scholarly journals Do Tar Roads Bring Tourism? Growth Corridor Policy and Tourism Development in the Zambezi region, Namibia

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Linus Kalvelage ◽  
Javier Revilla Diez ◽  
Michael Bollig
Keyword(s):  
Development Strategy ◽  
Local Level ◽  
Infrastructure Development ◽  
Production Networks ◽  
Global Production Networks ◽  
Conservation Areas ◽  
Resource Base ◽  
Conservation Area ◽  
Core Element ◽  
Transfrontier Conservation Area

AbstractThere are high aspirations to foster growth in Namibia’s Zambezi region via the development of tourism. The Zambezi region is a core element of the Kavango-Zambezi Transfrontier Conservation Area (KAZA), a mosaic of areas with varying degrees of protection, which is designed to combine nature conservation and rural development. These conservation areas serve as a resource base for wildlife tourism, and growth corridor policy aims to integrate the region into tourism global production networks (GPNs) by means of infrastructure development. Despite the increasing popularity of growth corridors, little is known about the effectiveness of this development strategy at local level. The mixed-methods approach suggests a link between a tandem of infrastructure development and tourism-oriented policies on the one hand, and increased value creation from tourism in the region on the other hand. Yet, the promises of tourism-driven development reach only a very limited number of rural residents.

Conceptual and legal issues in the designation and management of conservation areas in Nepal

1999 ◽  
Vol 26 (1) ◽  
pp. 21-29 ◽  
Author(s):  
JOEL T. HEINEN ◽  
JAI N. MEHTA
Keyword(s):  
Law Enforcement ◽  
Protected Area ◽  
Social Impact ◽  
Local Level ◽  
Conservation Areas ◽  
Conservation Area ◽  
The Government ◽  
Enforcement Authority ◽  
Modern Era ◽  
Definitive Methods

The modern era of wildlife and protected area conservation in Nepal began in 1973 with the passage of comprehensive legislation, and has evolved very quickly as new priorities and problems have emerged. Here we explore the legal and managerial development of conservation areas, a recently-defined category of protected area designed to promote conservation through local-level participation and development. A review of the Conservation Area Management Regulations of 1996 shows that there are several potential problems inherent in this designation. As written, the regulations move power from the government to organizations under governmental contract. Thus, management authority largely remains top-down from the standpoint of local users. We also question how well the designation will protect some sensitive wildlife species, since organizations do not have law enforcement authority under Nepalese legislation.Despite these concerns, there have been several successful conservation area programmes in existence in Nepal since the 1980s and most of the issues addressed are surmountable with the current regulations, providing that several criteria are met. We propose that His Majesty's Government and organizations under contract develop more definitive methods of disbursing funds for local-level projects, and institute social impact assessments. In addition, more attention must be paid to wildlife law enforcement; independent assessments of important wild populations and unique habitats are needed. Finally, we discuss some broader issues that should be better addressed in Nepal and elsewhere, including cross-sectoral coordination within the government.

scholarly journals Assessment of community awareness and risk perceptions of zoonotic causes of abortion in cattle at three selected livestock–wildlife interface areas of Zimbabwe

2017 ◽  
Vol 145 (7) ◽  
pp. 1304-1319 ◽  
Author(s):  
M. NDENGU ◽  
M. DE GARINE-WICHATITSKY ◽  
D. M. PFUKENYI ◽  
M. TIVAPASI ◽  
B. MUKAMURI ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Risk Perceptions ◽  
Conservation Areas ◽  
Group Discussions ◽  
Conservation Area ◽  
Valley Fever ◽  
Porous Interface ◽  
Transfrontier Conservation ◽  
The Government ◽  
Study Sites ◽  
Transfrontier Conservation Area

