Winchester in the Early Middle Ages: An Edition and Discussion of The Winton Domesday

London and Winchester were not described in the Domesday Book, but the royal properties in Winchester were surveyed for Henry I about 1110 and the whole city was surveyed for Bishop Henry of Blois in 1148. These two surveys survive in a single manuscript, known as the Winton Domesday, and constitute the earliest and by far the most detailed description of an English or European town of the early Middle Ages. In the period covered Winchester probably achieved the peak of its medieval prosperity. From the reign of Alfred to that of Henry II it was a town of the first rank, initially centre of Wessex, then the principal royal city of the Old English state, and finally `capital’ in some sense, but not the largest city, of the Norman Kingdom. This volume provides a full edition, translation, and analyses of the surveys and of the city they depict, drawing on the evidence derived from archaeological excavation and historical research in the city since 1961, on personal- and place-name evidence, and on the recent advances in Anglo-Saxon numismatics.

Before Bagan: Using Archaeological Data Sets to Assess the Traditional Historical Narrative | ပုဂံမတိုင်မီကာလ၏အစဉ်အလာသမိုင်းအဆိုအမိန့်များကို ရှေးရောင်းသုရတသ နပညာှပ်ဆိုင်ှာအချက်အလက်များအသုံးပပု၍ဆန်းစစ်ပခင်း

What we know about Bagan derives almost exclusively from historical sources – namely retrospective chronicles, inscriptions, and changing architectural styles. To date, archaeological excavations have played a limited role in augmenting or challenging this traditional narrative. This is unfortunate, because small scale excavations within Bagan’s peri-urban settlement zone, and within the walled and moated “royal city,” have demonstrated considerable knowledge about the city’s past. This is especially true for the Pre-Bagan phase (600-1044 CE). This presentation documents what we think we know about the time “before Bagan,” using the established sources, and assesses this narrative using information from contemporaneous excavation levels. ပုဂံခေတ်ယဉ်ချေးမှုအခြျာင်းျို သမိုင်းအေေျ်လျ်မေားဖြစ်သည့် အစဉ်အလာရာဇဝင်မှတ်တမ်းမေား၊ ချောျ်စာမေား၊ နှင့် ခဖပာင်းလဲလာေဲ့သည့်ဗိသုျာပုံ စံမေားမှသာလေင် သိြျရသည်။ နှစ်သျ်တမ်း သတ်မှတ်ရန်အတွျ် ခရှးခောင်းသုခတ သနဆိုင်ရာတူးခြာ်ခလ့လာမှုမေားသည်အစဉ်အလာအဆိုအမိန့် မေားျို ခဝြန်စစ်ခဆးရန် (သို့) ဖပင်ဆင်ြျရန် လုံခလာျ်မှုမရှိြျခသးခေေ။ ပုဂံမမို့ရိုး၊ ျေုံးဧရိယာနှင့် မမို့အစွန်အြေ ားခနရာမေားတွင်ခလ့လာေဲ့သည့် အနည်းငယ်မျှခသာ စမ်းသပ်တူးခြာ်ခလ့လာမှုမေားျ ပုဂံမမို့၏အတိတ်ျာလျို သိရှိနိုင်ခစရန် ရုပ်လုံးခြာ်ြပခနြျသည်။ ပုဂံမမို့ဖပမတိုင်မီျာလ (၆၀၀-၁၀၄၄ စီအီး)နှစ်သျ်တမ်းတွျ်ေေျ်မှုအခဖြမေားရရှိေဲ့သည်။ ယေုတင်ဖပမည့် စာတမ်းမှာ ပုဂံခေတ် မတိုင်မီျာလအခြျာင်းအရာမေားျို ခရှးခောင်းသုခတသနပ ညာရပ်ဆိုင်ရာတူးခြာ်မှုရလဒ်မေားနှင့် အစဉ်အလာအဆိုအမိန့်အေေျ်အလျ်မေားျို စစ်ခဆးအသုံးဖပုလေျ် မည်ျဲ့သို့ခတွးခတာသိရှိလာနိုင် ခြျာင်းျို တင်ဖပမည်ဖြစ်ပါသည်။

The City of Meroe

Meroe, the ancient Medewi/Bedewi, was a capital city of the kingdom of Kush. Its remains were discovered by the late 18th- to early 19th-century European travelers who relied on descriptions left by Classical authors such as Herodotus and Strabo. Thanks to the excavations carried out by British, Sudanese, Canadian, and German archaeologists we know the general layout of the city and have a basic grasp of its historical development. The earliest remains go back to the 10th century bce, but the main period of its development was from the 6th century bce to the 2nd century ce. The site of Meroe comprises four main areas: the walled Royal City, the Temple of Amun and surrounding religious complex, and two large mounds covering the domestic remains. Among the most important finds were numerous palaces, an astronomical observatory and iron production facilities. The inhabitants of Meroe relied on agriculture and cattle breeding. The gradual decline of the city began in the 3rd century ce but was given a final blow with the Axumite invasion in the 4th century ce.

