scholarly journals GOD'S RIGHTEOUSNESS AND HUMAN LAW: A NEW TESTAMENT PERSPECTIVE ON LAW AND THEOLOGY

2017 ◽  
Vol 32 (1) ◽  
pp. 9-16
Author(s):  
Jens Schröter
Keyword(s):  
Roman Empire ◽  
Middle Ages ◽  
Jewish Law ◽  
God's Will ◽  
Christian Communities ◽  
Legal Context ◽  
The Difference ◽  
The One ◽  
Relationship Of ◽  
Ancient Christianity

It is a remarkable fact that ancient Christianity did not establish a distinct legal system. The early Christians did not take over the Jewish law as the basis for the church. Rather, they accepted the administrative and legal context of the Roman Empire and developed their religious and ethical views within this framework. Consequently, unlike in Judaism and Islam, a “Christian law” was not established, even not after the acceptance of Christianity as the official religion in the Roman Empire or as Christianity became the prevailing religion in the Middle Ages and remained so into modern times. Nevertheless, Christianity developed its own perspective on legal and ethical matters. Distinctive for this view is the difference between the commitment to God's will on the one hand and the respect for human legal systems on the other. In other words, Christianity developed a perspective on the relationship of law and theology that can be described as the implementation of a double directive: Christians are bound to an ethos oriented towards God's will, but at the same time they accept the rules and authorities of this world. This view also means that God's commandments found in the scriptures of Israel are now interpreted in a new way. They are not regarded as ethical and ritual rules that would separate Christian communities from society. Rather, God's law, interpreted by Jesus Christ, serves as the guideline for a life of the Christian believers within the world of the Roman Empire. Both of these concepts—the acceptance of the legislation of the society and the commitment to God's will—can come into conflict with each other, as has often happened in Christian history. Already in early Christianity it was pointed out that obedience to God should prevail over human law.

scholarly journals On social justice: Comparing Paul with Plato, Aristotle and the Stoics

2007 ◽  
Vol 63 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Johan Strijdom
Keyword(s):  
Social Justice ◽  
Roman Empire ◽  
The Other ◽  
Jewish Tradition ◽  
Recent Book ◽  
Deep Roots ◽  
God's Will ◽  
Christian Communities ◽  
The One ◽  
Compare And Contrast

n “In search of Paul” (2004) Crossan and Reed argue that Paul’s vision and program were essentially in continuity with Jesus’: both opposed, be it in Galilean villages or Roman cities, an unjust imperial system by means of an alternative project of egalitarian, distributive justice. Although Crossan elsewhere demonstrates the deep roots of this concern in the Jewish tradition, he tends to downplay the importance of Greek contributions in this regard. The purpose of this essay will be to offer, in constant dialogue with Crossan (and Reed), a more refined comparison of social justice in Paul on the one hand and Plato, Aristotle and the Stoics on the other. If Paul tried to establish egalitarian and sharing Christian communities under the Roman empire, how do this vision and program compare and contrast with Plato's hierarchical but communal concept of justice, Aristotle’s distributive notion according to merit, and most importantly the Stoics’ argument of “oikeiosis” (i.e., other-concern by concentrical familiarization with the other)? Imagine, say Crossan and Reed (CR hereafter) in their recent book on Paul, the following dialogue between ourselves and Paul: Do you think, Paul, that all men are created equal and endowed by their Creator with certain inalienable rights? I am not speaking about all men, but about all Christians. But do you think, Paul, that all people should be Christians? Yes, of course,. And do you think, Paul, that all Christians should be equal with one another?Yes, of course. Then do you think, Paul, that it is God’s will for all people to be equal with one another? Well, let me think about that one for a while and, in the meantime, you think about equality in Christ. (CR 2004:234)