SUMMARYA study was conducted to assess the awareness of cattle abortions due to brucellosis, Rift Valley fever (RVF) and leptospirosis, and to compare frequencies of reported abortions in communities living at the periphery of the Great Limpopo Transfrontier Conservation Area in southeastern Zimbabwe. Three study sites were selected based on the type of livestock–wildlife interface: porous livestock–wildlife interface (unrestricted); non-porous livestock–wildlife interface (restricted by fencing); and livestock–wildlife non-interface (totally absent or control). Respondents randomly selected from a list of potential cattle farmers (N = 379) distributed at porous (40·1%), non-interface (35·5%) and non-porous (26·4%), were interviewed using a combined close- and open-ended questionnaire. Focus group discussions were conducted with 10–12 members of each community. More abortions in the last 5 years were reported from the porous interface (52%) and a significantly higher per cent of respondents from the porous interface (P < 0·05) perceived wildlife as playing a role in livestock abortions compared with the other interface types. The odds of reporting abortions in cattle were higher in large herd sizes (odds ratio (OR) = 2·6; 95% confidence interval (CI) 1·5–4·3), porous (OR = 1·9; 95% CI 1·0–3·5) and non-porous interface (OR = 2·2; 95% CI 1·1–4·3) compared with livestock–wildlife non-interface areas. About 21·6% of the respondents knew brucellosis as a cause of abortion, compared with RVF (9·8%) and leptospirosis (3·7%). These results explain to some extent, the existence of human/wildlife conflict in the studied livestock–wildlife interface areas of Zimbabwe, which militates against biodiversity conservation efforts. The low awareness of zoonoses means the public is at risk of contracting some of these infections. Thus, further studies should focus on livestock–wildlife interface areas to assess if the increased rates of abortions reported in cattle may be due to exposure to wildlife or other factors. The government of Zimbabwe needs to launch educational programmes on public health awareness in these remote areas at the periphery of transfrontier conservation areas where livestock–wildlife interface exists to help mitigate the morbidity and mortality of people from some of the known zoonotic diseases.

Resistance of local communities against marginalization in the Great Limpopo Transfrontier Conservation Area

Focaal ◽  
2006 ◽  
Vol 2006 (47) ◽  
pp. 18-31 ◽  
Author(s):  
Marja Spierenburg ◽  
Conrad Steenkamp ◽  
Harry Wels
Keyword(s):  
National Development ◽  
Local Communities ◽  
Conservation Areas ◽  
Conservation Area ◽  
Social Legitimacy ◽  
The World ◽  
Transnational Cooperation ◽  
Conservation Authorities ◽  
Transfrontier Conservation ◽  
Transfrontier Conservation Area

The Great Limpopo is one of the largest Transfrontier Conservation Areas (TFCAs) in the world, encompassing vast areas in South Africa, Zimbabwe, and Mozambique. The TFCA concept is embraced by practically all (international) conservation agencies. The rationale for the support is that the boundaries of ecosystems generally do not overlap with those of the nation-state. Their protection requires transnational cooperation. By arguing that local communities living in or close to TFCAs will participate and benefit economically, TFCA proponents claim social legitimacy for the project. However, analysis shows that communities first have to live up to rigid standards and requirements set by the international conservation authorities, before they are considered ‘fit’ to participate. Communities attempt to resist this type of marginalization by forming alliances with (inter)national development and human rights NGOs, with mixed results.

scholarly journals The making of a conservation landscape: the emergence of a conservationist environmental infrastructure along the Kwando River in Namibia's Zambezi region

Africa ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 91 (2) ◽  
pp. 270-295
Author(s):  
Michael Bollig ◽  
Hauke-Peter Vehrs
Keyword(s):  
National Parks ◽  
Conservation Areas ◽  
Conservation Area ◽  
Human Environment ◽  
Community Based Conservation ◽  
North Eastern ◽  
Transfrontier Conservation Area ◽  
Kwando River ◽  
The Impact ◽  
Environmental Infrastructure

AbstractThe Kwando Basin of north-eastern Namibia is firmly embedded in current national and international conservation agendas. It is a key part of the world's largest transboundary conservation area, the Kavango–Zambezi (KAZA) Transfrontier Conservation Area, and the home of seven community-based conservation areas (conservancies) and three smaller national parks (Mudumu, Nkasa Rupara and Bwabwata). While conservation agendas often start from the assumption that an authentic part of African nature is conserved as an assemblage of biota that has not been gravely impacted by subsistence agriculture, colonialism and global value chains, we show that environmental infrastructure along the Namibian side of the Kwando Valley has been shaped by the impact of administrative measures and the gradual decoupling of humans and wildlife in a vast wetland. The way towards today's conservation landscape was marked and marred by the enforced reordering of human–environment relations; clearing the riverine core wetlands of human habitation and concentrating communities in narrowly defined settlement zones; the suppression of specific, wetland-adapted subsistence practices; and the elimination of unwanted microbes with the help of insecticides. The interventions in the ecosystem and the construction of an environmental infrastructure have created a unique conservation landscape in the Namibian Zambezi region, which provides the foundation for its popularity and success.

scholarly journals Abundant herds: Accumulation, herd management, and land-use patterns in a conservation area

2020 ◽  
Vol 10 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Michael Bollig ◽  
Hauke-Peter Vehrs
Keyword(s):  
Land Use ◽  
Management Practices ◽  
Local Population ◽  
Conservation Areas ◽  
Land Use Patterns ◽  
Conservation Area ◽  
Cattle Herds ◽  
The 1960S ◽  
Transfrontier Conservation Area ◽  
Cattle Husbandry

