‘The emergency which has arrived’: the problematic history of nineteenth-century British algebra – a programmatic outline

1994 ◽  
Vol 27 (3) ◽  
pp. 247-276 ◽  
Author(s):  
Menachem Fisch
Keyword(s):  
Nineteenth Century ◽  
Scientific Revolution ◽  
Coming Of Age ◽  
Mathematical Physics ◽  
John Herschel ◽  
History Of ◽  
As If ◽  
Second Coming

More than any other aspect of the Second Scientific Revolution, the remarkable revitalization or British mathematics and mathematical physics during the first half of the nineteenth century is perhaps the most deserving of the name. While the newly constituted sciences of biology and geology were undergoing their first revolution, as it were, the reform of British mathematics was truly and self-consciously the story of a second coming of age. ‘Discovered by Fermat, cocinnated and rendered analytical by Newton, and enriched by Leibniz with a powerful and comprehensive notation’, wrote the young John Herschel and Charles Babbage of the calculus in 1813, ‘as if the soil of this country [was] unfavourable to its cultivation, it soon drooped and almost faded into neglect; and we now have to re-import the exotic, with nearly a century of foreign improvement, and to render it once more indigenous among us’.

Is God Really in History?

1979 ◽  
Vol 15 (3) ◽  
pp. 379-390
Author(s):  
Frederick Sontag
Keyword(s):  
Nineteenth Century ◽  
Human Life ◽  
History Of ◽  
The Relationship ◽  
As If ◽  
The Way

For some time it seemed as if Christianity itself required us to say that ‘God is in history’. Of course, even to speak of ‘history’ is to reveal a bias for eighteenth- and nineteenth-century forms of thought. But the justification for talking about the Christian God in this way is the doctrine of the incarnation. The centre of the Christian claim is that Jesus is God's representation in history, although we need not go all the way to a full trinitarian interpretation of the relationship between God and Jesus. Thus, the issue is not so much whether God can appear or has appeared within, or entered into, human life as it is a question of what categories we use to represent this. To what degree is God related to the sphere of human events? Whatever our answer, we need periodically to re-examine the way we speak about God to be sure the forms we use have not become misleading.

LXX. Goethe in American Periodicals 1860–1900

PMLA ◽  
1935 ◽  
Vol 50 (4) ◽  
pp. 1155-1164
Author(s):  
John Paul von Grueningen
Keyword(s):  
Nineteenth Century ◽  
Statistical Method ◽  
History Of ◽  
Popular Magazines ◽  
As If

The study of the reception and the rejection of Goethe in America has attracted many investigators and has yielded a wealth of factual and significant material—the gist of which has recently been set forth in comprehensive perspective by Camillo von Klenze. However, the well has not been exhausted. So far the history of what may be called the integration of Goethean literature and thought in America has been told largely in terms of individual leadership. To be sure, in the first half of the nineteenth century, perhaps up to the appearance of Taylor's Faust (1870), the attitude of a few score outstanding personages tells the better part of the story of Goethe in America. But as time advances the leadership of individuals becomes more and more involved in a complexity of forces, an expansion of fields, and a ramification and crossing of lines of influence and tradition. Toward the close of the century the material—in the American popular magazines, for instance—presents such endlessly involved cross-considerations and such masses of detail that it would seem as if nothing short of the much overstrained statistical method could lead to any desirable perspicuity.

Greek Catholic theological seminary in Lviv and Yuriy Glogovsky

2019 ◽  
pp. 458-480
Author(s):  
Larysa Kupchynska
Keyword(s):  
Nineteenth Century ◽  
Scientific Revolution ◽  
Theological Seminary ◽  
Central State ◽  
General Direction ◽  
Historical Archives ◽  
Archival Documents ◽  
History Of ◽  
Catholic Theological

Taking into account the actual problems of time, the article presents materials related to the history of the architectural complex of the Greek Catholic theological seminary in Lviv. The research is based on the works of famous Ukrainian and Polish scholars, archival documents, maps of Lviv and graphic works of graphic artists of the nineteenth century which are stored primarily in the funds of the Lviv National Scientific Library of Ukraine named after V. Stefanyk. The plans of the side building of the Greek Catholic Seminary in Lviv is introduced in a scientific revolution with rooms for the economist, cook and services, which was prepared by a well-known in Galicia builder of the first half of the nineteenth century — Yuriy Glogovsky in 1826 and 1828. Today they is located in the Central State Historical Archives of Lviv city. The plans best reflects the part of the interior of a seminar house which today has very little information. Being the only known source of this kind, the documents is analyzed in details. The article separately gives the reason for their appearance. In addition, all the premises that underwent reorganization over a period of two years were examined in detail. This made it possible to show the needs of those for whom they were intended, the general direction and nature of the work of the Construction Directorate. It was emphasized that the legacy of Y. Glogovsky is a powerful base for studying the architecture of Lviv in the first half of the nineteenth century, her history. Keywords: Lviv, Greek Catholic theological seminary, constructor Yuriy Glogovsky, architecture, plans of the seminar house, history.

