The making of a conservation landscape: the emergence of a conservationist environmental infrastructure along the Kwando River in Namibia's Zambezi region

AbstractThe Kwando Basin of north-eastern Namibia is firmly embedded in current national and international conservation agendas. It is a key part of the world's largest transboundary conservation area, the Kavango–Zambezi (KAZA) Transfrontier Conservation Area, and the home of seven community-based conservation areas (conservancies) and three smaller national parks (Mudumu, Nkasa Rupara and Bwabwata). While conservation agendas often start from the assumption that an authentic part of African nature is conserved as an assemblage of biota that has not been gravely impacted by subsistence agriculture, colonialism and global value chains, we show that environmental infrastructure along the Namibian side of the Kwando Valley has been shaped by the impact of administrative measures and the gradual decoupling of humans and wildlife in a vast wetland. The way towards today's conservation landscape was marked and marred by the enforced reordering of human–environment relations; clearing the riverine core wetlands of human habitation and concentrating communities in narrowly defined settlement zones; the suppression of specific, wetland-adapted subsistence practices; and the elimination of unwanted microbes with the help of insecticides. The interventions in the ecosystem and the construction of an environmental infrastructure have created a unique conservation landscape in the Namibian Zambezi region, which provides the foundation for its popularity and success.

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Estimating population sizes of lions Panthera leo and spotted hyaenas Crocuta crocuta in Uganda's savannah parks, using lure count methods

Oryx ◽

10.1017/s0030605313000112 ◽

2013 ◽

Vol 48 (3) ◽

pp. 394-401 ◽

Cited By ~ 11

Author(s):

Edward Okot Omoya ◽

Tutilo Mudumba ◽

Stephen T. Buckland ◽

Paul Mulondo ◽

Andrew J. Plumptre

Keyword(s):

National Parks ◽

Protected Area ◽

National Park ◽

Crocuta Crocuta ◽

Panthera Leo ◽

Analysis Method ◽

Conservation Areas ◽

Conservation Area ◽

Population Sizes

AbstractDespite > 60 years of conservation in Uganda's national parks the populations of lions and spotted hyaenas in these areas have never been estimated using a census method. Estimates for some sites have been extrapolated to other protected areas and educated guesses have been made but there has been nothing more definitive. We used a lure count analysis method of call-up counts to estimate populations of the lion Panthera leo and spotted hyaena Crocuta crocuta in the parks where reasonable numbers of these species exist: Queen Elizabeth Protected Area, Murchison Falls Conservation Area and Kidepo Valley National Park. We estimated a total of 408 lions and 324 hyaenas for these three conservation areas. It is unlikely that other conservation areas in Uganda host > 10 lions or > 40 hyaenas. The Queen Elizabeth Protected Area had the largest populations of lions and hyaenas: 140 and 211, respectively. It is estimated that lion numbers have declined by 30% in this protected area since the late 1990s and there are increasing concerns for the long-term viability of both species in Uganda.

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Assessment of community awareness and risk perceptions of zoonotic causes of abortion in cattle at three selected livestock–wildlife interface areas of Zimbabwe

Epidemiology and Infection ◽

10.1017/s0950268817000097 ◽

2017 ◽

Vol 145 (7) ◽

pp. 1304-1319 ◽

Cited By ~ 4

Author(s):