Abstract North-eastern Namibia’s Zambezi Region became part of the world’s largest transboundary conservation area in the early 2010s: the Kavango–Zambezi Transfrontier Conservation Area. While wildlife numbers and wildlife-based tourism are increasing rapidly in this conservation zone, cattle herds and livestock-based economies are expanding as well. More than conservation and wildlife-based tourism, cattle husbandry is a project of the local population and of the local elite in particular. Cattle are an expression of wealth and are regarded as a means of saving. At the same time, cattle can be used to plough fields, pull sledges, and produce milk and meat for home consumption and also for sale. Cattle also fulfil important social functions; they are necessary for bridewealth payments and are used in cattle loans with which wealthy herd owners furnish poorer relatives. Recent investments into self-financed boreholes have opened new rangelands for the wealthy, while the expansion of conservation areas in the region’s wetlands and the establishment of wildlife corridors have rendered other rangelands challenging due to prohibitions and increasing incidences of human–wildlife conflict. The needs and practices of expanding cattle husbandry often conflict with the demands and challenges of conservation and conservation-related tourism. This contribution describes the emergence and expansion of cattle husbandry in a region which had hardly any cattle before the 1960s and which has seen a major expansion of conservation areas and a subsequent refaunation since the 1980s. The contribution analyses current cattle ownership patterns and management practices. We argue that livestock husbandry and conservation have to be considered together and not as competing land-use strategies that need to be kept apart but as separate visions and aspirations of different stakeholders relating to the same landscape.

scholarly journals Development strategy for marine conservation area of Mare Island, Tidore Islands City

2021 ◽  
Vol 890 (1) ◽  
pp. 012059
Author(s):  
A Baksir ◽  
N Wahidin ◽  
F Ohorela
Keyword(s):  
Development Strategy ◽  
Swot Analysis ◽  
Marine Conservation ◽  
Small Island ◽  
Small Islands ◽  
Residential Areas ◽  
Strategy Formulation ◽  
Conservation Areas ◽  
Conservation Area ◽  
Partnership Network

Abstract Mare Island is a strategic small island, both in its location and its natural resources. In the Regional Regulation of North Maluku Province Number 2 of 2018 concerning Zoning Plans for Coastal Areas and Small Islands of North Maluku Province for 2018-2038, Mare Island is designated as Coastal and Small Islands Conservation Areas. Furthermore, through the Decree of the Minister of Marine and Fisheries Affairs Number 66/KEPMEN-KP/2020, Mare Island has been designated as a Marine Conservation Area. The research aims to formulate a strategy for developing marine conservation areas on Mare Island. Field data collection was carried out in the form of observations, interviews and questionnaires, analysis of existing spatial conditions using the Geographic Information System (GIS), for strategy formulation using SWOT analysis tools after identifying various internal and external factors. external strategy, while the alternative strategy is continued by determining the priority of the strategy using the Analytical Hierarchy Process (AHP). The results showed that there were 11 alternative formulations of strategies for development of Mare Island marine conservation areas in order of priority: Improved conservation area management, Capacity building for government and community organizations, Implementation of Zoning Plans and Preparation of Detailed Spatial Plans, Economic empowerment and development of alternative livelihoods, Partnership network improvement, Improvement of tourism facilities and infrastructure, Collaboration of programs among local government offices, Structuring residential areas, Limiting the use of SDKP, Law enforcement and Development of sea and land transportation facilities.

scholarly journals Тhe Russian strategy of spatial development: trends and realities

2021 ◽  
Vol 27 (1) ◽  
pp. 5-16
Author(s):  
Alexander Panin ◽  
Jean Radvanyi ◽  
Vladimir Tikunov ◽  
Vitaly Proskurin
Keyword(s):  
Development Strategy ◽  
Spatial Development ◽  
Infrastructure Development ◽  
Sources Of Information ◽  
Resource Base ◽  
The Russian Federation ◽  
The Difference ◽  
Spatial Development Strategy ◽  
Russian Model

The article deals with cartographic approaches to the analysis of infrastructure development in Russia. Drawing up special map content from diversified sources of information allows for a comprehensive assessment of the effects of the spatial development strategy of the Russian Federation. The map and geodatabase allows spatial monitoring of infrastructure development in the country. The authors describe in detail the possibilities of such analysis based on the classification of types of infrastructure facilities. Based on them, a geodata database was created, which contains information on 9 parameters, including the expected effects of its implementation. The article Provides a detailed analysis of the effects and possible consequences of the implementation of major infrastructure projects in the regional context of the country. The authors conclude that while the creation of infrastructure in Russia is extremely fragmentary. Viewed regions-leaders and regions-outsiders. The difference between them is not only in the availability of the resource base, but also in the peculiarities of the Russian model of federalism.

