particular solution presented is useful and applicable to his or her problem in a given context. However, many pattern descriptions tend to focus on the solution to a problem, and not so much on how the various (and often conflicting) forces involved are balanced. This chapter describes the user requirements notation (URN), and demonstrates how it can be used to formalize patterns in a way that enables rigorous trade-off analysis while maintaining the genericity of the solution description. URN combines a graphical goal language, which can be used to capture forces and reason about trade-offs, and a graphical scenario language, which can be used to describe behavioral solutions in an abstract manner. Although each language can be used in isolation in pattern descriptions (and have been in the literature), the focus of this chapter is on their combined use. It includes examples of formalizing Design patterns with URN together with a process for trade-off analysis.

Hardware/software trade-offs for shared resources virtualization in mixed-criticality automotive multicore systems

2017 ◽  
Vol 59 (5) ◽  
Author(s):  
Timo Sandmann ◽  
Andre Richter ◽  
Johann Heyszl ◽  
Enno Lübbers
Keyword(s):  
Operating Systems ◽  
Resource Constraints ◽  
Hardware Support ◽  
Shared Resources ◽  
Trade Off ◽  
Context Switching ◽  
Trade Offs ◽  
Time Requirements ◽  
And Performance ◽  
Interrupt Handling

AbstractVirtualization plays an important role for embedded systems where hardware support can prove beneficial, but these systems also pose a challenge due to power, resource constraints; reliability, safety, real-time requirements; diversity of devices, and operating systems. Therefore a trade-off between flexibility, determinism and performance exists in the embedded application domain. As virtualization in software always incurs overhead due to context switching, interrupt handling, etc. the aim is to minimize the overhead and make execution more deterministic using hardware support.

scholarly journals Targeted Poverty Alleviation System Based on Industrialized Blockchain

CONVERTER ◽  
2021 ◽  
pp. 271-280
Author(s):  
Haoling Meng, Et al.
Keyword(s):  
Data Storage ◽  
Poverty Alleviation ◽  
Performance Test ◽  
Distributed Database ◽  
Data Partition ◽  
Storage Structure ◽  
Existing Problems ◽  
Blockchain Technology ◽  
Single Data ◽  
And Performance

Toward the existing problems in targeted poverty alleviation system, such as unclear poverty alleviation records, inaccurate poverty alleviation targets, easy tampering of poverty alleviation data and single data storage structure, a targeted poverty alleviation system based on blockchain + IPFS + distributed database is designed.For different links in the industrial field, different consensus schemes are used to balance reliability and performance. Using the characteristics of blockchain technology to ensure that data are traceable and tampering-proof, and then combining this technology with the interstellar file system (IPFS) as data storage to solve the problem of high cost of large files; what’s more, the distributed database can play a role in achieving data partition management to solve the problem of single data storage structure. The data nodes are independent of each other, thus, they can realize the efficient control of resources and improve the concurrency and scalability of the system. Through the performance test and comparative analysis of the system, it is proved that the system has a great improvement in throughput, data read-write delay and other indicators.

scholarly journals Functional Trade-offs in the Mechanical Design of Integrated Products - Impact on Robustness and Optimisability

2019 ◽  
Vol 1 (1) ◽  
pp. 3491-3500
Author(s):  
Nökkvi S. Sigurdarson ◽  
Tobias Eifler ◽  
Martin Ebro
Keyword(s):  
Design Process ◽  
Lead Time ◽  
Mechanical Design ◽  
Functional Design ◽  
Trade Off ◽  
Trade Offs ◽  
Final Design ◽  
And Performance ◽  
Geometric Variation ◽  
Sweet Spots

AbstractIt is generally accepted in industry and academia that trade-offs between functional design objectives are an inevitable factor in the development of mechanical systems. These trade-offs can have a large influence on the achievable robustness and performance of the final design, with many products only functioning in narrow sweet-spots between different objectives. As a result, the design process of multi- functional products can be prolonged when designers concurrently attempt to find sweet-spots between a number of potentially interdependent trade-offs. This paper will show that designers only have six different approaches available when attempting to manage a trade-off while trying to ensure robustness and a sufficient performance. These fall within one of three categories; accept, optimise, or redesign. Selecting the wrong approach, can result in consequences downstream which can be difficult to predict, amongst others a lack of robustness to geometric variation, constrained performance, and long development lead time. This points to a substantial potential in the synthesis of design methods that support the identification and management of trade-offs in early product development.

scholarly journals The Mystery of a Marine Monster: Morphological and Performance Modifications in the World’s only Marine Lizard, the Galápagos Marine Iguana

