Religious Aspects of the Spanish Voyages in the Pacific during the Sixteenth Century and the Early Part of the Seventeenth

1948 ◽  
Vol 4 (03) ◽  
pp. 302-315
Author(s):  
André Gschaedler
Keyword(s):  
Sixteenth Century ◽  
Pacific Ocean ◽  
New World ◽  
The Philippines ◽  
The Pacific ◽  
The Pacific Ocean ◽  
Religious Aspects ◽  
Galleon Trade ◽  
Spiritual Conquest

The Conquest of Mexico was under way when Magellan’s fleet left San Lucar, September 1519, in quest of a western route to the coveted Spice Islands. On May 22, 1607, the two smaller ships of Quirós’ armada put in at Cavite in the Philippines, bringing to a close the last of the great Spanish exploration voyages in the Pacific. By that time the English and the Dutch had entered the ocean. The Sea of the South of which Balboa had taken possession in the name of his sovereigns was not to be an exclusive preserve of Spain any more. Spain was on the defensive in the New World. The great era of Spanish discovery in the Pacific Ocean was not to outlast the climax of Spanish power in the Americas. Quirós never lost his faith in the mission of Spain in the Pacific, but his entreaties, and those of the friars who were ready to accompany him for the spiritual conquest of the Pacific insular world, met with deaf ears. The Spanish authorities were under the impression that Spain had already seized more than she could grasp. In the Pacific the Spaniards were now satisfied with keeping up the Manila Galleon trade, the life line of the Philippines. The task of exploration was taken up by Spain’s competitors the Dutch, the English and the French.

Religious Aspects of the Spanish Voyages in the Pacific during the Sixteenth Century and the Early Part of the Seventeenth

1948 ◽  
Vol 4 (3) ◽  
pp. 302-315
Author(s):  
André Gschaedler
Keyword(s):  
Sixteenth Century ◽  
Pacific Ocean ◽  
New World ◽  
The Philippines ◽  
The Pacific ◽  
The Pacific Ocean ◽  
Religious Aspects ◽  
Galleon Trade ◽  
Spiritual Conquest

The Conquest of Mexico was under way when Magellan’s fleet left San Lucar, September 1519, in quest of a western route to the coveted Spice Islands. On May 22, 1607, the two smaller ships of Quirós’ armada put in at Cavite in the Philippines, bringing to a close the last of the great Spanish exploration voyages in the Pacific. By that time the English and the Dutch had entered the ocean. The Sea of the South of which Balboa had taken possession in the name of his sovereigns was not to be an exclusive preserve of Spain any more. Spain was on the defensive in the New World. The great era of Spanish discovery in the Pacific Ocean was not to outlast the climax of Spanish power in the Americas. Quirós never lost his faith in the mission of Spain in the Pacific, but his entreaties, and those of the friars who were ready to accompany him for the spiritual conquest of the Pacific insular world, met with deaf ears. The Spanish authorities were under the impression that Spain had already seized more than she could grasp. In the Pacific the Spaniards were now satisfied with keeping up the Manila Galleon trade, the life line of the Philippines. The task of exploration was taken up by Spain’s competitors the Dutch, the English and the French.

The Trade Networks of Japanese Porcelain in the Asia-Pacific Region

2017 ◽  
Author(s):  
Takenori Nogami
Keyword(s):  
New World ◽  
Ceramic Industry ◽  
Early Modern Period ◽  
Asia Pacific ◽  
Spanish Colonial ◽  
Trade Networks ◽  
The Pacific ◽  
The Pacific Ocean ◽  
Trade Route ◽  
Galleon Trade

The Manila-Acapulco galleon trade route was established after the Spanish founded Manila City in 1571. Many Asian goods, such as silks and spices, were exported by the Spanish galleons. Many New World goods, including Mexican silver, crossed the Pacific Ocean and were brought to Asia. For instance, the cargoes sent to Acapulco from Manila included East Asian porcelain. On the other hand, in the early modern period, Japanese porcelains were exported from Nagasaki and carried throughout the world. Although, under the rule of the Tokugawa shogunate, Spanish galleons could not enter Nagasaki until the mid-nineteenth century, the Spanish could still get Japanese porcelains if they were brought by Chinese ships. Because Manila was one of the most important port cities of the trade network in Asia, Chinese ships imported many Chinese and Japanese porcelains to Manila. The Spanish in Manila used Japanese porcelains and exported some of them to Acapulco. These were distributed among Spanish colonial cities in the Americas. The majority of them were underglazed blue Kraak-type dishes, underglazed blue items, and overglazed enamel chocolate cups. They reflect Spanish colonial life and culture in America. Moreover, Chinese and Japanese porcelain had an influence on the ceramic industry in America.