Model-Reference Adaptive Control System Design Technique

1973 ◽  
Vol 95 (4) ◽  
pp. 374-379 ◽  
Author(s):  
D. W. Sutherlin ◽  
J. S. Boland
Keyword(s):  
Adaptive Control ◽  
Liapunov Function ◽  
Design Procedure ◽  
Adaptive Methods ◽  
Model Reference Adaptive Control ◽  
Model Reference ◽  
The Difference ◽  
The One ◽  
Relationship Of ◽  
Model Reference Adaptive

This paper considers the model-reference adaptive control problem which has received considerable attention in the literature in the last few years. An adaptive control scheme is proposed which has terms in the Liapunov function used in the design procedure which are not included in previously proposed schemes. The relationship of this new scheme to existing schemes is shown by considering the root-loci of the linearized error equations between plant and model. Finally, a second order example is given which illustrates the difference between the two previously proposed model-reference adaptive methods and the one proposed in this paper.

The Foundations of Primatial Claims in the Western Church (Eleventh–Thirteenth Centuries)

2008 ◽  
Vol 59 (3) ◽  
pp. 383-406 ◽  
Author(s):  
FABRICE DELIVRÉ
Keyword(s):  
Roman Empire ◽  
Middle Ages ◽  
Thirteenth Century ◽  
The Other ◽  
The One ◽  
Gregorian Reform ◽  
Late Roman

From the eleventh to the thirteenth century, many archbishops in the western Church turned to the papacy to obtain confirmation of supra-metropolitan prerogatives in harmony with the hierarchical principles of the Gregorian Reform. The study of the proofs produced by these primates makes it possible to identify distinct, contrasting encounters between local ecclesiastical structures and the False Decretals, a canonical collection (c. 836–8/c. 847–52) which was widely disseminated in the central Middle Ages. This process reveals the opposition between two types of territorial primacies, based, on the one hand, on kingdoms searching for unity or, on the other, on the civil provinces of the late Roman Empire.

scholarly journals INTEGRATIVE SCIENTIFIC MADRASAH IN INDONESIA: New Developments in Integrating Science and Religion in the Learning Processes

2019 ◽  
Vol 18 (1) ◽  
pp. 34
Author(s):  
ANGGUN ZUHAIDA
Keyword(s):  
Curriculum Development ◽  
Science And Religion ◽  
Scientific Activity ◽  
New Developments ◽  
Future Challenges ◽  
The Difference ◽  
The One ◽  
Relationship Of ◽  
The Relationship ◽  
Integrative Science

Science and religion are a unity. The difference between the two lies only in the way of view. Knowledge comes from the One God. All kinds of approaches to reality are ultimately capable of being integrated and integrated with the contemplation of the concept of God's oneness. Scientific activity is closely related to the implementation of education. The implementation of education is always based on curriculum development. The existence of curriculum development is based on the emergence of future challenges and competencies. This research aims to describe the design of integrative science and religion in the device and the implementation of learning. The research method used is descriptive qualitative, sample in this research is teacher at MTsN Kota Salatiga. The integration of science and religion is seen only in the implementation of learning, where teachers have introduced the relationship of science and religion through connecting with the verses of the Qur'an. The integration that has been implemented in the madrasah is already on the operational level.

scholarly journals RELATIONSHIP OF SPECTRAL REFLECTANCE AND NDVI TO SOME SOIL PROPERTIES OF BRICKS FACTORIES SOILS IN NAHRAWAN AREA,BAGHDAD IRAQ

2019 ◽  
Vol 50 (3) ◽  
Author(s):  
R. K. Abdullatiff
Keyword(s):  
Remote Sensing ◽  
Vegetation Cover ◽  
Vegetation Index ◽  
Remote Sensing Data ◽  
Spectral Reflectivity ◽  
Tigris River ◽  
The Difference ◽  
Remote Sensing Techniques ◽  
The One ◽  
Relationship Of