M. NDENGU ◽

M. DE GARINE-WICHATITSKY ◽

D. M. PFUKENYI ◽

M. TIVAPASI ◽

B. MUKAMURI ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Risk Perceptions ◽

Conservation Areas ◽

Group Discussions ◽

Conservation Area ◽

Valley Fever ◽

Porous Interface ◽

Transfrontier Conservation ◽

The Government ◽

Study Sites ◽

Transfrontier Conservation Area

SUMMARYA study was conducted to assess the awareness of cattle abortions due to brucellosis, Rift Valley fever (RVF) and leptospirosis, and to compare frequencies of reported abortions in communities living at the periphery of the Great Limpopo Transfrontier Conservation Area in southeastern Zimbabwe. Three study sites were selected based on the type of livestock–wildlife interface: porous livestock–wildlife interface (unrestricted); non-porous livestock–wildlife interface (restricted by fencing); and livestock–wildlife non-interface (totally absent or control). Respondents randomly selected from a list of potential cattle farmers (N = 379) distributed at porous (40·1%), non-interface (35·5%) and non-porous (26·4%), were interviewed using a combined close- and open-ended questionnaire. Focus group discussions were conducted with 10–12 members of each community. More abortions in the last 5 years were reported from the porous interface (52%) and a significantly higher per cent of respondents from the porous interface (P < 0·05) perceived wildlife as playing a role in livestock abortions compared with the other interface types. The odds of reporting abortions in cattle were higher in large herd sizes (odds ratio (OR) = 2·6; 95% confidence interval (CI) 1·5–4·3), porous (OR = 1·9; 95% CI 1·0–3·5) and non-porous interface (OR = 2·2; 95% CI 1·1–4·3) compared with livestock–wildlife non-interface areas. About 21·6% of the respondents knew brucellosis as a cause of abortion, compared with RVF (9·8%) and leptospirosis (3·7%). These results explain to some extent, the existence of human/wildlife conflict in the studied livestock–wildlife interface areas of Zimbabwe, which militates against biodiversity conservation efforts. The low awareness of zoonoses means the public is at risk of contracting some of these infections. Thus, further studies should focus on livestock–wildlife interface areas to assess if the increased rates of abortions reported in cattle may be due to exposure to wildlife or other factors. The government of Zimbabwe needs to launch educational programmes on public health awareness in these remote areas at the periphery of transfrontier conservation areas where livestock–wildlife interface exists to help mitigate the morbidity and mortality of people from some of the known zoonotic diseases.

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USING REMOTE SENSING AND GIS TECHNIQUES TO DETECT CHANGES TO THE PRINCE ALFRED HAMLET CONSERVATION AREA IN THE WESTERN CAPE, SOUTH AFRICA

ISPRS - International Archives of the Photogrammetry, Remote Sensing and Spatial Information Sciences ◽

10.5194/isprs-archives-xli-b7-475-2016 ◽

2016 ◽

Vol XLI-B7 ◽

pp. 475-481

Author(s):

P. Duncan ◽

M. Lewarne

Keyword(s):

Remote Sensing ◽

Natural Resources ◽

Source Area ◽

Remote Sensing And Gis ◽

Western Cape ◽

Human Settlement ◽

Conservation Areas ◽

Conservation Area ◽

Gis Techniques ◽

The Impact

Understanding and identifying the spatial-temporal changes in the natural environment is crucial for monitoring and evaluating conservation efforts, as well as understanding the impact of human activities on natural resources, informing responsible land management, and promoting better decision-making. Conservation areas are often under pressure from expanding farming and related industry, invasive alien vegetation, and an ever-increasing human settlement footprint. This study focuses on detecting changes to the Prince Alfred Hamlet commonage, near Ceres in the Cape Floral Kingdom. It was chosen for its high conservation value and significance as a critical water source area. The study area includes a fast-growing human settlement footprint in a highly productive farming landscape. There are conflicting development needs as well as risks to agricultural production, and both of these threaten the integrity of the ecosystems which supply underlying services to both demands on the land. Using a multi-disciplinary approach and high-resolution satellite imagery, land use and land cover changes can be detected and classified, and the results used to support the conservation of biodiversity and wildlife, and protect our natural resources. The aim of this research is to study the efficacy of using remote sensing and GIS techniques to detect changes to critical conservation areas where disturbances can be understood, and therefore better managed and mitigated before these areas are degraded beyond repair.

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OPPORTUNITIES AND CHALLENGES FOR TOURISM DEVELOPMENT IN THE NUSA TENGGARA TIMUR REGION (NTT)

DiH Jurnal Ilmu Hukum ◽

10.30996/dih.v15i2.2437 ◽

2019 ◽

Vol 15 (2) ◽

pp. 155-162

Author(s):

Luh Putu Sudini

Keyword(s):

