scholarly journals Products deriving from microbial fermentation are linked to insulinaemic response in pigs fed breads prepared from whole-wheat grain and wheat and rye ingredients

2010 ◽  
Vol 105 (3) ◽  
pp. 373-383 ◽  
Author(s):  
Peter Kappel Theil ◽  
Henry Jørgensen ◽  
Anja Serena ◽  
Jessica Hendrickson ◽  
Knud Erik Bach Knudsen
Keyword(s):  
Insulin Secretion ◽  
Mesenteric Artery ◽  
Insulin Response ◽  
Crossover Design ◽  
Wheat Grain ◽  
Portal Flow ◽  
Flow Probe ◽  
Whole Wheat ◽  
Low Insulin Response ◽  
Blood Profiles

The effects of wheat and rye breads made from whole-wheat grain (WWG), wheat aleurone flour (WAF) or rye aleurone flour (RAF) on net portal absorption of carbohydrate-derived nutrients (glucose, SCFA and lactate) and apparent insulin secretion were studied in a model experiment with catheterised pigs. The breads were similar in dietary fibre (DF, 120–125 g/kg DM) but differed in arabinoxylans (50–62 g/kg), β-glucans (4–9 g/kg) and content of soluble DF (13–29 g/kg). Six pigs in a repeated 3 × 3 crossover design were fitted with catheters in the portal vein and the mesenteric artery and a portal flow probe. Pigs were fed three meals daily (at 09.00, 14.00 and 19.00 hours), and blood profiles were collected repeatedly from 08.30 until 19.00 hours once weekly. Net portal absorption of glucose was similar among breads and between meals. In contrast, insulin secretion was lowest (P < 0·05) in pigs fed RAF bread (3·9 nmol/h), intermediate in pigs fed WAF bread (5·4 nmol/h) and highest in pigs fed WWG bread (5·9 nmol/h), indicating that RAF bread improved insulin economy. Portal concentrations of propionate, butyrate and valerate were high, intermediate and low (P < 0·05) when pigs were fed RAF, WAF and WWG breads, respectively. Insulin secretion was higher (P < 0·001), and portal absorption of SCFA was lower (P < 0·05) after the first daily meal than after the second daily meal (8·8v. 4·4 nmol/h). A low insulin response was associated with high portal absorption of SCFA. In conclusion, RAF bread was able to improve insulin economy compared to WWG bread.

scholarly journals Absorption of plant lignans from cereals in an experimental pig model

2016 ◽  
Vol 115 (10) ◽  
pp. 1711-1720 ◽  
Author(s):  
Anne Katrine Bolvig ◽  
Herman Adlercreutz ◽  
Peter Kappel Theil ◽  
Henry Jørgensen ◽  
Knud Erik Bach Knudsen
Keyword(s):  
Portal Vein ◽  
Mesenteric Artery ◽  
Gradual Increase ◽  
Whole Grains ◽  
Wheat Grain ◽  
Flow Probe ◽  
Whole Wheat ◽  
Quantitative Absorption ◽  
Plant Lignans

AbstractPlant lignans are diphenolic compounds ingested with whole grains and seeds and converted to enterolignans by the colonic microbiota. In the present study, we investigated absorption and metabolism of plant lignans and enterolignansin vivoafter consumption of cereal-based diets. Six pigs fitted with catheters in the mesenteric artery and portal vein and with a flow probe attached to the portal vein along with twenty pigs for quantitative collection of urine were used for this study. The animals were fed bread based on wheat flour low in plant lignans and three lignan-rich breads based on whole-wheat grain, wheat aleurone flour or rye aleurone flour. Plant lignans and enterolignans in plasma were monitored daily at fast after 0–3 d of lignan-rich intake, and on the 4th day of lignan-rich intake a 10-h profile was completed. Urine samples were collected after 11 d of lignan-rich diet consumption. The concentrations of plant lignans were low at fast, and was 1·2–2·6 nmol/l after switching from the low-lignan diet to the lignan-rich diets. However, on the profile day, the concentration and quantitative absorption of plant lignans increased significantly from 33 nmol/h at fast to 310 nmol/h 0–2·5 h after ingestion with a gradual increase in the following periods. Quantitatively, the absorption of plant lignans across diets amounted to 7 % of ingested plant lignans, whereas the urinary excretion of plant lignans was 3 % across diets. In conclusion, there is a substantial postprandial uptake of plant lignans from cereals, suggesting that plant lignans are absorbed from the small intestine.