The pacific Ocean Basin to 1850

2012 ◽  
Author(s):  
Rainer F. Buschmann
Keyword(s):  
World War Ii ◽  
Pacific Ocean ◽  
World History ◽  
Ocean Basin ◽  
World War ◽  
The Pacific ◽  
Military Campaigns ◽  
The Pacific Ocean ◽  
Galleon Trade ◽  
Geographical Feature

The Pacific Ocean is the world's largest and deepest ocean, spanning about one-third of the earth's surface. Despite its size, the Pacific has received only scant global historical attention when compared to the Atlantic and the Indian Oceans. However, the Pacific has played a prominent role intermittently in world history, highlighted by Austronesian expansion, Manila Galleon trade, eighteenth-century European exploration, and the intense island-hopping military campaigns of World War II. At the same time, such historical interest did not translate into a familiar timeline integrating this watery geographical feature into a larger world historical framework. This article argues that there is more discontinuity than continuity to this ocean, and its history is best broken down by three distinct periods of exploration and settlement.

scholarly journals Using Microwave Satellite Data to Assess Changes in Storminess over the Pacific Ocean

2015 ◽  
Vol 143 (8) ◽  
pp. 3214-3229 ◽  
Author(s):  
Michael C. Kruk ◽  
Kyle Hilburn ◽  
John J. Marra
Keyword(s):  
Wind Speed ◽  
Pacific Ocean ◽  
Rain Rate ◽  
The United States ◽  
The Philippines ◽  
Tropical Pacific ◽  
Central Pacific ◽  
The Pacific ◽  
The Pacific Ocean ◽  
Increasing Trends

Abstract This study analyzes 25 years of Special Sensor Microwave Imager (SSM/I) retrievals of rain rate and wind speed to assess changes in storminess over the open water of the Pacific Ocean. Changes in storminess are characterized by combining trends in both the statistically derived 95th percentile exceedance frequencies of rain rate and wind speed (i.e., extremes). Storminess is computed annually and seasonally, with further partitioning done by phase of the El Niño–Southern Oscillation (ENSO) index and the Pacific decadal oscillation (PDO) index. Overall, rain-rate exceedance frequencies of 6–8 mm h−1 cover most of the western and central tropical Pacific, with higher values present around the Philippines, Japan, Mexico, and the northwest coast of Australia. Wind speed exceedance frequencies are a strong function of latitude, with values less (greater) than 12 m s−1 equatorward (poleward) of 30°N/S. Statistically significant increasing trends in rain rate were found in the western tropical Pacific near the Caroline Islands and the Solomon Islands, and in the extratropics from the Aleutian Islands down the coast along British Columbia and Washington State. Statistically significant increasing trends in wind speed are present in the equatorial central Pacific near Kiribati and the Republic of the Marshall Islands (RMI), and in the extratropics along the west coast of the United States and Canada. Thus, while extreme rain and winds are both increasing across large areas of the Pacific, these areas are modulated according to the phase of ENSO and the PDO, and their intersection takes aim at specific locations.

Utilitarian Design for the New World Bentham’s Plan for a Nicaraguan Canal

1970 ◽  
Vol 27 (1) ◽  
pp. 75-85 ◽  
Author(s):  
Miriam Williford
Keyword(s):  
Pacific Ocean ◽  
Natural Water ◽  
New World ◽  
Rio Grande ◽  
Spanish America ◽  
The Pacific ◽  
South Sea ◽  
The Pacific Ocean ◽  
Utilitarian Design ◽  
Water Passage

A Water passage to connect the Atlantic and Pacific Oceans became a passionate desire of Spain “from the year 1513 in which Núñez de Balboa discovered the Pacific Ocean.” When the search for a natural water route failed, Spain decided to build a canal. In 1528 Spain proposed to cut four canals through Middle America: from the Lake of Nicaragua to the South Sea, from the River Chagres to Panama, across the Isthmus of Tecoantepec (sic), and from Nombre de Dios to Panama. In 1800 she added two more possible canal sites to her list, from Rio Grande near Panama to Rio Chagres and from Rio Caymito to the Embarcadero of Rio Trinidad. But none of Spain’s plans came to fruition, and independence came to Spanish America without the construction of an interoceanic canal.

scholarly journals A root for massive crown-of-thorns starfish outbreaks in the Pacific Ocean

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Nina Yasuda ◽  
June Inoue ◽  
Michael R. Hall ◽  
Manoj R. Nair ◽  
Mehdi Adjeroud ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Pacific Ocean ◽  
Environmental Changes ◽  
French Polynesia ◽  
The Philippines ◽  
Marshall Islands ◽  
Western Pacific ◽  
Central Pacific ◽  
The Pacific ◽  
The Pacific Ocean ◽  
The Western Pacific

AbstractRecurring outbreaks of crown-of-thorns starfish (COTS) severely damage healthy corals in the Western Pacific Ocean. To determine the source of outbreaking COTS larvae and their dispersal routes across the Western Pacific, complete mitochondrial genomes were sequenced from 243 individuals collected in 11 reef regions. Our results indicate that Pacific COTS comprise two major clades, an East-Central Pacific clade (ECP-C) and a Pan-Pacific clade (PP-C). The ECP-C consists of COTS from French Polynesia (FP), Fiji, Vanuatu and the Great Barrier Reef (GBR), and does not appear prone to outbreaks. In contrast, the PP-C, which repeatedly spawns outbreaks, is a large clade comprising COTS from FP, Fiji, Vanuatu, GBR, Papua New Guinea, Vietnam, the Philippines, Japan, Micronesia, and the Marshall Islands. Given the nature of Pacific Ocean currents, the vast area encompassing FP, Fiji, Vanuatu, and the GBR likely supplies larvae for repeated outbreaks, exacerbated by anthropogenic environmental changes, such as eutrophication.