A study was conducted to investigate the effect of the brick industry on the environmental system of these project soils of the brick factories in Alnahrawan district. Remote sensing techniques was used to study the relationship between the spectral reflectivity and the vegetative index on the one hand and some surface soil characters of the project and to determine the variation in vegetation cover for the same area and for two different periods.Ten sites were selected to study spectral reflectivity under similar geomorphological conditions near the brickworks project in the Anahrawan district with an area of 10,000 hectares. Soil samples were taken from the surface and at a depth of 0-30 cm. Some chemical and physical characters of research soil were analyzed in the soil department laboratories, college of Agriculture, Baghdad University.Several satellite images taken from the satellite Land sat (ETM) 2013 and another from same satellite in 1990 T.M to determining the change between the two periods. After obtaining remote sensing data (reflectivity and vegetation index).the correlation analysis was carried out between these data. It was observed that the soil salinity values were decreased due to the drainage that the area was confined between the Tigris River and the Diyala tributary which leads to good natural drainage.The attached tables indicate that thedigital numbers of the soil sampling sites in 2013 are highly significant correlated, While some of the characters did not show the use of this region industrially. After calculating the difference between the two images to determine the change. A 100% change was observed and the vegetation cover was sharply reduced between the two images. as well as the extension of the land of empty land, although these lands are still suitable for agriculture.

International Law and Religion

2017 ◽  
Keyword(s):  
International Law ◽  
Political Theory ◽  
Middle Ages ◽  
Future Research ◽  
Religion And Law ◽  
The Common ◽  
Preliminary Study ◽  
Humanist Tradition ◽  
The One ◽  
Relationship Of

This book maps out the territory of ‘international law and religion’ challenging receiving traditions in fundamental aspects. On the one hand, the connection of international law and religion has been little explored. On the other, most of current research on international legal thought presents international law as the very victory of secularization. In other words, international law would be the final product of a rationalist and humanist tradition that has become globally ‘adult’. By questioning that narrative of secularization this book places itself in almost uncharted territory. The book consists of a Preliminary Study, written by Martti Koskenniemi, and eighteen chapters arranged in four thematic sections. From the Middle Ages’ early conceptualizations of rights and law to contemporary political theory, the chapters bring to life debates concerning the interaction of the meaning of the legal and the sacred. The contributors approach their chapters from an array of different backgrounds and perspectives but with the common objective of investigating the mutually shaping relationship of religion and law. The collaborative endeavour that this volume offers makes available substantial knowledge on the question of international law and religion and provides referential points that would help in future research in the topic.

GREENLAND INDEPENDENCE – A VOICE IN THE DISCUSSION

2019 ◽  
Vol 1 (XIX) ◽  
pp. 233-255
Author(s):  
Dariusz Rozmus
Keyword(s):  
Middle Ages ◽  
Foreign Capital ◽  
Foreign Workers ◽  
The European Union ◽  
Complete Independence ◽  
Close Relationship ◽  
The Status ◽  
The Difference ◽  
The One ◽  
The Eu

The pursuit of independence is deeply rooted in the soul of the inhabitants of Greenland. The difference in the approach to this problem amounts to the establishment of the time and the conditions on the basis of which Greenland is supposed to become independent. The island, which is the greatest island in the world, has huge deposits of minerals, including metals of rare-earth metals and uranium. On the one hand, complete independence may be an opportunity for the development for the inhabitants but on the other hand, independence may also become a source of numerous dangers. Is Greenland, a country with a slight native population, able to cope – in terms of organisation and the available staff – with the expansion of foreign capital, including the great numbers of foreign workers who are engaged in the development of industrial infrastructure? Is it not better to continue the status quo – a relationship (even a loose one) with Denmark, and thus a relationship with the European Union? A close relationship with the EU and the NATO may, in the future, be consistent with the interests of Greenlanders. In the remote and in the most recent past, Greenland was colonised by the peoples of the Far North (paleo-Eskimo and Eskimo peoples) and Scandinavians. Both Scandinavians – in the early Middle Ages – and subsequently the Inuit populated abandoned lands, lands which belonged to no one. To put it explicitly, no one stole land from anyone. Therefore it is important that in the discussion about the problem of independence which continues between Greenlanders and Danes one should not place historical problems as questions which render dialogue difficult.