Portal transport of absorbed lipids in rats

1991 ◽  
Vol 261 (3) ◽  
pp. G530-G538 ◽  
Author(s):  
I. I. Mansbach CM ◽  
R. F. Dowell ◽  
D. Pritchett
Keyword(s):  
Fatty Acid ◽  
Carotid Artery ◽  
Portal Vein ◽  
Mesenteric Artery ◽  
The Other ◽  
Portal Flow ◽  
Flow Probe ◽  
Blood Samples ◽  
Glyceryl Trioleate

Previous studies [C. M. Mansbach II and A. Arnold. Am. J. Physiol. 251 (Gastrointest. Liver Physiol. 14): G263-G269, 1986] have shown that only 41% of the mass and 54% of the disintegrations per minute (dpm) are recovered in lymph on duodenal infusion of 3H-labeled glyceryl trioleate (TO). The present studies evaluate the potential that the unaccounted for lipids were transported via the protal vein. Rats received portal vein, carotid artery (surrogate for the mesenteric artery), and duodenal cannulas and an ultrasonic flow probe around the portal vein. [3H]TO (135 mumol/h) was infused into the duodenum, and blood samples were collected from the other cannulas. Portal flow was recorded. Portal fatty acid (FA) increased from 220 to 705 nmol/ml during the 6-h infusion and was 201 mumol/h in excess in the portal vein vs. the carotid artery. All common FAs were increased in the portal vein vs. the carotid artery except C18:3 and C20:4. Thirty-nine percent of the dpm infused was calculated to be transported via the portal vein. We conclude that considerable endogenous FA and infused lipid, mostly as triacylglycerol, are transported in the portal vein in response to TO infusion. We speculate that TO infusion induces endogenous FA mobilization from the mesenteric bed.

Lack of glucose-induced priming of insulin release in the perfused mouse pancreas

1987 ◽  
Vol 114 (2) ◽  
pp. 185-189 ◽  
Author(s):  
O. Berglund
Keyword(s):  
Insulin Secretion ◽  
Insulin Release ◽  
Mesenteric Artery ◽  
Insulin Response ◽  
Second Phase ◽  
Mouse Pancreas ◽  
Rat Pancreas ◽  
Continuous Stimulation ◽  
Insulin Responses ◽  
Biphasic Release

ABSTRACT Perfusion of the mouse or rat pancreas with 20 mmol d-glucose/l caused a biphasic release of insulin. The second phase was nearly constant in the mouse but rose in the rat. Repeated pulses of 8, 20 or 30 mmol d-glucose/l did not potentiate subsequent insulin responses in the mouse, whereas repeated pulses of 20 mmol/l did in the rat. When 20 mmol d-glucose/l was introduced through the mesenteric artery or aorta of the mouse, the pattern of insulin release was the same as when it was introduced through the coeliac artery. Thus, insulin secretion in mice differs from that in rats both in not showing an increasing second phase in response to continuous stimulation with glucose and also in not showing successive enhancement in the insulin response to repeated pulses of glucose. J. Endocr. (1987) 114, 185–189

The use of whole wheat grain in feeding of broiler chickens

2020 ◽  
pp. 3-8
Author(s):  
V. Khamitova ◽  
A. Osmanyan
Keyword(s):  
Broiler Chickens ◽  
Average Daily Gain ◽  
Live Weight ◽  
Economic Effectiveness ◽  
Metabolic Energy ◽  
Productivity Index ◽  
Feed Consumption ◽  
Meat Production ◽  
Wheat Grain ◽  
Whole Wheat

