TWO OLD BABYLONIAN MARRIAGE CONTRACTS FROM ISIN

Iraq ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 82 ◽  
pp. 125-137
Author(s):  
Mohannad Kh. J. Al-Shamari ◽  
Muzahim Al-Jalili
Keyword(s):  
Proper Names ◽  
Equal Treatment ◽  
Marriage Contracts ◽  
Old Babylonian ◽  
Military Campaign ◽  
The City

Our study establishes that two tablets from the Iraq Museum are marriage contracts dating to the Old Babylonian period and in particular from the city of Isin. The dating formula of IM 201688 refers to a hitherto unpublished year name for Erra-imittī, who became king of Isin in 1868 BC. The event concerns the making of four large copper lions as a votive offering. This might have been done in preparation for a military campaign in connection with the rivalry between Isin and Larsa. The dating formula of IM 183636 is completely damaged. However, the text includes a witness described as a citizen of Isin. These two tablets are a very useful addition to the limited number of published OB marriage contracts and especially those from Isin. The tablets were written using formulaic legal expressions in Sumerian throughout with the exception of proper names. Both texts show a remarkably equal treatment of the two spouses in matters relating to compensation in the event of divorce.

scholarly journals Analiza semantyczna nazw białostockich lokali gastronomicznych

2020 ◽  
pp. 189-202
Author(s):  
Małgorzata Paszko ◽  
Keyword(s):  
Semantic Analysis ◽  
Urban Landscape ◽  
Proper Names ◽  
The Subject ◽  
The City

The subject of this article is a semantic analysis of the names of food establishments in Białystok. What was found was that discussed urbo-chrematonims oscillate between an informative function and the need to express originality, uniqueness. They constitute important places on the onymic map of the city. As any advertisement, they rely on the persuasiveness expressed by positive connotations and semantic justification. Numerous names of food establishments appear and disappear on the urban landscape of proper names, thus it seems necessary to record the abundance of their meanings on an ongoing basis.

scholarly journals Enkidu and the Harlot: Another Fragment of Old Babylonian Gilgameš

2018 ◽  
Vol 108 (1) ◽  
pp. 10-21
Author(s):  
A. R. George
Keyword(s):  
Sexual Intercourse ◽  
Psychological Development ◽  
Narrative Strategies ◽  
Wild Man ◽  
Old Babylonian ◽  
The Relationship ◽  
The City

Abstract This article presents a newly deciphered Old Babylonian fragment of the Epic of Gilgameš. The passages of text preserved on it tell of Enkidu’s encounter with the prostitute and of his arrival in the city of Uruk, and clarify the relationship between other sources for the same episode. The perceived difference between the Old and Standard Babylonian poems’ treatment of Enkidu’s seduction disappears. The extant versions can be reconciled in a single narrative, common to all versions, that holds two different weeks of sexual intercourse. The different narrative strategies deployed in describing them are one of the ways in which the poem explores Enkidu’s psychological development as he changes from wild man to socialized man.

The Battle of Fredericksburg

2021 ◽  
pp. 316-330
Author(s):  
Barton A. Myers
Keyword(s):  
Capital City ◽  
Union Army ◽  
Direct Role ◽  
Army Of Northern Virginia ◽  
Army Of The Potomac ◽  
Combat Casualties ◽  
Military Campaign ◽  
The City ◽  
The Town

The December 13, 1862, Battle of Fredericksburg, Virginia, marked the defeat of Union Maj. Gen. Ambrose Burnside’s Army of the Potomac by Confederate Gen. Robert E. Lee’s Army of Northern Virginia, an important setback for the Union cause and military effort to seize the Confederate capital city of Richmond, Virginia. The battle and military campaign preceding it, which occurred primarily along the Rappahannock River at the city of Fredericksburg and in adjacent Stafford and Spotsylvania counties, was the most lopsided victory the Army of Northern Virginia achieved during the American Civil War, with the Union Army sustaining combat casualties equivalent to more than double those suffered by Confederates. The campaign also saw the use of urban combat, military occupation, and the direct role of civilians at the center of the November and December military maneuvers around the city, which was positioned approximately equidistant between Washington, D.C., and Richmond. Principal battle locations included the Confederate position of Lt. Gen. James Longstreet’s corps on Marye’s Heights behind the city, the Union artillery position on Stafford Heights, the position of Lt. Gen. Thomas J. “Stonewall” Jackson’s Confederate corps at Prospect Hill south of the city of Fredericksburg, and the Rappahannock River itself, which was crossed only after Union engineers built a pontoon bridge under fire. The campaign is noted for Union Army shelling of the city itself as a military position, the failed, multiwave Union infantry assaults against fortified positions, and the destruction of property on December 12 as the town itself was sacked.