“The Temple of the Incredulous”: Ottoman Sultanic Mosques and the Principle of Legality

2019 ◽  
Vol 36 (1) ◽  
pp. 179-207
Author(s):  
Samet Budak
Keyword(s):  
Nineteenth Century ◽  
Sixteenth Century ◽  
Cultural Memory ◽  
Holy War ◽  
Historical Sources ◽  
History Of ◽  
Historical Accounts ◽  
Principle Of Legality ◽  
The Temple ◽  
As If

Abstract This article traces the history of an Ottoman legal custom related to the construction of sultanic (imperial) mosques. According to conventional narratives, the victory over non-Muslims was the essential requisite for constructing a sultanic mosque. Only after having emerged victorious should a sultan use the funds resulting from holy war to build his own mosque. This article argues that this custom emerged only after the late sixteenth century in tandem with rising complaints about the Ottoman decline and with the ḳānūn-consciousness of the Ottoman elite, although historical accounts present it as if it existed from the beginning of Ottoman rule. It rapidly gained importance, so much so that the Sultan Ahmed Mosque was dubbed “the unbeliever’s mosque” by contemporary ulema. After having examined details of the custom’s canonization, the article deals with how it left its imprint in construction activities (struggles and workarounds), historical sources, literature, and cultural memory, up to the nineteenth century.

German Missionaries, Race, and Othering Entanglements and Comparisons between German Southwest Africa, Indonesia, and Brazil

Itinerario ◽  
2013 ◽  
Vol 37 (1) ◽  
pp. 13-27 ◽  
Author(s):  
Frederik Schulze
Keyword(s):  
Nineteenth Century ◽  
Postcolonial Studies ◽  
Global Scale ◽  
Global History ◽  
History Of ◽  
Missionary Societies ◽  
Southwest Africa ◽  
As If

Recent approaches in global history and postcolonial studies have pointed to global aspects of colonialism and suggested that the history of colonialism should not be described just as a unidirectional history of power, because the reverberations of colonialism within the metropolis were also important. If we reflect further, we might ask not only if the metropolis and the colonies were entangled, but also if different colonial contexts had connections to one another. Pursuing this in the case of missionary activities, Rebekka Habermas recently demanded that scholars connect missionary history and global history so as to examine the global entanglements of the mission. She drew attention to missionary societies’ active on a global scale. It stands to reason that missionary societies, as global actors, pursued similar politics in different regions and, therefore, different regions and contexts were thereby connected. But is it possible to show direct entanglements between individual mission contexts? Can we explain certain practices and discourses in colonial situations better if we look at other regional contexts?In testing these questions, the case of the so-called “emigrant mission” (Auswanderermission), directed at Germans emigrants to Brazil by a sister organisation of the Protestant Rhenish Missionary Society, is instructive. Strangely, Habermas mentioned neither the Americas nor the emigrant mission when she proposed the analysis of global entanglements of the mission, as if there had been no missionary activities in the Americas. But it is exactly this kind of entanglement that seems most interesting, the entanglement between regions with apparently different histories. This paper tries to address this lacuna by asking if the history of the emigrant mission in Brazil can be linked with “normal” missionary contexts of, for example, missions directed at non-Europeans, in order to understand why certain discourses were circulating in Brazil. In this instance, the former German colony of Southwest Africa and the Indonesian islands of Sumatra and Nias serve as classical missionary examples, as the Rhenish Missionary Society was very active in these regions. In considering relations between German emigrants in Brazil, the German colony in Africa, and the German mission in a Dutch colony, one must remember that Brazil, although it figured very prominently in German colonial debates of the nineteenth century, was not a formal German colony.

Beyond the planets: early nineteenth-century studies of double stars

1984 ◽  
Vol 17 (3) ◽  
pp. 295-309 ◽  
Author(s):  
Mari Williams
Keyword(s):  
Nineteenth Century ◽  
Solar System ◽  
History Of Astronomy ◽  
Historical Significance ◽  
Double Stars ◽  
Stellar Astronomy ◽  
John Herschel ◽  
Major Break ◽  
History Of ◽  
Positional Astronomy

In 1837 the German-born astronomer F. G. W. Struve published his famous catalogue of double stars. For Struve this was the culmination of 12 years' detailed observation of a class of celestial objects lying exclusively beyond the solar system; for historians of astronomy it poses the problem of explaining why the study of double stars became a significant part of astronomical endeavour, as it did, during the 1820s and 1830s. For, although Struve's interest was extreme, it was shared to a lesser extent by several eminent contemporaries, including John Herschel, Friedrich Bessel, Johann Encke, James South and Félix Savary. Their combined efforts represented an important transition in astronomy: for the first time one of the emphases of the subject moved beyond the solar system to the so-called fixed stars. The question of the emergence of interest in double stars is of historical significance, therefore, as it is related to the problem of the origins of ‘stellar astronomy’. This essay is thus intended to offer an explanation of astronomers' interest in double stars, and to tackle the related question of whether this transition constituted a major break in the history of astronomy. Furthermore it is proposed that answers to these problems may be found by considering the practice of astronomy dominant during the first half of the nineteenth century. Astronomers in this period were overwhelmingly concerned with a refined form of positional astronomy. The problems they chose to solve were by and large related to the difficulties of the accurate reduction of observational data, and the compilation of reliable tables and star charts, which were then used as a background against which the motions of solar system objects were plotted. By assessing individuals' studies of double stars within this context it can be seen firstly that such studies were no more or less than specific examples of a general case, and secondly that the stars themselves were not usually of intrinsic interest. In general it was the positions of the stars on the