OPTIMALISASI PERAN PEMDA DALAM MENGATASI KENDALA PELAKSANAAN KONSERVASI KEANEKARAGAMAN HAYATI DI DAERAH (STUDI KASUS PROVINSI BENGKULU)

2020 ◽  
Vol 15 (2) ◽  
Author(s):  
Antung Deddy Radiansyah
Keyword(s):  
Local Government ◽  
Biodiversity Conservation ◽  
Local Governments ◽  
Central Government ◽  
Wild Plants ◽  
Regional Government ◽  
Conservation Areas ◽  
Conservation Area ◽  
Conservation Policies

Gaps in biodiversity conservation management within the Conservation Area that are the responsibility of the central government and outside the Conservation Areas or as the Essential Ecosystems Area (EEA) which are the authority of the Regional Government, have caused various spatial conflicts between wildlife /wild plants and land management activities. Several obstacles faced by the Local Government to conduct its authority to manage (EEA), caused the number and area of EEA determined by the Local Government to be still low. At present only 703,000 ha are determined from the 67 million ha indicated by EEA. This study aims to overview biodiversity conservation policies by local governments and company perceptions in implementing conservation policies and formulate strategies for optimizing the role of Local Governments. From the results of this study, there has not been found any legal umbrella for the implementation of Law number 23/ 2014 related to the conservation of important ecosystems in the regions. This regulatory vacuum leaves the local government in a dilemma for continuing various conservation programs. By using a SWOT to the internal strategic environment and external stratetegic environment of the Environment and Forestry Service, Bengkulu Province , as well as using an analysis of company perceptions of the conservation policies regulatary , this study has been formulated a “survival strategy” through collaboration between the Central Government, Local Governments and the Private Sector to optimize the role of Local Government’s to establish EEA in the regions.Keywords: Management gaps, Essential Ecosystems Area (EEA), Conservation Areas, SWOT analysis and perception analysis

The Existence of Geothermal Energy in Communication Perspective and Sustainable Environment in Indonesia

2019 ◽  
Vol 4 (3) ◽  
pp. 43-52
Author(s):  
Indriyati Kamil ◽  
Oekan S Abdoellah ◽  
Herlina Agustin ◽  
Iriana Bakti
Keyword(s):  
Environmental Sustainability ◽  
Geothermal Energy ◽  
Nature Reserve ◽  
Nature Reserves ◽  
Communication Model ◽  
Conservation Areas ◽  
Conservation Area ◽  
Environmentally Sustainable ◽  
Communication Models ◽  
The Government

This article highlights the dynamics of geothermal energy in the Kamojang nature reserve in Indonesia. A nature reserve is a conservation area that must be protected and preserved, because it has unique flora and fauna, and rare ecosystems whose existence is threatened with extinction. After going through a long study process by an integrated team, the government finally made a policy to change the function of the nature reserve into a Nature Tourism Park. Changes in policy changes to the function of nature reserves cause pros and cons in the community, and cause conflicts between government and environmental activists. The purpose of this study is to identify the factors that cause changes in the function of nature reserves into natural tourism parks in the Kamojang conservation area of Indonesia, as well as to identify appropriate communication models in the management of geothermal energy through communication and environmentally sustainable approaches. Research findings show that the factors that cause changes in the function of nature reserves into tourist parks include; the interests of geothermal energy to meet national energy needs and electricity infrastructure, accommodate the needs of surrounding communities that utilize water resources in conservation areas, and restore ecosystems. The communication model for geothermal energy management that we propose at the same time is also a novelty namely; ecopopulism approach, negotiation approach, collaboration, and equating meaning and orientation to environmental sustainability. Type of Paper: Empirical Keywords: Geothermal Energy, Nature Reserves, Conservation Policies, Communication Models and Sustainable Development.

A Substantive Theory of Transnational Governance

2018 ◽  
Author(s):  
Tim Bartley
Keyword(s):  
Environmental Standards ◽  
Transnational Governance ◽  
Production Networks ◽  
Global Production Networks ◽  
Special Significance ◽  
Social Scientists ◽  
Private Regulation ◽  
Substantive Theory ◽  
Private Authority ◽  
Differential Performance

Social scientists have theorized the rise of transnational private authority, but knowledge about its consequences remains sparse and fragmented. This chapter builds from a critique of “empty spaces” imagery in several leading paradigms to a new theory of transnational governance. Rules and assurances are increasingly flowing through global production networks, but these flows are channeled and reconfigured by domestic governance in a variety of ways. Abstracting from the case studies in this book, a series of theoretical propositions specify the likely outcomes of private regulation, the influence of domestic governance, the special significance of territory and rights, and several ways in which the content of rules shapes their implementation. As such, this theory proposes an explanation for differences across places, fields, and issues, including the differential performance of labor and environmental standards.

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