An experiment has been conducted to determine the effectiveness of growing broiler chickens when whole wheat grain has been included in the compound feed. The purpose of the research was to develop an appropriate scheme and dose for feeding whole wheat grain depending on the age of broilers, while observing the normative content of metabolic energy and nutrients in the diets, and to determine the economic effectiveness of rearing of broilers. To determine the effectiveness, data on live weight, growth rate, livability, uniformity of broiler population by live weight and variability of live weight of chickens have been studied. In the course of the work, the livability, average daily gain, feed conversion, homogeneity and variability coefficients, and the productivity index have been calculated. An increase in the live weight of broilers, as well as the rate of growth in pre-slaughter age when using whole grains in poultry diets, as well as a decrease in feed consumption per unit of live weight gain has been revealed. In conclusion, the economic effectiveness of broiler meat production has determined when whole grain has been included in diets. The use of whole wheat grain as an additive to the main diet in broiler feeding allowed to increase profits and increase the level of profitability. It has been found as a result of research that it is advisable to add whole wheat grain to the main diet for broilers at the age of 8–14 days in an amount of 5 % of the feed weight, at the age of 15–21 days – 15 %, at the age of 22–28 days – 20 %, at the age of 21–29 days – 30 % of grain without reducing the overall nutritional value of the diet.

scholarly journals Characterization of glucose-insulin responsiveness and impact of fetal number and sex difference on insulin response in the sheep fetus

2011 ◽  
Vol 300 (5) ◽  
pp. E817-E823 ◽  
Author(s):  
Alice S. Green ◽  
Antoni R. Macko ◽  
Paul J. Rozance ◽  
Dustin T. Yates ◽  
Xiaochuan Chen ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Insulin Secretion ◽  
Sex Difference ◽  
Cell Mass ◽  
Insulin Response ◽  
Β Cell ◽  
Fetal Sheep ◽  
Square Wave ◽  
Hyperglycemic Clamp ◽  
Insulin Responsiveness ◽  
Sheep Fetus

GSIS is often measured in the sheep fetus by a square-wave hyperglycemic clamp, but maximal β-cell responsiveness and effects of fetal number and sex difference have not been fully evaluated. We determined the dose-response curve for GSIS in fetal sheep (0.9 of gestation) by increasing plasma glucose from euglycemia in a stepwise fashion. The glucose-insulin response was best fit by curvilinear third-order polynomial equations for singletons ( y = 0.018 x3 − 0.26 x2 + 1.2 x − 0.64) and twins ( y = −0.012 x3 + 0.043 x2 + 0.40 x − 0.16). In singles, maximal insulin secretion was achieved at 3.4 ± 0.2 mmol/l glucose but began to plateau after 2.4 ± 0.2 mmol/l glucose (90% of maximum), whereas the maximum for twins was reached at 4.8 ± 0.4 mmol/l glucose. In twin ( n = 18) and singleton ( n = 49) fetuses, GSIS was determined with a square-wave hyperglycemic clamp >2.4 mmol/l glucose. Twins had a lower basal glucose concentration, and plasma insulin concentrations were 59 ( P < 0.01) and 43% ( P < 0.05) lower in twins than singletons during the euglycemic and hyperglycemic periods, respectively. The basal glucose/insulin ratio was approximately doubled in twins vs. singles ( P < 0.001), indicating greater insulin sensitivity. In a separate cohort of fetuses, twins ( n = 8) had lower body weight ( P < 0.05) and β-cell mass ( P < 0.01) than singleton fetuses ( n = 7) as a result of smaller pancreata ( P < 0.01) and a positive correlation ( P < 0.05) between insulin immunopositive area and fetal weight ( P < 0.05). No effects of sex difference on GSIS or β-cell mass were observed. These findings indicate that insulin secretion is less responsive to physiological glucose concentrations in twins, due in part to less β-cell mass.

