The Administration of Japan's Pacific Mandate

1931 ◽  
Vol 25 (4) ◽  
pp. 1029-1044
Author(s):  
Harlow J. Heneman
Keyword(s):  
Pacific Ocean ◽  
The Philippines ◽  
World War ◽  
Land Area ◽  
Government Officials ◽  
Trade Relations ◽  
The Pacific ◽  
The World ◽  
The Pacific Ocean ◽  
South Of Japan

The territory under Japanese mandate comprises the former German colonial possessions in the Pacific Ocean lying north of the equator. This region is made up of three main groups of islands, the Marshall, the Mariana, and the Caroline, having a total estimated land area of approximately 800 square miles. Included in these groups are more than 1,400 islets, reefs, and atolls stretching across the Pacific from 130 longitude east to 175 longitude east, and from the equator to 22 latitude north. Lying west of Hawaii, east of the Philippines, and south of Japan, many of these islands are near the steamship lanes running from the Hawaiian Islands to Guam and to the Philippines.A recent census shows that there are more than 60,000 inhabitants in the territory under Japanese mandate, about four-fifths being natives. More than 12,000 Japanese have gone to the islands, as well as a few Europeans and Americans. The Japanese, for the most part, are engaged in agricultural or commercial pursuits or are government officials, while the Occidental population is made up mostly of missionaries. Racially, it is believed that the natives come within the Micronesian or Polynesian classification, although in many instances the racial strain is not pure.Prior to 1914, the Japanese had few interests of importance in these islands. Occasional tramp steamers, trading vessels, or fishing boats from. Japan sometimes visited them, but no regular trade relations existed. When, however, the World War broke out, Japan lost no time in sending a naval squadron to the islands, and, with comparative ease, she obtained control of them in October, 1914. At the time, the Tokio government explained that the seizure of the islands was only temporary, for military purposes, and that Japan had no desire to keep them. Later events indicate, however, that these mere dots in the Pacific took on an increased value in Japanese eyes; certainly, once having secured control of them, the conqueror was loath to give them up.

Evaluation of Wave Energy in the Pacific Ocean for Baja California State in Mexico

2015 ◽  
Author(s):  
Juan Carlos Tapia Olivas ◽  
René Delgado Rendón ◽  
Emilio Hernández Martínez ◽  
Felipe Noh Pat ◽  
Eric Efrén Villanueva Vega ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Economic Evaluation ◽  
Pacific Ocean ◽  
Wave Energy ◽  
Baja California ◽  
Energy Resource ◽  
Ocean Waves ◽  
Land Area ◽  
The Pacific ◽  
The World ◽  
The Pacific Ocean

According to the World Energy Council (WEC) the estimated energy of the wave power in the world is in the range of 8,000 to 80,000 TWh/year to depths of 100 meters or higher and actually the utilization of wave energy resource it is possible because it has been implemented in countries like Australia, Indonesia, Nigeria, United Kingdom, Norway, Portugal and Colombia evaluating different types of marine technologies that take the advantage of the kinetic energy in the ocean waves. Mexico according to the National Institute of Statistics and Information (INEGI) has a land area of 1,972,550 km2 of which has a coastline of 11,150 km having potential for the use of their coasts. Baja California with a land area of 71,445 km2 (3.6% of the country) is located on a peninsula in northwest Mexico and has 720 km of coastline on the Pacific Ocean (6.4% nationally) with a range of depths of 25.6 m to 650 m at a distance of the coastline of 15 km, which makes it suitable to evaluate the use of wave energy at local sites. With the completion of this work will contribute to the characterization of the sites that will present the best technical and economic conditions for its implementation, considering the physical characteristics of the site as well as connection points on the transmission lines operated by the Federal Electricity Commission (CFE). For the preparation of this study was carried out in three stages: a) Site Selection, b) Evaluation of Wave Energy and c) Economic evaluation of sites using RETScreen. Based on the characteristics of the coast of Baja California the results obtained are the following: 1) 18 sites were selected with a sea depth averaged of 50 m, the annual density power was 7.5 kW/m, this represents a potential of 210 MW considering an average length of 2 km in each site, 2) The economic evaluation of this type of project was for a period of 30 years in RETScreen, considers an annual inflation rate of 5% and obtains an investment cost of 9,538 US $/kW for this type of generation. We conclude that this source of energy will reduce dependence on fossil fuels and contribute to the generation of electricity in the state of Baja California diversifying the energetic matrix state by the use of clean and renewable sources, which represents an investment opportunity between the public and private sector.