Iron Production at Meroe

The archaeometallurgical remains evident at the Royal City of Meroe represent some of the most extensive evidence for ancient iron production in Africa. Recently, renewed investigations of these remains have generated a number of new insights into Kushite ferrous technology. The duration of iron production at Meroe is now known to span over one thousand years. Currently available data indicates a particularly intensive level of production during the early periods of Kush, while post-Meroitic iron production has been identified at Meroe and at the nearby site of Hamadab. Throughout the long history of iron production in the area, certain aspects of the technological process appear to have remained relatively constant, notably those associated with the acquisition and use of raw materials (iron ore and charcoal fuel). Other facets of the technological practice appear to have changed over time, for example the manufacture of technical ceramics and the design of the furnaces. Such levels of diachronic consistency and variability within technological practice potentially reflect the evolving social, political, and economic circumstances of Kush. Due to the socio-politically embedded nature of technology, interesting insights into broader Kushite history are becoming accessible through greater understandings of Meroe’s iron production remains.

Demak Kingdom: Study of Environmental Condition and Geographical

Many experts have written about the history of the Demak kingdom, therefore the role of this kingdom in politics, economics and especially in the spread of Islam in Indonesia in the past. With the geophysiographical, historical and archaeological approach used in this study, it can be revealed about the environmental conditions and the location of the palace and the royal city of Demak. The research methods used in this research are observation, geophysiographical (drilling, geoelectrical measurement), historical (reading of documents) and archaeological (test pit excavations) methods, to obtain credible conclusions. The result is that the kingdom, which has a fairly large influence in the archipelago, is located on the island of Demak between Java and the Muria peninsula, which is still in a separate condition, which is surrounded by swamps, rivers and the sea. the tombs of kings, the names of places/villages (toponyms), have proven that the existence of the central city of the kingdom is concentrically arranged and the settlement patterns are grouped according to position, profession, ethnicity and religion.

The Administrative Organisation of Present Cluj County between 1541 and 1848

"The Administrative Organisation of Present Cluj County between 1541 and 1848. The administrative organisation is one of the most important spatial planning actions, because it directly determines spatial configurations and polarizing relations, while concentrating local government institutions into cities and towns which are becoming more prominent as a result of them being designated as administrative centres. This paper attempts to reconstruct the administrative divisions and the ranking of settlements of present Cluj County between 1541 and 1848. Included almost entirely in the Principality of Transylvania, the area of present Cluj County was mainly covered, from North to South, by the counties of Solnocu Interior (Inner Solnoc), Dăbâca, Cluj and Turda. The Szekler seat of Arieș covered a small part in the South and Bihor County (in the Kingdom of Hungary) covered a very small part in the West of present Cluj County. Their limits remained largely the same over a very long period of time. The counties of Solnocu Interior, Dăbâca, Cluj and Turda extended a lot to the West and East of present Cluj County, but their seats were all located here: Dej (Solnocu Interior County), Bonțida (Dăbâca County), Cluj and Turda, to which one may add Gherla, that had the highest status, just like Cluj, that of free royal city, and had an administration of its own. All counties were divided into two districts, an Upper District and a Lower District, and the districts, in their turn, were further divided into circles (smaller districts). Cluj, Gherla, Turda and Dej have retained their importance throughout several centuries up until today, and their historical heritage and prominence still plays an important part in the present regional framework. Keywords: Cluj County, administrative organisation, historical counties, districts, Principality of Transylvania."

Persistence of Spatial Layout Concept as the Basis for Conservation of the Baluwarti Settlement of Surakarta

This research was conducted in the Baluwarti settlement of Surakarta. This settlement was once the royal city of the Surakarta Hadiningrat palace, which was founded in 1745. The Surakarta Hadingrat Palace was built in 1742 by Paku Buwana II. In 1748 Paku Buwana II died, and was replaced by Paku Buwana III. During his reign, Paku Buwana III began to build a settlement area for soldiers, sentana dalem, and abdi dalem which is currently known as the Baluwarti settlement. One of the objectives of this research is to explore the concept of settlement spatial layout. By using historical studies research methods, it is known that the concept of settlement spatial layout is manunggaling kawula lan gusti. Then the exploration of the concept of spatial layout continued until today (Paku Buwana XIII era). Based on the elements of spatial layout that are still and are still being maintained, it can be concluded that the spatial concept from the time of Paku Buwana III to Paku Buwana XIII is still being maintained. The Baluwarti settlement is a cultural heritage area of ??Solo City, and at the same time is a legacy of historical value, according to the Decree of the Mayor of Surakarta Number 646/116/i/1997 concerning the Determination of Ancient Historic Buildings and Areas in the Municipality of Surakarta. In this effort to conserve settlement areas, it also faces the same problems as in other places, including the absence of a clear concept in preservation so that the local community has not carried out conservation of the area properly. So that from the results of previous research, namely the concept of spatial layout which was maintained from the beginning until now (manunggaling kawula lan Gusti), will become the basic concept in preserving the settlement area of ??Baluwarti Surakarta.

Institutionalized Apprenticeship

Apprenticeship was the normal way to learn a trade in past centuries. A typical master might have one or two apprentices, who lived in the master’s home like members of the family. A new path for apprentices opened up with the founding in London of the Inns of Court, four institutions to train future lawyers. The combination of famous teachers, a critical mass of talented students, and the experiences of seeing law practiced in a royal city all made this new type of apprenticeship superior to what came before. The same thing happened with music training in the four conservatories of Naples. Great teachers, strong competition, and world-class music in a royal city led to conservatory students winning the best music jobs in Europe.