3. Old Babylonian cities

2016 ◽  
pp. 33-39
Author(s):  
Trevor Bryce
Keyword(s):  
Tower Of Babel ◽  
Old Babylonian ◽  
Royal City ◽  
The City ◽  
Urban Sites

What did the city of Babylon look like? There are very few material remains of the royal city from this period, but more can be discovered about Old Babylonian cities from other urban sites in the kingdom, notably Ur and Uruk in its southern part. ‘Old Babylonian cities’ explains that each city had a major temple, or temple precinct, dedicated to its patron or tutelary deity, but the most striking monument in a number of Babylonian cities was a ziggurat: a sacred, stepped building, of between three and seven levels, ascending pyramid-like towards the heavens. The ziggurat of Babylon became notorious in biblical tradition as the ‘tower of Babel’.

scholarly journals Classical and Modern Citizenship Concept in Islamic Perspective

2018 ◽  
Vol 2 (1) ◽  
pp. 38-43
Author(s):  
Try Wiganda Irfan
Keyword(s):  
Equal Treatment ◽  
Preferential Treatment ◽  
Islamic Perspective ◽  
Country Life ◽  
The City ◽  
Religious Differences

There are two concepts of Islamic citizenships, the Muslims and dhimmi. The concept of dhimmi citizenship is a non-Muslim citizen in the practice of country life received unequal preferential treatment, and different treatment is based on religious differences. In contrast to the concept of modern Islamic citizenship that gives equal treatment to all citizens regardless of religion. The concept of citizenship by the Messenger of Allah (peace and blessings of Allaah be upon him) in the city of Madinah al munawarah is the best citizenship concept of all time. Rasulullah shollallahu 'alaihi wasallam gives examples of the concept of the best citizenship that there are values of divinity, humanity, democracy and justice. The doctrine of the concept of citizenship of the Messenger of Allah sallallaahu 'alaihi wasallam is the concept of citizenship kosmpolitan. Keywords: citizenship, dhimmi, rasulullah shollallahu 'alaihi wasallam, cosmopolitan ABSTRAK Konsep kewarganegaraan Islam terdapat dua, yaitu muslim dan dhimmi. Konsep kewarganegaraan dhimmi adalah warga negara non muslim dalam praktik kehidupan negara mendapat perlakuan istimewa yang tidak sama, dan perlakuan berbeda didasarkan karena perbedaan agama. Berbeda dengan konsep kewarganegaraan Islam modern yang memberikan perlakuan yang sama kepada semua warga tanpa membedakan agama. Konsep kewarga-negaraan yang diterapkan oleh Rasulullah shollallahu 'alaihi wasallam di kota Madinah al munawarah merupakan konsep kewarganegaraan yang terbaik sepanjang masa. Rasulullah shollallahu 'alaihi wasallam memberikan contoh konsep kewarganegaraan terbaik yang terdapat nilai-nilai ketuhanan, kemanusiaan, kerakyatan serta keadilan. Ajaran konsep kewarganegaraan Rasulullah shollallahu 'alaihi wasallam merupakan konsep kewargane-garaan kosmpolitan. Kata kunci: kewarganegaraan, dhimmi, Rasulullah shollallahu 'alaihi wasallam, kosmopolitan

Women Between a Rock and a Hard Place: State Neutrality vs. EU Anti-Discrimination Mandates in the German Headscarf Debate

2013 ◽  
Vol 14 (9) ◽  
pp. 1757-1785 ◽  
Author(s):  
Joyce Marie Mushaben
Keyword(s):  
Religious Freedom ◽  
Muslim Women ◽  
Equal Treatment ◽  
State Neutrality ◽  
Basic Law ◽  
Local Officials ◽  
Eu Directives ◽  
The City ◽  
Headscarf Debate ◽  
Hard Place

Although it guarantees individual religious freedom and the inviolability of “human dignity,” the German Basic Law also infers the principle ofstate neutralityregarding the exercise of religious freedom in public life and civil service domains. TheLänder(states), however, enjoy substantial discretion in matters of religion and education, which has led to major divisions as to whetherMuslimas(Muslim women) can wear headscarves aspublicemployees. In 2006 Berlin adopted its own Neutrality Law (Berliner Neutralitätsgesetz) prohibiting religious attire among teachers, judges, and police. Within weeks, the city-state's first anti-discrimination officer was overwhelmed with new discrimination cases involving private sector employers as well. This essay examines the tensions and paradoxes inherent in Berlin's efforts to uphold religious “neutrality” among civil servants while also meeting the requirements of Germany's General Equal Treatment Act and three recent EU Directives 2000/43/EC, 2000/78/EC, and 2002/73/EG), addressing race, religion and equal treatment in employment, respectively. This article argues that the Neutrality Law not only violates national and supranational anti-discrimination regulations but that local officials are actually drawing upon the latter to undermine the enforcement of their own statute, in the hope that it will be repealed.