A New Type of Mammalian Intersexuality

1928 ◽  
Vol 6 (1) ◽  
pp. 56-64
Author(s):  
JOHN R. BAKER
Keyword(s):  
Pacific Ocean ◽  
Considerable Proportion ◽  
The Pacific ◽  
The World ◽  
New Hebrides ◽  
New Type ◽  
The Pacific Ocean

(1) In certain islands of the New Hebrides (in the Pacific Ocean) a considerable proportion of the pigs are intersexual. Nowhere in the world are intersexual mammals so abundant. (2) These intersexes differ from the rare intersexes of European pigs in the invariable absence of any rudiment of uterus or vagina. (3) A tendency to intersexuality is inherited. (4) The intersexes are interpreted as genetic males in which the testicular hormone has been produced too late in development.

The World’s Oldest Tsunami Victim at the Gateway to the Pacific—and Beyond

Tsunami ◽  
2021 ◽  
pp. 37-48
Author(s):  
James Goff ◽  
Walter Dudley
Keyword(s):  
Pacific Ocean ◽  
Papua New Guinea ◽  
Pacific Islands ◽  
New Guinea ◽  
Mass Graves ◽  
The Pacific ◽  
Starting Point ◽  
The World ◽  
The Pacific Ocean ◽  
Settlement Abandonment

The 1998 Papua New Guinea tsunami was a significant puzzle for scientists who finally cracked the cause, but it also marks the most recent event of many that can be dated back to at least 6,000 years ago where the skull of the oldest tsunami victim in the world was found. Papua New Guinea was also the starting point for the most remarkable navigational feat in the world, with Polynesians moving rapidly east into the Pacific Ocean, their settlement of the region being punctuated by hiatuses caused by catastrophic tsunamis approximately 3,000, 2,000, and 600 years ago. It was on isolated Pacific islands that humans first came into contact with the deadly Pacific Ring of Fire. Settlement abandonment, mass graves, and cultural collapse mark their progress.

The pacific Ocean Basin to 1850

2012 ◽  
Author(s):  
Rainer F. Buschmann
Keyword(s):  
World War Ii ◽  
Pacific Ocean ◽  
World History ◽  
Ocean Basin ◽  
World War ◽  
The Pacific ◽  
Military Campaigns ◽  
The Pacific Ocean ◽  
Galleon Trade ◽  
Geographical Feature

The Pacific Ocean is the world's largest and deepest ocean, spanning about one-third of the earth's surface. Despite its size, the Pacific has received only scant global historical attention when compared to the Atlantic and the Indian Oceans. However, the Pacific has played a prominent role intermittently in world history, highlighted by Austronesian expansion, Manila Galleon trade, eighteenth-century European exploration, and the intense island-hopping military campaigns of World War II. At the same time, such historical interest did not translate into a familiar timeline integrating this watery geographical feature into a larger world historical framework. This article argues that there is more discontinuity than continuity to this ocean, and its history is best broken down by three distinct periods of exploration and settlement.

scholarly journals Using Microwave Satellite Data to Assess Changes in Storminess over the Pacific Ocean

2015 ◽  
Vol 143 (8) ◽  
pp. 3214-3229 ◽  
Author(s):  
Michael C. Kruk ◽  
Kyle Hilburn ◽  
John J. Marra
Keyword(s):  
Wind Speed ◽  
Pacific Ocean ◽  
Rain Rate ◽  
The United States ◽  
The Philippines ◽  
Tropical Pacific ◽  
Central Pacific ◽  
The Pacific ◽  
The Pacific Ocean ◽  
Increasing Trends

Abstract This study analyzes 25 years of Special Sensor Microwave Imager (SSM/I) retrievals of rain rate and wind speed to assess changes in storminess over the open water of the Pacific Ocean. Changes in storminess are characterized by combining trends in both the statistically derived 95th percentile exceedance frequencies of rain rate and wind speed (i.e., extremes). Storminess is computed annually and seasonally, with further partitioning done by phase of the El Niño–Southern Oscillation (ENSO) index and the Pacific decadal oscillation (PDO) index. Overall, rain-rate exceedance frequencies of 6–8 mm h−1 cover most of the western and central tropical Pacific, with higher values present around the Philippines, Japan, Mexico, and the northwest coast of Australia. Wind speed exceedance frequencies are a strong function of latitude, with values less (greater) than 12 m s−1 equatorward (poleward) of 30°N/S. Statistically significant increasing trends in rain rate were found in the western tropical Pacific near the Caroline Islands and the Solomon Islands, and in the extratropics from the Aleutian Islands down the coast along British Columbia and Washington State. Statistically significant increasing trends in wind speed are present in the equatorial central Pacific near Kiribati and the Republic of the Marshall Islands (RMI), and in the extratropics along the west coast of the United States and Canada. Thus, while extreme rain and winds are both increasing across large areas of the Pacific, these areas are modulated according to the phase of ENSO and the PDO, and their intersection takes aim at specific locations.