scholarly journals Ghrelin differentially modulates glucose-induced insulin secretion according to feeding status in sheep

2007 ◽  
Vol 194 (3) ◽  
pp. 621-625 ◽  
Author(s):  
Hideyuki Takahashi ◽  
Yohei Kurose ◽  
Muneyuki Sakaida ◽  
Yoshihiro Suzuki ◽  
Shigeki Kobayashi ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Body Weight ◽  
Insulin Secretion ◽  
Total Dose ◽  
Insulin Response ◽  
Fasting State ◽  
Fed State ◽  
Hyperglycemic Clamp ◽  
Alfalfa Hay

The present study was conducted to investigate roles of ghrelin in glucose-induced insulin secretion in fasting- and meal-fed state in sheep. Castrated Suffolk rams were fed a maintenance diet of alfalfa hay cubes once a day. Hyperglycemic clamp (HGC) was carried out to examine glucose-induced insulin response from 48 to 53 h (fasting state) and from 3 to 8 h (meal-fed state) after feeding in Experiment 1 and 2 respectively. Total dose of 70 nmol/kg body weight of d-Lys3-GHRP6, a GH secretagogue receptor 1a (GHS-R1a) antagonist, was intravenously administered at 0, 60, and 120 min after the commencement of HGC. In the fasting state, the ghrelin antagonist significantly (P < 0.01) enhanced glucose-induced insulin secretion. In the meal-fed state, i.v. administration of synthetic ovine ghrelin (0.04 μ g/kg body weight per min during HGC) significantly (P < 0.05) enhanced glucose-induced insulin secretion. d-Lys3-GHRP6 treatment suppressed ghrelin-induced enhancement of the insulin secretion. In conclusion, ghrelin has an inhibitory and stimulatory role in glucose-induced insulin secretion via GHS-R1a in fasting- and meal-fed state respectively.

Insulin secretion in fetal and newborn sheep.

1978 ◽  
Vol 235 (5) ◽  
pp. E467 ◽  
Author(s):  
A F Philipps ◽  
B S Carson ◽  
G Meschia ◽  
F C Battaglia
Keyword(s):  
Insulin Secretion ◽  
Plasma Insulin ◽  
Insulin Response ◽  
Induced Response ◽  
Response Curves ◽  
Fasted State ◽  
Early Insulin Response ◽  
Arterial Plasma ◽  
Fetal Response ◽  
Maternal Glucose

The relationships between arterial plasma insulin, glucose, and fructose concentrations during the fed and fasted state were studied in seven fetal lambs and their mothers. A significant correlation between insulin and glucose concentration was noted in all fetal lambs and in their mothers. Fetal sensitivity to glucose, as measured by the slopes of the insulin-response curves, was equal to that of the adult although the fetal response was shifted to the left of the maternal. Glucose infusion in four fetal lambs caused significant insulin elevations but no early insulin response (phase I). Maternal fasting caused no alteration in glucose-induced response in the fetus. Similar glucose infusions in newborn and 1-mo-old lambs demonstrated significant early-phase insulin secretion. Basal insulin to glucose ratios were consistent with an adult pattern as early as 3 days after birth.

Effects of treadmill exercise to exhaustion on the insulin response to hyperglycemia in untrained men

1991 ◽  
Vol 70 (1) ◽  
pp. 246-250 ◽  
Author(s):  
J. P. Kirwan ◽  
R. E. Bourey ◽  
W. M. Kohrt ◽  
M. A. Staten ◽  
J. O. Holloszy
Keyword(s):  
Insulin Secretion ◽  
Early Phase ◽  
Pancreatic Beta Cell ◽  
Late Phase ◽  
Insulin Response ◽  
Creatine Kinase Activity ◽  
Whole Body ◽  
Glucose Disposal ◽  
C Peptide ◽  
Hyperglycemic Clamp