THE SURVIVAL FITNESS OF MEMES IN THE INHERITANCE DIVISIONS FROM OLD BABYLONIA SIPPAR

2017 ◽  
Vol 25 (1) ◽  
pp. 318-346 ◽  
Author(s):  
Susandra J. Van Wyk
Keyword(s):  
Evolutionary Algorithm ◽  
Family Members ◽  
Oral Culture ◽  
School Practices ◽  
Old Babylonian ◽  
City State ◽  
The City

Today, the clay tablets chiselled by Old Babylonian scribes from the city-state of Sippar are our only evidence of the legal conventions from oral agreements between family members in the division of their inheritance. But why would the Old Babylonians, a predominantly oral culture, go to the expense of hiring a scribe? On face value, it seems understandable that the recording of the division of the inheritance was for the sake of standardisation, legibility and simplification (Yoffee 1991). However, there is more to it. In this paper, I present Dawkins’ meme theory (1976) and assert that the legal conventions of division agreements and scribal school practices in Old Babylonian Sippar are a “meme complex”, a group of memes that co-adapt in order to ensure their own replication (Blackmore 1999, Dawkins 1976, Dennett 1991). The question still remains: why do these memes survive? I propose that the structures of the filters of such memes — driven by simplicity — are standardisation, certainty and legibility. They promote the memes in their evolutionary algorithm of variation, selection and retention. Thus, the recording of the oral division agreement is merely a record designed to protect and carry on the division agreement’s scribal school practices and, to a lesser degree, its legal conventions.

The defense of Glukhov against the Polish army of king John Casimir in 1664

2019 ◽  
pp. 213-236
Author(s):  
Igor Babulin
Keyword(s):  
Left Bank ◽  
Considerable Part ◽  
Russian State ◽  
The Will ◽  
State Archives ◽  
Military Campaign ◽  
The Military ◽  
First Time ◽  
The City ◽  
King John

The decisive event of the military campaign of the Commonwealth at the final stage of the Russian-Polish war of 1654-1667 became the unsuccessful siege of Glukhov. It ended in a heavy defeat for the Polish forces, which meant the failure of the last attempt by the Polish-Lithuanian state to regain the lands of the Left-bank Ukraine. Despite the considerable number of researches devoted to the campaign of King John Casimir, on the whole this campaign has been studied quite insufficiently. The source of the article were the materials of the Razryadny prikaz , which were fairly well preserved in the Russian State Archives of Ancient Acts (RGADA). A considerable part of the sources used for the first time were introduced into scientific circulation. Their comprehensive use made it possible to reconstruct the detailed course of the defense of Glukhov against the troops the Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth and to dispel a number of established misconceptions. In particular, those about the presence of the Russian garrison in the city. The actions of the Polish troops and the Ukrainian Cossacks in the struggle for this strategically important city of the Left-bank Ukraine are analyzed. The results of the research showed that the choice of defenders of Glukhov in favor of Moscow was an expression of the will not only of part of the Ukrainian Cossacks of the Left Bank, but also a reflection of the general mood of the Ukrainian masses.

Militiae: Commanders, Elite Religion, and Fear of Military Disaster

2017 ◽  
Author(s):  
Craige B. Champion
Keyword(s):  
Psychological State ◽  
Intense Fear ◽  
International Environment ◽  
Religious Behaviors ◽  
Military Campaigns ◽  
Independent Decision ◽  
Ancient Warfare ◽  
Military Campaign ◽  
The Military ◽  
The City

This chapter examines the harsh international environment in which the Middle Roman Republic existed, focusing on the exigencies of ancient warfare, the stressful independent decision-making responsibilities of generals on military campaign, and how religious ritual was practiced in the battlefield. It also considers the situation of the city of Rome itself in times of military crisis and anarchy. The chapter first provides an overview of traditional interpretations and newer developments in the study of Roman imperialism before discussing the elite's religious practices and beliefs during military campaigns. It argues that a psychological state of intense fear, uncertainty, and anxiety could have underlain many of the Roman ruling elite's religious behaviors in the military realm. Case studies of elite field-commanders' religious behaviors in warfare are presented.

scholarly journals Topograficzno-historyczna geneza nazw własnych krakowskich mostów i innych budowli służących przeprawie

2020 ◽  
pp. 131-144
Author(s):  
Krystyna Kowalik
Keyword(s):  
Proper Names ◽  
Physical Appearance ◽  
Russian Language ◽  
Distinct Structure ◽  
And Function ◽  
The City ◽  
The Russian Language ◽  
Genitive Case

The following paper is dedicated to the analysis of 41 proper names (including 18 historical names) of structures in Cracow used for crossing water and terrain, identified architecturally as bridges, footbridges, trestle bridges and flyovers. These names have got a rather distinct structure: the anteposition contains a generic name, while the postposition comprises an individualising determinant, such as an adjective or a noun in genitive case, less frequently nominative: most Dębnicki (bridge), most Wandy (bridge), most Lajkonik (bridge); kładka Ojca Bernatka (footbridge), estakada Obrońców Lwowa (trestle bridge). Most of these terms have toponymic or anthroponymic motivation connected with Cracow, others belong to exceptions. There is a tendency for using commemorative names, introduced with the preposition imienia/im. (named after): most im. Kardynała Franciszka Macharskiego. Due to the fact that these structures are located in the city, their names belong to urbanonymy. The physical appearance and function of these facilities make it possible to apply in their names the notion of hodonymy. In the Russian language the term gefironim has been used in reference to these names. In terms of the type of denoted structures, the notion gefironim is narrower than an urbanonym, but it is wider when it comes to the area in which these structures are located.

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