scholarly journals The state of mental health in the Philippines

2004 ◽  
Vol 1 (6) ◽  
pp. 8-11 ◽  
Author(s):  
Udgardo Juan L. Tolentino
Keyword(s):  
Mental Health ◽  
South China Sea ◽  
South China ◽  
The Philippines ◽  
Land Area ◽  
The South ◽  
The West ◽  
The North ◽  
The Pacific ◽  
The Pacific Ocean

The Philippines, known as the Pearl of the Orient, is an archipelago of 7107 islands, bounded on the west by the South China Sea, on the east by the Pacific Ocean, on the south by the Sulu and Celebes Sea, and on the north by the Bashi Channel. The northernmost islands are about 240 km south of Taiwan and the southernmost islands approximately 24 km from Borneo. The country has a total land area of some 300 000 km2. It is divided into three geographical areas: Luzon, Visayas and Mindanao. It has 17 regions, 79 provinces, 115 cities, 1495 municipalities and 41 956 barangays (the smallest geographic and political unit). It has over 100 ethnic groups and a myriad of foreign influences (including Malay, Chinese, Spanish and American).

scholarly journals Hindu-Buddha: Cara Masyarakat Nusantara dalam Berspiritual Sebelum Datang Islam

2020 ◽  
Vol 5 (2) ◽  
pp. 183
Author(s):  
Domidoyo Marthinus
Keyword(s):  
Pacific Ocean ◽  
Indian Ocean ◽  
The Pacific ◽  
The World ◽  
The Indian Ocean ◽  
The Pacific Ocean ◽  
The Way

Nusantara adalah suatu wilayah kepulauan yang berada di antara dua benua, Asia dan Australia, sebagai benua yang berada dalam dua samudera raya yang di kenal sebagai samudera India dan samudera Pasifik. Kepulauan ini memotong ekuator dari 95 derajat sampai 141 derajat bujur timur. Penduduk pulau ini menarik perhatian berbagai masyarakat dari penjuru dunia, karena tanah subur dengan  limpahan rempah-rempah dan corak masyarakat yang akomodatif dengankecenderunganfriendly dengan kehadiran tamu. Hal ini memicu para pedagang untuk berniaga dan sekaligus bersyiar atau berdakwah. Orang India yang beragama Hindu dan Buddha menjadi orang pertama yang berlabuh untuk berdagang dan sekaligus memperkenalkanagama yang di anut. Hal ini menjadikan identitas sangat bagus untuk diperbincangkan. Sebagai pendatang dantamu di Nusantara, orang-orang India membawa segala identitas termasuk budaya dan agama. Paper ini menjelaskan cara agama dari India hidup dan besar di tengah masyarakat.[The Nusantara is an archipelago located between two continents, Asia and Australia, as a continent located in two major oceans known as the Indian Ocean and the Pacific Ocean. These islands intersect the equator from 95 degrees to 141 degrees east longitude. The inhabitants of the island attract the attention of various people from all over the world because the land is fertile with an abundance of spices and an accommodating community style with a friendly inclination to the presence of guests. It triggered the traders to trade and simultaneously spread or preach. Indians who were Hindus and Buddhists were the first to anchor to trade and at the same time introduce the religion adherence embraced. It makes identity important to talk about. As guests and guests in the archipelago, Indians carry all identities, including culture and religion. This paper explains the way religions from India live and grow in society.]

scholarly journals CONTINENTAL FRAMING AND OUTDOOR SEAS THE PACIFIC OCEAN AS A PLANETARY LANDSCAPE GEOSYSTEM IN THE DEVELOPMENT OF THE WORLD OCEAN

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
В.Т. Старожилов
Keyword(s):  
Pacific Ocean ◽  
Landscape Structure ◽  
World Ocean ◽  
Marginal Seas ◽  
Basic Model ◽  
The Pacific ◽  
The World ◽  
Model Foundation ◽  
Practical Development ◽  
The Pacific Ocean