VICTORIAN READERS

2016 ◽  
Vol 44 (3) ◽  
pp. 727-739
Author(s):  
Miriam Bailin
Keyword(s):  
Nineteenth Century ◽  
Victorian Literature ◽  
Early Years ◽  
Jane Eyre ◽  
Home Life ◽  
Know How ◽  
Imitation Of Christ ◽  
Small Collection ◽  
History Of ◽  
As If

There is, perhaps, no richer archive of Victorian reading experiences than Victorian literature itself. We know how Maggie Tulliver, child of the rural Midlands in the early years of the nineteenth century, felt when reading the Imitation of Christ in the bleak aftermath of her father's bankruptcy, how the young David Copperfield felt sitting on his bed in Suffolk, “reading as if for life” in the shadow of an abusive home life (56; ch. iv), and how a besieged Jane Eyre felt reading Bewick's History of British Birds in the window-seat at Gateshead; we know because Eliot, Dickens, and Brontë trace those feelings and their significance in vivid detail. We know more: Maggie's book, is a “little, old, clumsy book. . .the corners turned down in many places” with “certain passages” marked in “strong pen and ink,” one of a job lot brought to her by Bob, the packman (301; bk. 4, ch. 3). We know that the novels available to David from the small collection on his father's shelf were largely picaresque tales from a hundred years earlier, Gil Blas, Humphrey Clinker, and Roderick Random; and that Jane was reading the second volume of Bewick's Birds with its evocative vignettes in the introductory pages, an edition whose letter-press the ten-year-old Jane “cared little for” (14; vol. 1, ch. 1).

MENYIKAPI KRITIK EPISTEMOLOGI STUDI HADIS

ALQALAM ◽  
2013 ◽  
Vol 30 (2) ◽  
pp. 237
Author(s):  
Idri Idri
Keyword(s):  
Nineteenth Century ◽  
Basic Concept ◽  
Significant Contribution ◽  
Religious Life ◽  
Scientific Attitude ◽  
History Of ◽  
Ancient Times ◽  
As If

The epistemology of Hadith studies that has been built in the history of Muslim civilization since the beginning of Islam until now with the structure of riwayah and dirayah Hadith study as well as its various branches, has provided a significant contribution to the critique and research of the Prophet Hadith authenticity. Through variety of concepts and theories in ulum al-Hadfts, Muslims can distinguish between authentic Hadiths, which are coming from the Prophet and those are not, in terms of sanad, matan, or both, so it can also be determined whether the Hadiths can be used as argumentation (dalil) in the religious life of Muslims or not.   Throughout history, epistemology of Hadith studies has been recognized by Muslims and there is no significant resistance from ancient times to the present, accept from the Orientalists who had rejected Hadith criticism methodology proposed by Scholars of Hadith. The Orientalists who were skeptical of the authenticity of Prophet Hadith that appeared since the second half of the nineteenth century AD, as if they had tried to break down the foundations of Hadith epistemology through their premise, concept, and conclusions. Facing such orientalist attitudes, this paper tries to offer four concepts, critical and scientific attitude, constructive and not destructive thinking, based thinking on the basic concept of the Koran, and using the method of thinking balancely and proportionally. Keywords: epistemology, the study of Hadith, sanad, matn, riwayah, dirayah, Hadith Scholars, Orientalists, the authenticity of Hadith.

“What Is Historical Poetics?”

2016 ◽  
Vol 77 (1) ◽  
pp. 13-40 ◽  
Author(s):  
Yopie Prins
Keyword(s):  
Nineteenth Century ◽  
Musical Instrument ◽  
Robert Browning ◽  
Elizabeth Barrett Browning ◽  
Victorian Poetry ◽  
History Of ◽  
Theories Of Reading ◽  
Mind's Eye ◽  
Varied History ◽  
As If

AbstractIn posing questions about what is “historical” and what counts as “poetics,” historical poetics cannot separate the practice of reading a poem from the histories and theories of reading that mediate our ideas about poetry. While nineteenth-century verse cultures revolved around reading by generic recognition, a reading of poetry as a form of cognition emerges among later critics like I. A. Richards, who illustrates how a line from Robert Browning is read in the mind’s eye, as if in the present tense. But Browning was already doing a version of historical poetics, in writing “Pan and Luna” as a poem about reading other poems about Pan, among them “A Musical Instrument,” by Elizabeth Barrett Browning. In the composition and reception of her poem, we see how Victorian poetry foregrounds its multiple mediations, including the mediation of voice by meter as a musical instrument. The recirculation of her popular poem through citation and recitation, illustration and anthologization, prosody and parody, demonstrates a varied history of thinking through—simultaneously “about” and “in”—verse.

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