scholarly journals Strengthening the Early Detection and Tracking of Tropical Cyclones near Indonesian Waters

2021 ◽  
Vol 925 (1) ◽  
pp. 012010
Author(s):  
E E S Makmur ◽  
W Fitria ◽  
A S Praja ◽  
S P Rahayu ◽  
B E Pratama ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Pacific Ocean ◽  
Tropical Cyclone ◽  
Early Detection ◽  
Tropical Cyclones ◽  
Warning System ◽  
The Philippines ◽  
Australian Monsoon ◽  
The Pacific ◽  
The Pacific Ocean ◽  
The Impact

Abstract In early April 2021, the territory of Indonesia, around the province of East Nusa Tenggara in particular, was severely damaged due to being hit by tropical cyclone Seroja. The impact of tropical cyclone Seroja does not only occur in Nusa Tenggara but also in Australia. In fact, the impact that hit Australia exceeded the damage that occurred in East Nusa Tenggara. The impacts caused by tropical cyclone Seroja in East Nusa Tenggara included 181 deaths and 74,222 houses damaged. Tropical cyclones are extreme weather anomalies that hit many countries, especially in the middle latitudes associated with vast oceans, such as the area around the South China Sea, the Pacific Ocean and the Atlantic Ocean, such as the Philippines, Japan, America, Australia, Europe, etc. Early detection systems for the genesis of tropical cyclones are still being developed by international collaborations such as The Research Moored Array for African-Asian-Australian Monsoon Analysis and Prediction (RAMA) in the Indian Ocean, Tropical Atmosphere Ocean (TAO) in the Pacific Ocean, and Prediction and Research Moored, Array in the Tropical Atlantic (PIRATA). To find out the early sign of a tropical cyclone, it is characterized by sea surface temperatures > 26.5 C, the growth of very broad and thick convective clouds, and rotating wind speeds of > 63 km/hour. For this reason, continuous observations are needed in the area where the tropical cyclone first developed. Observation equipment required includes satellite observations, buoys, and weather radar. Unfortunately, in the territory of Indonesia, especially in the Indian and Pacific oceans around Indonesia, this equipment is not equipped with such equipment due to very expensive funding factors and vandalism constraints. For this reason, in the future, national and international cooperation will be needed to start building an early warning system for the emergence of tropical cyclones among research centers globally.

The Administration of Japan's Pacific Mandate

1931 ◽  
Vol 25 (4) ◽  
pp. 1029-1044
Author(s):  
Harlow J. Heneman
Keyword(s):  
Pacific Ocean ◽  
The Philippines ◽  
World War ◽  
Land Area ◽  
Government Officials ◽  
Trade Relations ◽  
The Pacific ◽  
The World ◽  
The Pacific Ocean ◽  
South Of Japan

The territory under Japanese mandate comprises the former German colonial possessions in the Pacific Ocean lying north of the equator. This region is made up of three main groups of islands, the Marshall, the Mariana, and the Caroline, having a total estimated land area of approximately 800 square miles. Included in these groups are more than 1,400 islets, reefs, and atolls stretching across the Pacific from 130 longitude east to 175 longitude east, and from the equator to 22 latitude north. Lying west of Hawaii, east of the Philippines, and south of Japan, many of these islands are near the steamship lanes running from the Hawaiian Islands to Guam and to the Philippines.A recent census shows that there are more than 60,000 inhabitants in the territory under Japanese mandate, about four-fifths being natives. More than 12,000 Japanese have gone to the islands, as well as a few Europeans and Americans. The Japanese, for the most part, are engaged in agricultural or commercial pursuits or are government officials, while the Occidental population is made up mostly of missionaries. Racially, it is believed that the natives come within the Micronesian or Polynesian classification, although in many instances the racial strain is not pure.Prior to 1914, the Japanese had few interests of importance in these islands. Occasional tramp steamers, trading vessels, or fishing boats from. Japan sometimes visited them, but no regular trade relations existed. When, however, the World War broke out, Japan lost no time in sending a naval squadron to the islands, and, with comparative ease, she obtained control of them in October, 1914. At the time, the Tokio government explained that the seizure of the islands was only temporary, for military purposes, and that Japan had no desire to keep them. Later events indicate, however, that these mere dots in the Pacific took on an increased value in Japanese eyes; certainly, once having secured control of them, the conqueror was loath to give them up.

On the Pacific Ocean regime shift

2001 ◽  
Vol 28 (19) ◽  
pp. 3721-3724
Author(s):  
Cathy Stephens
Keyword(s):  
Pacific Ocean ◽  
Regime Shift ◽  
The Pacific ◽  
The Pacific Ocean
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