Констатируется, что континентальное обрамление и окраинные моря Тихого океана как планетарная ландшафтная геосистема в освоении Мирового океана и выделенные как Тихоокеанский ландшафтный пояс (https://doi.org/10.18411/a-2017-089) как основа - модель научного и практического освоения геосистемы океан- континент ранее не рассматривалась. В настоящее время в связи с освоением переходной зоны Азиатского континента к океану появилась необходимость рассмотреть возможности применения ландшафтного подхода в практиках освоения геосистем этой зоны. Работа, представляет собой продолжение комплексных исследований в целом сформировавшейся ландшафтной школы профессора В.Т. Старожилова (doi:10.24411/1728-323Х-2020-13079, doi:10.18411/lj-05-2020-26). Отмечается, что комплексное изучение ландшафтной структуры обрамления Тихого океана, имеет базовое значение при природопользовании Мирового океана. Именно ландшафтный пояс, включающий Сихотэ-Алинскую, Нижнеамурскую, Камчатско-Курильскую, Сахалинскую и другие ландшафтные области и сопряженные с ними окраинные моря, представляет собой часть единой с Тихим океаном структуры природы и представляются как основа для выполнения задач науки и практики освоения территорий континентального обрамления Тихого океана, окраинных морей и использования материалов в освоении Мирового океана. Он, как планетарная ландшафтная структура, является базовой моделью «фундаментом» для построения гармонизированных с природой и связанных с океаном экологических, сельскохозяйственных и других отраслевых моделей освоения этой обширной тихоокеанской зоны. Отмечается, что в свою очередь применение компьютерной технологии векторно-слоевого ландшафтного метода создают платформу для разработки планов и проектов освоения. Он также является платформой для обучения студентов. Приводятся данные о картографической обеспеченности пояса современными векторно-слоевыми цифровыми материалами. It is stated that the continental framing and marginal seas of the Pacific Ocean as a planetary landscape geosystem in the development of the World Ocean and identified as the Pacific landscape belt (https://doi.org/10.18411/a-2017-089) as a basis - a model of scientific and practical development of the geosystem ocean-continent has not been previously considered. Currently, in connection with the development of the transition zone of the Asian continent to the ocean, it is necessary to consider the possibilities of applying the landscape approach in the practice of developing the geosystems of this zone. The work is a continuation of the comprehensive studies of the generally formed landscape school of Professor V.T. Starozhilov (doi: 10.24411 / 1728-323X-2020-13079, doi: 10.18411 / lj-05-2020-26). It is noted that a comprehensive study of the landscape structure of the Pacific Ocean framing is of fundamental importance in the use of natural resources in the World Ocean. It is the landscape belt, including the Sikhote-Alin, Nizhneamur, Kamchatka-Kuril, Sakhalin and other landscape areas and the marginal seas associated with them, that is a part of the structure of nature united with the Pacific Ocean and is presented as the basis for fulfilling the tasks of science and practice of developing territories of the continental framing The Pacific Ocean, marginal seas and the use of materials in the development of the World Ocean. It, as a planetary landscape structure, is the basic model "foundation" for building harmonized with nature and related to the ocean ecological, agricultural and other sectoral models for the development of this vast Pacific zone. It is noted that, in turn, the use of computer technology of the vector-layer landscape method creates a platform for the development of plans and development projects. It is also a platform for student learning. The data on the cartographic provision of the belt with modern vector-layer digital materials are presented.

scholarly journals Континентальное обрамление и окраинные моря Тихого океана как планетарная ландшафтная геосистема в освоении мирового океана

2021 ◽  
Vol 70 (2) ◽  
pp. 138-144
Author(s):  
В.Т. Старожилов
Keyword(s):  
Pacific Ocean ◽  
Landscape Structure ◽  
World Ocean ◽  
Marginal Seas ◽  
Basic Model ◽  
The Pacific ◽  
The World ◽  
Model Foundation ◽  
Practical Development ◽  
The Pacific Ocean

It is stated that the continental framing and marginal seas of the Pacific Ocean as a planetary landscape geosystem in the development of the World Ocean and identified as the Pacific landscape belt (https://doi.org/10.18411/a-2017-089) as a basis - a model of scientific and practical development of the geosystem ocean-continent has not been previously considered. Currently, in connection with the development of the transition zone of the Asian continent to the ocean, it is necessary to consider the possibilities of applying the landscape approach in the practice of developing the geosystems of this zone. The work is a continuation of the comprehensive studies of the generally formed landscape school of Professor V.T. Starozhilov (doi: 10.24411 / 1728-323X-2020-13079, doi: 10.18411 / lj-05-2020-26). It is noted that a comprehensive study of the landscape structure of the Pacific Ocean framing is of fundamental importance in the use of natural resources in the World Ocean. It is the landscape belt, including the Sikhote-Alin, Nizhneamur, Kamchatka-Kuril, Sakhalin and other landscape areas and the marginal seas associated with them, that is a part of the structure of nature united with the Pacific Ocean and is presented as the basis for fulfilling the tasks of science and practice of developing territories of the continental framing The Pacific Ocean, marginal seas and the use of materials in the development of the World Ocean. It, as a planetary landscape structure, is the basic model "foundation" for building harmonized with nature and related to the ocean ecological, agricultural and other sectoral models for the development of this vast Pacific zone. It is noted that, in turn, the use of computer technology of the vector-layer landscape method creates a platform for the development of plans and development projects. It is also a platform for student learning. The data on the cartographic provision of the belt with modern vector-layer digital materials are presented.

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