Genetic comparison of introduced and native populations of common buckthorn (Rhamnus cathartica), a woody shrub introduced into North America from Europe

2020 ◽  
Vol 13 (2) ◽  
pp. 68-75
Author(s):  
Alexis Wafer ◽  
Theresa M. Culley ◽  
Kala Stephens ◽  
J. Ryan Stewart
Keyword(s):  
Genetic Variation ◽  
North America ◽  
The United States ◽  
Genetic Admixture ◽  
Biological Traits ◽  
Rhamnus Cathartica ◽  
Early 19Th Century ◽  
Introduced Populations ◽  
Introduced Range ◽  
Native Populations

AbstractIntroduced from Europe to North America in the early 19th century as an ornamental shrub and for medicinal purposes, common buckthorn (Rhamnus cathartica L.) has since spread and naturalized throughout regions of the United States and Canada. The purpose of this study was to investigate levels of genetic variation and population differentiation in R.cathartica in its introduced range in North America compared with its native range in Europe to better understand patterns of spread. By analyzing introduced and native populations using microsatellite markers, we found that introduced populations generally exhibited similar or slightly lower levels of genetic variation compared with native populations, consistent with a slight bottleneck effect. Introduced populations contained many different genotypes, indicating genetic admixture, rather than one or few genotypes. In a few cases, populations had been misidentified in the field and were glossy buckthorn (Frangula alnus Mill.; syn. Rhamnus frangula L.). Overall, there was no substantial genetic differentiation detected between native and introduced populations of R. cathartica. Invasive spread in this species is likely due to its past horticultural history as well as adaptive biological traits such as competitive behavior, potential allelopathy, and seed dispersal via birds.

Knotweed Management Strategies in North America with the Advent of Widespread Hybrid Bohemian Knotweed, Regional Differences, and the Potential for Biocontrol Via the Psyllid Aphalara itadori Shinji

2016 ◽  
Vol 9 (1) ◽  
pp. 60-70 ◽  
Author(s):  
David R. Clements ◽  
Todd Larsen ◽  
Jennifer Grenz
Keyword(s):  
Biological Control ◽  
Invasive Species ◽  
Genetic Variation ◽  
North America ◽  
North American ◽  
Regional Differences ◽  
The United States ◽  
The North ◽  
Variable Nature ◽  
Available Resources

AbstractInvasive species with distributions that encompass much of the North American environment often demand a range of management approaches, for several key reasons. Firstly, the North American environment includes a large number of highly variable habitats in terms of climatic, edaphic, and landscape features. Secondly, these regional habitat differences are accentuated by jurisdictions within Canada and the United States, whereby approaches and available resources differ at local, regional, and national scales. Another important consideration is whether an invasive species or complex also possesses genetic variation. All three of these factors render the knotweed complex in North America a highly variable target for management. In this paper we review existing knowledge of the variable nature of knotweed species (Fallopia japonica (Houtt.) Ronse Decr., Fallopia sachalinensis (F. Schmidt ex Maxim) Ronse Decr., and Fallopia × bohemica, (Chrtek and Chrtková) J. P. Bailey in North America, and evaluate how herbicidal, mechanical and biological control measures must account for this genetic variation, as well as accounting for regional differences and the potential northward expansion of knotweed under climate change. The imminent release of the psyllid, Aphalara itadori Shinji as a biological control agent in North America must also navigate regional and genetic differences. Prior European experience dealing with the three knotweed species should prove useful, but additional research is needed to meet the emerging challenge posed by F. × bohemica in North America, including the possibility of glyphosate resistance. Managers also face challenges associated with posttreatment restoration measures. Furthermore, disparities in resources available to address knotweed management across the continent need to be addressed to contain the rapid spread of this highly persistent and adaptable species. Linking practitioners dealing with knotweed “on the ground” with academic research is a crucial step in the process of marshalling all available resources to reduce the rapidly spreading populations of knotweed.

scholarly journals Combining genetic and distributional approaches to sourcing introduced species: a case study on the Nile monitor ( Varanus niloticus ) in Florida

2016 ◽  
Vol 3 (4) ◽  
pp. 150619
Author(s):  
Stephanie A. Dowell ◽  
Jared P. Wood ◽  
Todd S. Campbell ◽  
Sergios-Orestis Kolokotronis ◽  
Evon R. Hekkala
Keyword(s):  
North America ◽  
Coastal Region ◽  
The United States ◽  
Species Range ◽  
Sub Saharan Africa ◽  
Source Population ◽  
Ecological Niche Models ◽  
Negative Effects ◽  
Full Species ◽  
Introduced Populations