National Parks ◽

Water Conservation ◽

Marine Conservation ◽

Environmental Conservation ◽

Marine Waters ◽

Conservation Areas ◽

Conservation Area ◽

Travel And Tourism ◽

Tourism Sector ◽

Tourism Potential

Besides the tourism sector can increase economic growth, it also does not damage the environment and even stimulates environmental conservation. The tourism sector has become a global trend in the past three decades. World Travel and Tourism Council (WTTC) in 1998. Problems: 1) What is the urgency of tourism in the NTT region? And 2) How do you deal with the challenges of developing tourism in the NTT region? This research is empirical legal research. The urgency of tourism in the NTT region, among others: paying attention to tourism in the province of East Nusa Tenggara (NTT), which has the character of an archipelago, most of which consists of marine waters and is still lagging behind, it seems that the urgency of tourism in NTT is dominated by sea tourism or nature, such as national parks, Marine Conservation Areas, and Nature Parks (TWA). This is evident through the existence of 8 (eight) marine waters conservation areas owned by NTT Province. In addition, NTT Province also has a lot of potential in the marine sector, such as marine resources for capture and aquaculture; the potential for seaweed cultivation; potential of salt resources; and the potential for pearl cultivation, all of the marine potential is very supportive and influences the urgency of tourism for the East Nusa Tenggara (NTT) Province. Efforts that can be made in order to deal with these challenges include: first, make improvements in the infrastructure sector, for example there is good coordination between the central and regional governments and cities in the NTT Province with regard to policies on water conservation area management or marine tourism in East Nusa Tenggara (NTT); second, maximizing the tourism potential in NTT through professional human resource de-velopment, improved tourism management facilities and third, online tourism publications optimized so that tourists are interested in traveling to the NTT Province; and in addition, supervise/control the applicable laws and regulations in ALKI that cross the sea waters, so that the existence of the ALKI does not interfere with the conservation of waters in the Sawu Sea.

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Species Diversity and Carbon Stock Assessments in Mangrove dan Buffer Zone Conservation Areas, West Papua, Indonesia

10.31219/osf.io/bkg4m ◽

2021 ◽

Author(s):

Daril Andrean Davinsa ◽

Waskito Aji Suryo Putro ◽

Dyah Putri Utami

Keyword(s):

Global Warming ◽

Carbon Stock ◽

Buffer Zone ◽

Mangrove Ecosystem ◽

Carbon Trading ◽

Conservation Areas ◽

Conservation Area ◽

Mangrove Area ◽

Stock Assessments ◽

The Impact

Global warming is the foremost natural issue nowadays. the number of community or companies that are beginning to not consider natural standards is accelerating global warming. PT Pertamina Refinery Unit VII Kasim with a mangrove conservation area and buffer zone has a role in reducing the impact of global warming. This can be a potential for carbon stock and absorption in conservation areas. Carbon research can also be linked to world carbon trading, as a form of commitment from a country that does not have forests. This study aims to determine the results of carbon stock and absorption in the mangrove area and buffer zone. This research was conducted in July 2021 in the company's conservation area. The diversity of species mangrove with 5 results and 13 species in bufferzone areas. The carbon results obtained, that the two conservation areas have great potential in absorbing and storing carbon. The result of carbon stock in the mangrove area is 32.93 tons/ha and in the buffer zone area is 588.86 tons/ha. While the carbon absorption in the mangrove ecosystem is 8.97 tons/ha and in the buffer zone area is 160.45 tons/ha. In carbon trading, the Pertamina RU VII Program has the potential to contribute to the country as much as (1.6 billion).

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Resistance of local communities against marginalization in the Great Limpopo Transfrontier Conservation Area

Focaal ◽

10.3167/092012906780646479 ◽

2006 ◽

Vol 2006 (47) ◽

pp. 18-31 ◽

Cited By ~ 10

Author(s):

Marja Spierenburg ◽

Conrad Steenkamp ◽

Harry Wels

Keyword(s):

National Development ◽

Local Communities ◽

Conservation Areas ◽

Conservation Area ◽

Social Legitimacy ◽

The World ◽

Transnational Cooperation ◽

Conservation Authorities ◽

Transfrontier Conservation ◽

Transfrontier Conservation Area

The Great Limpopo is one of the largest Transfrontier Conservation Areas (TFCAs) in the world, encompassing vast areas in South Africa, Zimbabwe, and Mozambique. The TFCA concept is embraced by practically all (international) conservation agencies. The rationale for the support is that the boundaries of ecosystems generally do not overlap with those of the nation-state. Their protection requires transnational cooperation. By arguing that local communities living in or close to TFCAs will participate and benefit economically, TFCA proponents claim social legitimacy for the project. However, analysis shows that communities first have to live up to rigid standards and requirements set by the international conservation authorities, before they are considered ‘fit’ to participate. Communities attempt to resist this type of marginalization by forming alliances with (inter)national development and human rights NGOs, with mixed results.