The effects of a single bout of exercise to exhaustion on pancreatic insulin secretion were determined in seven untrained men by use of a 3-h hyperglycemic clamp with plasma glucose maintained at 180 mg/100 ml. Clamps were performed either 12 h after an intermittent treadmill run at approximately 77% maximum O2 consumption or without prior exercise. Arterialized blood samples for glucose, insulin, and C-peptide determination were obtained from a heated hand vein. The peak insulin response during the early phase (0–10 min) of the postexercise clamp was higher (81 +/- 8 vs. 59 +/- 9 microU/ml; P less than 0.05) than in the nonexercise clamp. Incremental areas under the insulin (376 +/- 33 vs. 245 +/- 51 microU.ml-1.min) and C-peptide (17 +/- 2 vs. 12 +/- 1 ng.ml-1.min) curves were also greater (P less than 0.05) during the early phase of the postexercise clamp. No differences were observed in either insulin concentrations or whole body glucose disposal during the late phase (15–180 min). Area under the C-peptide curve was greater during the late phase of the postexercise clamp (650 +/- 53 vs. 536 +/- 76 ng.ml-1.min, P less than 0.05). The exercise bout induced muscle soreness and caused an elevation in plasma creatine kinase activity (142 +/- 32 vs. 305 +/- 31 IU/l; P less than 0.05) before the postexercise clamp. We conclude that in untrained men a bout of running to exhaustion increased pancreatic beta-cell insulin secretion during the early phase of the hyperglycemic clamp. Increased insulin secretion during the late phase of the clamp appeared to be compensated by increased insulin clearance.

scholarly journals The possible mechanisms by which phanoside stimulates insulin secretion from rat islets

2007 ◽  
Vol 192 (2) ◽  
pp. 389-394 ◽  
Author(s):  
Nguyen Khanh Hoa ◽  
Åke Norberg ◽  
Rannar Sillard ◽  
Dao Van Phan ◽  
Nguyen Duy Thuan ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Insulin Secretion ◽  
B Cells ◽  
Pancreatic Islets ◽  
Insulin Release ◽  
Pertussis Toxin ◽  
Insulin Response ◽  
Gk Rat ◽  
Isolated Pancreatic Islets ◽  
Gk Rats ◽  
Rat Islets

We recently showed that phanoside, a gypenoside isolated from the plant Gynostemma pentaphyllum, stimulates insulin secretion from rat pancreatic islets. To study the mechanisms by which phanoside stimulates insulin secretion. Isolated pancreatic islets of normal Wistar (W) rats and spontaneously diabetic Goto-Kakizaki (GK) rats were batch incubated or perifused. At both 3.3 and 16.7 mM glucose, phanoside stimulated insulin secretion several fold in both W and diabetic GK rat islets. In perifusion of W islets, phanoside (75 and 150 μM) dose dependently increased insulin secretion that returned to basal levels when phanoside was omitted. When W rat islets were incubated at 3.3 mM glucose with 150 μM phanoside and 0.25 mM diazoxide to keep K-ATP channels open, insulin secretion was similar to that in islets incubated in 150 μM phanoside alone. At 16.7 mM glucose, phanoside-stimulated insulin secretion was reduced in the presence of 0.25 mM diazoxide (P<0.01). In W islets depolarized by 50 mM KCl and with diazoxide, phanoside stimulated insulin release twofold at 3.3 mM glucose but did not further increase the release at 16.7 mM glucose. When using nimodipine to block L-type Ca2+ channels in B-cells, phanoside-induced insulin secretion was unaffected at 3.3 mM glucose but decreased at 16.7 mM glucose (P<0.01). Pretreatment of islets with pertussis toxin to inhibit exocytotic Ge-protein did not affect insulin response to 150 μM phanoside. Phanoside stimulated insulin secretion from Wand GK rat islets. This effect seems to be exerted distal to K-ATP channels and L-type Ca2+ channels, which is on the exocytotic machinery of the B-cells.

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