Three separate breeding populations of the Nile monitor ( Varanus niloticus ) have been identified in Florida, USA, located in Cape Coral, West Palm Beach and Homestead Air Reserve Base. This large, predatory lizard could have negative effects on Florida's native wildlife. Here, we infer the source of the introduced populations using genetic and statistical approaches, as well as estimate the potential non-native distribution of V. niloticus in North America. We collected genetic data from 25 Florida individuals as well as utilized genetic datasets from reference individuals spanning the full native distribution throughout sub-Saharan Africa. Using occurrence data from the inferred source population and the full species range, we built ecological niche models (ENMs) and projected them onto North America to determine regions with suitable climate. Our results indicated that the introduced populations resulted from three separate introduction events, and all originated from the southern coastal region of West Africa. The ENM built from the West African source population predicted only the southernmost portions of North America to be suitable. Conversely, the model derived from the full species’ range predicted suitable climates across a large portion of the United States. This information can be used to focus management and eradication efforts.

scholarly journals Plasticity To Environmental Conditions And Substrate Colonization Mediates The Invasion of Dreissenid False Mussels In Brackish Systems

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Antonio J. S. Rodrigues ◽  
Igor Christo Miyahira ◽  
Nathália Rodrigues ◽  
Danielle Ribeiro ◽  
Luciano Neves Santos ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Environmental Conditions ◽  
Distribution Patterns ◽  
Artificial Substrates ◽  
Biological Traits ◽  
Habitat Conditions ◽  
Substrate Use ◽  
Introduced Populations ◽  
Native Populations ◽  
Habitat Colonization ◽  
Great Availability

Abstract False mussels are recognized as the brackish water equivalent of zebra mussels, although the abiotic and habitat conditions that mediate these invaders’ success are barely known. In this context, we aimed to evaluate the native and non-native geographical distribution of Mytilopsis species worldwide and assess biological traits, environmental condition, and habitat associated with false mussels in native and invaded systems. Our hypothesis is that Mytilopsis invasion is driven by species plasticity to environmental conditions and substrate use in brackish systems, where the colonization of non-native populations is favored by great availability of artificial substrates and tolerance to wide ranges of environmental conditions. Besides, this study provides the occurrence range and distribution patterns of Mytilopsis species within their introduced and native areas and tracks the spread of introduced populations worldwide. Considering the five species evaluated, M. leucophaeata and M. sallei are the most widespread, while M. adamsi, M. trautwineana, and M. africana showed more restricted geographic distribution. In the last decades, M. leucophaeata and M. sallei consolidated and expanded their distributions. Environmental conditions were significantly different between native and non-native areas, where Mytilopsis populations presented significantly higher densities. Non-native populations exhibited remarkable plasticity concerning habitat colonization that was more frequent on artificial substrata. Mytilopsis populations presented significant differences on their biological traits, habitat environmental conditions, and substrate use between native and non-native areas. These species seem to adapt to the conditions of invaded systems, changing their preferences, which reflects plasticity and suggests a potential shift of their realized niches.

scholarly journals Differential germination strategies of native and introduced populations of the invasive species Plantago virginica

NeoBiota ◽  
2019 ◽  
Vol 43 ◽  
pp. 101-118
Author(s):  
Xinyu Xu ◽  
Lorne Wolfe ◽  
Jeffrey Diez ◽  
Yi Zheng ◽  
Hui Guo ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Plant Traits ◽  
Rapid Evolution ◽  
Climatic Conditions ◽  
Introduced Populations ◽  
Introduced Range ◽  
Native Populations ◽  
Selection For ◽  
Native North America ◽  
Germination Traits