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Estimating tourism’s contribution to conservation area financing in Mozambique

Tourism and Hospitality Research ◽

10.1177/1467358415613119 ◽

2016 ◽

Vol 17 (1) ◽

pp. 24-33 ◽

Cited By ~ 4

Author(s):

Andrew Rylance

Keyword(s):

National Parks ◽

Developed Countries ◽

Current Status ◽

Area Network ◽

Least Developed Countries ◽

Conservation Areas ◽

Conservation Area ◽

Total Contribution ◽

Revenue Generation ◽

Area Management

Financial sustainability of conservation areas is one of the cornerstones for enabling effective conservation management. However, the current status of conservation area funding is widely detached from the need, and this disparity is intensified in developing countries. Therefore, identifying and valuing the revenue streams and finance needs of conservation areas is an important step in the process to become financial sustainable. This paper assesses the revenue potential of conservation areas in Mozambique national parks and reserves. The analysis describes the revenue generation of 93 conservation areas in Mozambique in 2013 to (i) the economy, (ii) the Government of Mozambique and conservation area management authorities, as well as (iii) respective communities bordering conservation areas. The analysis determined that the total annual revenue generation within the conservation area network was USD 24.4 million in 2013 from tourism-linked activities. The component of total revenue that accrued to either national Government of Mozambique or conservation area management was USD 3.33 million in 2013, and USD 606,500 of this accrued to communities surrounding conservation areas. The research has demonstrated that revenue generation of the conservation area network contributes approximately 10% to the tourism sector’s total contribution to the economy of Mozambique. In addition, this research highlights the difficulties of revenue generation from conservation areas in least developed countries and the effects of a lack of data on justifying the value of a conservation area network from an economic perspective.

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USING REMOTE SENSING AND GIS TECHNIQUES TO DETECT CHANGES TO THE PRINCE ALFRED HAMLET CONSERVATION AREA IN THE WESTERN CAPE, SOUTH AFRICA

ISPRS - International Archives of the Photogrammetry, Remote Sensing and Spatial Information Sciences ◽

10.5194/isprsarchives-xli-b7-475-2016 ◽

2016 ◽

Vol XLI-B7 ◽

pp. 475-481

Author(s):

P. Duncan ◽

M. Lewarne

Keyword(s):

Remote Sensing ◽

Natural Resources ◽

Source Area ◽

Remote Sensing And Gis ◽

Western Cape ◽

Human Settlement ◽

Conservation Areas ◽

Conservation Area ◽

Gis Techniques ◽

The Impact

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Do Tar Roads Bring Tourism? Growth Corridor Policy and Tourism Development in the Zambezi region, Namibia

European Journal of Development Research ◽

10.1057/s41287-021-00402-3 ◽

2021 ◽

Author(s):

Linus Kalvelage ◽

Javier Revilla Diez ◽

Michael Bollig

Keyword(s):

Development Strategy ◽

Local Level ◽

Infrastructure Development ◽

Production Networks ◽

Global Production Networks ◽

Conservation Areas ◽

Resource Base ◽

Conservation Area ◽

Core Element ◽

Transfrontier Conservation Area

AbstractThere are high aspirations to foster growth in Namibia’s Zambezi region via the development of tourism. The Zambezi region is a core element of the Kavango-Zambezi Transfrontier Conservation Area (KAZA), a mosaic of areas with varying degrees of protection, which is designed to combine nature conservation and rural development. These conservation areas serve as a resource base for wildlife tourism, and growth corridor policy aims to integrate the region into tourism global production networks (GPNs) by means of infrastructure development. Despite the increasing popularity of growth corridors, little is known about the effectiveness of this development strategy at local level. The mixed-methods approach suggests a link between a tandem of infrastructure development and tourism-oriented policies on the one hand, and increased value creation from tourism in the region on the other hand. Yet, the promises of tourism-driven development reach only a very limited number of rural residents.

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Leopard range size and conservation area size in the southern Kalahari

Koedoe ◽

10.4102/koedoe.v54i1.1076 ◽

2012 ◽

Vol 54 (1) ◽

Cited By ~ 2

Author(s):

Jacobus Du P. Bothma ◽

Marius D. Bothma

Keyword(s):

Southern Africa ◽

Conservation Areas ◽

Conservation Area ◽

Range Use ◽

Use Patterns ◽

Viable Population ◽

Mean Size ◽

The Impact ◽

Western Portion ◽

Do So

The range use patterns of adult leopards were used to examine the impact of environmental quality on conservation area size in the arid south-western portion of the Kgalagadi Transfrontier Park in southern Africa. The ranges of the leopards are the largest recorded in the world, with a mean size of 2104.4 km2 (SEM 995.95 km2 ) for males and 1258.5 km2 (SEM 541.50 km2 ) for females. Overlaps in range use within and between the sexes and the size of this conservation area make it possible to sustain a genetically viable population of leopards in this arid environment.Conservation implications: When establishing conservation areas that contain large carnivores in arid and semi-arid regions, prey abundance and range use should be considered for the area to be able to sustain viable populations of such carnivores. The results emphasise the importance of establishing large transfrontier conservation areas where individual conservation areas are too small to do so. This study is the first to do so for leopards in southern Africa.

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