scholarly journals Beyond Objective and Subjective: Assessing the Legitimacy of Religious Claims to Accommodation

2012 ◽  
Vol 6 (2) ◽  
pp. 155-175
Author(s):  
Daniel Weinstock
Keyword(s):  
Liberal Democracies ◽  
Religious Traditions ◽  
Subjective Approach ◽  
Legal Context ◽  
Analogous Argument ◽  
Religious Accommodation ◽  
The Difference ◽  
The One ◽  
Religiously Based ◽  
Cultural Agency

There are at present two ways in which to evaluate religiously-based claims to accommodation in the legal context. The first, objective approach holds that these claims should be grounded in « facts of the matter » about the religions in question. The second, subjective approach, is grounded in an appreciation by the courts of the sincerity of the claimant. The first approach has the advantage of accounting for the difference between two constitutional principles : freedom of conscience on the one hand, and freedom of religion on the other. It has the disadvantage of transforming courts into expert bodies on religious matters. The subjective approach has a harder time accounting for the distinction. It also risks giving rise to a proliferation of claims. A plausible synthesis between the two approaches requires that we uncover the normative grounds justifying the granting by liberal democracies of religious accommodation. An analogous argument to that put forward by Kymlicka in the case of minority nations identifies the interest that citizens have in being able to exercise their « cultural agency » : the creative reappropriation and reinterpretation of the rituals, practices and norms of religious traditions.

Die ›Kaiserchronik‹ und der deutsche Adel

2019 ◽  
Vol 141 (2) ◽  
pp. 182-224
Author(s):  
Christoph Petersen
Keyword(s):  
Roman Empire ◽  
Social Identity ◽  
Middle Ages ◽  
General Concept ◽  
15Th Century ◽  
Late Middle Ages ◽  
Textual Community ◽  
History Of ◽  
Single Sheet ◽  
The One

Abstract The paper explains the broad reception of the ›Kaiserchronik‹ in the German culture throughout the high and late middle ages by its ability to give a historical shape and foundation to a social identity of the medieval German nobility. This identity is based on the Chronicle’s general concept of history and worked out in its series of narratives on the one hand, and mirrored by its reception in the textual tradition on the other. The paper shows that the ›Kaiserchronik‹ ascribes to the German nobility the identity of being the teleologically destined bearer of the Roman empire and that the manuscripts preserving the text contain various reflections of the fact that this identity was actually adopted by the Chronicle’s textual community from the late 12th to the 15th century. This is illustrated by the means of the continuation of the ›Kaiserchronik‹ in its so-called C-Version (I), its contextualization within the famous Vorau codex (II), the excerpt of the Adelger episode in a Vienna codex (III), and the copy of the final parts of the Charlemagne episode in a Munich single sheet (IV). Overall, the examples demonstrate that the ›Kaiserchronikʼs‹ function of shaping and founding a social identity of the German nobility also explains in a new manner its flagrant idiosyncrasies in representing the history of the Roman emperors.

Neighbor Love and Legal Precedent

2017 ◽  
Author(s):  
Cathleen Kaveny
Keyword(s):  
Court Case ◽  
Universal Love ◽  
Legal Context ◽  
Administration Of Justice ◽  
Legal Precedent ◽  
Judicial Administration ◽  
Supreme Court Case ◽  
The One ◽  
Relationship Of ◽  
The Relationship

This chapter engages the important recent work of Gene Outka on the relationship of love and justice. Outka’s work examines the relationship of universal love and impartiality. This topic can be explored in the legal context by asking what love requires in the process of the judicial administration of justice. How do the requirements of universal love shape the way we understand the demands of legal impartiality in specific cases? The chapter places Outka’s ideas in conversation with Watts v. Watts, an intriguing Wisconsin Supreme Court case involving the breakup of a couple who held themselves out as legally married without actually having gone through the ceremony. It uses Watts as a touchstone to examine the tension between our obligations of special care for the particular neighbors before us, on the one hand, and the demand for equal regard for all neighbors, near and distant, on the other.

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