Germination strategies are critically important for the survival, establishment and spread of plant species. Although many plant traits related to invasiveness have been broadly studied, the earliest part of the life cycle, germination, has received relatively little attention. Here, we compared the germination patterns between native (North America) and introduced (China) populations of Plantagovirginica for four consecutive years to examine whether there has been adaptive differentiation in germination traits and how these traits are related to local climatic conditions. We found that the introduced populations of P.virginica had significantly higher germination percentages and faster and shorter durations of germination than native populations. Critically, the native populations had a significantly larger proportion of seeds that stayed dormant in all four years, with only 60% of seeds germinating in year 1 (compared to >95% in introduced populations). These results demonstrate striking differences in germination strategies between native and introduced populations which may contribute to their successful invasion. Moreover, the germination strategy of P.virginica in their native range exhibited clear geographical variation across populations, with trends towards higher germination percentages at higher latitudes and lower annual mean temperatures and annual precipitation. In the introduced range, however, their germination strategies were more conserved, with less variation amongst populations, suggesting that P.virginica may have experienced strong selection for earlier life history characteristics. Our findings highlight the need to examine the role of rapid evolution of germination traits in facilitating plant invasion.

scholarly journals Assessing the ecological niche and invasion potential of the Asian giant hornet

2020 ◽  
Vol 117 (40) ◽  
pp. 24646-24648
Author(s):  
Gengping Zhu ◽  
Javier Gutierrez Illan ◽  
Chris Looney ◽  
David W. Crowder
Keyword(s):  
North America ◽  
Honey Bees ◽  
Washington State ◽  
Western North America ◽  
Realized Niche ◽  
Introduced Populations ◽  
Native Populations ◽  
Invasive Spread ◽  
Negative Impacts ◽  
High Precipitation

The Asian giant hornet (Vespa mandarinia) was recently detected in western British Columbia, Canada and Washington State, United States. V. mandarinia are an invasion concern due to their ability to kill honey bees and affect humans. Here, we used habitat suitability models and dispersal simulations to assess potential invasive spread of V. mandarinia. We show V. mandarinia are most likely to establish in areas with warm to cool annual mean temperature, high precipitation, and high human activity. The realized niche of introduced populations is small compared to native populations, suggesting introduced populations could spread into habitats across a broader range of environmental conditions. Dispersal simulations also show that V. mandarinia could rapidly spread throughout western North America without containment. Given its potential negative impacts and capacity for spread, extensive monitoring and eradication efforts throughout western North America are warranted.

scholarly journals Comparison of Habitat Suitability Models for Haemaphysalis longicornis Neumann in North America to Determine Its Potential Geographic Range

2020 ◽  
Vol 17 (21) ◽  
pp. 8285
Author(s):  
Jamyang Namgyal ◽  
Isabelle Couloigner ◽  
Tim J. Lysyk ◽  
Shaun J. Dergousoff ◽  
Susan C. Cork
Keyword(s):  
South Carolina ◽  
North America ◽  
Habitat Suitability ◽  
Predictive Accuracy ◽  
The United States ◽  
Haemaphysalis Longicornis ◽  
Potential Habitat ◽  
Introduced Range ◽  
Geographical Regions ◽  
Geographic Expansion

Haemaphysalis longicornis Neumann, 1901 is a vector of many pathogens of public and veterinary health importance in its native range in East Asia and introduced range in Oceania. In North America, this tick was first detected in New Jersey in 2017. Currently, this tick has been reported from 15 states of the United States. In this study, we modeled the habitat suitability of H. longicornis using the MaxEnt modeling approach. We separated occurrence records from the published literature from four different geographical regions in the world and developed MaxEnt models using relevant environmental variables to describe the potential habitat suitability of this tick in North America. The predictive accuracy of the models was assessed using the U.S. county locations where this tick species has been reported. Our best model predicted that the most suitable North American areas for geographic expansion of H. longicornis are from Arkansas–South Carolina to the south of Quebec–Nova Scotia in the east, and from California to the coast of British Columbia in the west. Enhanced surveillance and further investigation are required to gain a better understanding of the role that this tick might play in the transmission of diseases to humans and animals in North America.

Genetic variation in Bromus tectorum (Poaceae): introduction dynamics in North America

1993 ◽  
Vol 71 (11) ◽  
pp. 1441-1448 ◽  
Author(s):  
Stephen J. Novak ◽  
Richard N. Mack ◽  
Pamela S. Soltis
Keyword(s):  
Genetic Variation ◽  
North America ◽  
Bromus Tectorum ◽  
Enzyme Electrophoresis ◽  
Western North America ◽  
Multiple Introductions ◽  
Introduced Populations ◽  
Source Populations ◽  
Shared Alleles ◽  
Founder Events