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Kate A. Berry ◽  
Juan Pablo Muñoz-Pérez ◽  
Cristina P. Vintimilla-Palacios ◽  
Christofer J. Clemente
Keyword(s):  
Marine Environment ◽  
Ecological Niches ◽  
Aquatic Environments ◽  
Terrestrial Environment ◽  
Aquatic Life ◽  
Trade Off ◽  
Trade Offs ◽  
Extant Species ◽  
And Performance ◽  
Marine Iguana

AbstractReptiles have repeatedly invaded and thrived in aquatic environments throughout history, however fewer than 8% of the 6000 extant species are primarily aquatic. The Galápagos Marine Iguana (Amblyrhynchus cristatus), the world’s only marine lizard, may have had one of the most unique and challenging transitions to aquatic life. Curiously, previous studies have identified relatively few physiological adaptations in Marine Iguanas, however, little is known about the extent of morphological specialisation and performance trade-offs associated with the marine environment. By examining the morphology and locomotory performance of the Marine Iguana in comparison to their closely related mainland ancestors, the Black Spiny-tailed iguana (Ctenosaura similis) and Green Iguana (Iguana iguana), we found variation reflected specialisation to ecological niches. However, variation was more pronounced among subspecies of Marine Iguana, suggesting that little morphological or performance modification is required for iguanids to successfully invade aquatic environments, thus raising the question why there are so few extant aquatic reptilian lineages. We found that specialisation for the marine environment resulted in a trade-off in sprint speed in a terrestrial environment, similar to that seen in extant crocodilians. Reduced performance in a terrestrial environment likely poses little risk to large-bodied apex predators, whereas in iguanids, a performance trade-off would likely incur increased predation. As such, we suggest that this may explain why iguanids and other ancestral lineages have not undergone transitions to aquatic life. Additionally, we found that the magnitude of morphological and performance variation was more pronounced between subspecies of Marine Iguana than between iguanid species.Summary StatementThe Marine Iguana has undergone a unique evolutionary transition to aquatic behaviour, we explore the extent of morphological and performance specialisation required and why there are so few extant marine reptiles.

Dual Goals for Speed and Accuracy on the Same Performance Task

2012 ◽  
Vol 11 (3) ◽  
pp. 118-126 ◽  
Author(s):  
Olive Emil Wetter ◽  
Jürgen Wegge ◽  
Klaus Jonas ◽  
Klaus-Helmut Schmidt
Keyword(s):  
Memory Scanning ◽  
Performance Task ◽  
Performance Tasks ◽  
Trade Off ◽  
Test Experiment ◽  
Trade Offs ◽  
New Finding ◽  
Sternberg Paradigm ◽  
Speed Accuracy ◽  
Speed And Accuracy

In most work contexts, several performance goals coexist, and conflicts between them and trade-offs can occur. Our paper is the first to contrast a dual goal for speed and accuracy with a single goal for speed on the same task. The Sternberg paradigm (Experiment 1, n = 57) and the d2 test (Experiment 2, n = 19) were used as performance tasks. Speed measures and errors revealed in both experiments that dual as well as single goals increase performance by enhancing memory scanning. However, the single speed goal triggered a speed-accuracy trade-off, favoring speed over accuracy, whereas this was not the case with the dual goal. In difficult trials, dual goals slowed down scanning processes again so that errors could be prevented. This new finding is particularly relevant for security domains, where both aspects have to be managed simultaneously.

The Effects of Decision Time on Perceptions of Decisions and Decision Makers in (Moral) Trade-Off Scenarios

2019 ◽  
Author(s):  
Anna Katharina Spälti ◽  
Mark John Brandt ◽  
Marcel Zeelenberg
Keyword(s):  
Decision Process ◽  
Decision Time ◽  
Decision Makers ◽  
Process Information ◽  
Total N ◽  
Trade Off ◽  
Financial Gain ◽  
Trade Offs ◽  
Sacred Values ◽  
Moral Context

People often have to make trade-offs. We study three types of trade-offs: 1) "secular trade-offs" where no moral or sacred values are at stake, 2) "taboo trade-offs" where sacred values are pitted against financial gain, and 3) "tragic trade-offs" where sacred values are pitted against other sacred values. Previous research (Critcher et al., 2011; Tetlock et al., 2000) demonstrated that tragic and taboo trade-offs are not only evaluated by their outcomes, but are also evaluated based on the time it took to make the choice. We investigate two outstanding questions: 1) whether the effect of decision time differs for evaluations of decisions compared to decision makers and 2) whether moral contexts are unique in their ability to influence character evaluations through decision process information. In two experiments (total N = 1434) we find that decision time affects character evaluations, but not evaluations of the decision itself. There were no significant differences between tragic trade-offs and secular trade-offs, suggesting that the decisions structure may be more important in evaluations than moral context. Additionally, the magnitude of the effect of decision time shows us that decision time, may be of less practical use than expected. We thus urge, to take a closer examination of the processes underlying decision time and its perception.

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