The Eurasian grass Bromus tectorum was collected first in its 19th century invasion of western America in six widely separated locales. We used allozyme variability to evaluate whether populations at these locales and elsewhere in North America stem from different founders. By identifying the same geographically restricted alleles in both introduced populations and potential source populations and tracing the distribution of these alleles in western North America, we identified a minimum of five or six independent founder events. These alleles were often at their highest frequencies in populations at or near the earliest collection sites. Founder events likely occurred near Cache Creek, B.C., Ritzville, Wash., Juniper Flat, Nev., Emigrant Pass, Nev., and either Dubois, Idaho, or Provo, Utah, or both. Multiple introductions and the spread of allelic variants produced a mosaic of genotypes throughout western North America and partially offset the reduction in genetic variation this alien grass would have probably incurred during intercontinental migration. Key words: Bromus tectorum, biological invasions, multiple introductions, shared alleles, enzyme electrophoresis.

scholarly journals Natural selection and outbreeding depression suggest adaptive differentiation in the invasive range of a clonal plant

2018 ◽  
Vol 285 (1882) ◽  
pp. 20181091 ◽  
Author(s):  
Pauline O. Pantoja ◽  
C. E. Timothy Paine ◽  
Mario Vallejo-Marín
Keyword(s):  
Natural Selection ◽  
Clonal Plant ◽  
Phenotypic Selection ◽  
Lateral Spread ◽  
Outbreeding Depression ◽  
Invasive Range ◽  
Introduced Populations ◽  
Introduced Range ◽  
Native Populations ◽  
Floral Displays

Analyses of phenotypic selection and demography in field populations are powerful ways to establishing the potential role of natural selection in shaping evolution during biological invasions. Here we use experimental F 2 crosses between native and introduced populations of Mimulus guttatus to estimate the pattern of natural selection in part of its introduced range, and to seek evidence of outbreeding depression of colonists. The F 2 s combined the genome of an introduced population with the genome of either native or introduced populations. We found that the introduced × introduced cross had the fastest population growth rate owing to increased winter survival, clonality and seed production. Our analysis also revealed that selection through sexual fitness favoured large floral displays, large vegetative and flower size, lateral spread and early flowering. Our results indicate a source-of-origin effect, consistent with outbreeding depression exposed by mating between introduced and native populations. Our findings suggest that well-established non-native populations may pay a high fitness cost during subsequent bouts of admixture with native populations, and reveal that processes such as local adaptation in the invasive range can mediate the fitness consequences of admixture.

scholarly journals Test of the invasive pathogen hypothesis of bumble bee decline in North America

2016 ◽  
Vol 113 (16) ◽  
pp. 4386-4391 ◽  
Author(s):  
Sydney A. Cameron ◽  
Haw Chuan Lim ◽  
Jeffrey D. Lozier ◽  
Michelle A. Duennes ◽  
Robbin Thorp
Keyword(s):  
United States ◽  
Genetic Variation ◽  
North America ◽  
North American ◽  
Geographic Origin ◽  
The United States ◽  
Bumble Bees ◽  
Bumble Bee ◽  
Nosema Bombi ◽  
Bee Decline

Emergent fungal diseases are critical factors in global biodiversity declines. The fungal pathogen Nosema bombi was recently found to be widespread in declining species of North American bumble bees (Bombus), with circumstantial evidence suggesting an exotic introduction from Europe. This interpretation has been hampered by a lack of knowledge of global genetic variation, geographic origin, and changing prevalence patterns of N. bombi in declining North American populations. Thus, the temporal and spatial emergence of N. bombi and its potential role in bumble bee decline remain speculative. We analyze Nosema prevalence and genetic variation in the United States and Europe from 1980, before an alleged introduction in the early 1990s, to 2011, extracting Nosema DNA from Bombus natural history collection specimens from across this time period. Nosema bombi prevalence increased significantly from low detectable frequency in the 1980s to significantly higher frequency in the mid- to late-1990s, corresponding to a period of reported massive infectious outbreak of N. bombi in commercial bumble bee rearing stocks in North America. Despite the increased frequency, we find no conclusive evidence of an exotic N. bombi origin based on genetic analysis of global Nosema populations; the widespread Nosema strain found currently in declining United States bumble bees was present in the United States before commercial colony trade. Notably, the US N. bombi is not detectably different from that found predominantly throughout Western Europe, with both regions characterized by low genetic diversity compared with high levels of diversity found in Asia, where commercial bee breeding activities are low or nonexistent.

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