Genetics of house-entering behaviour in East African populations of Aedes aegypti (L.) (Diptera: Culicidae) and its relevance to speciation

1978 ◽  
Vol 68 (3) ◽  
pp. 521-532 ◽  
Author(s):  
M. Trpis ◽  
W. Hausermann
Keyword(s):  
Aedes Aegypti ◽  
Gene Action ◽  
Random Mating ◽  
East African ◽  
Isolating Mechanisms ◽  
African Populations ◽  
Feral Population ◽  
Tree Holes ◽  
Domestic Form ◽  
Hybrid Forms

AbstractSamples of larvae of Aedes aegypti (L.) were collected in three principal habitats, domestic, peridomestic and feral, in the Rabai area in eastern Kenya. The samples from the domestic habitat represent the population of the domestic form, A. a. aegypti, and the feral samples from tree holes from Bejumwa Forest represent the feral subspecies, A. a. formosus (Wlk.). The peridomestic samples from steps cut into trunks of coconut palms most probably represent hybrids between the domestic and the feral forms. These samples were brought to the laboratory where they reproduced in high numbers, and crosses were made between the three populations. Adults of the parental populations and those resulting from the crosses were marked with different colours of fluorescent pigments, released in the peridomestic habitat in the Rabai area and subsequently recaptured in biting catches on man in the domestic and peridomestic habitats. The results indicate that domesticity, particularly house-entering behaviour, in A. aegypti is genetically controlled and is a product of the action of several genes. The gene action in terms of house-entering behaviour is additive as can be clearly seen from the recapture data for the various crosses. The percentage entering houses was highest among mosquitoes of the form from inside houses (the domestic A. a. aegypti population (D)) and the percentages decreased progressively through the peridomestic (P) and hybrid forms to the feral population of A. a. formosus (F) in the following manner: D (45·)DP (15 ·5), PD (13·9), P (9·8), DF (5·7), FD (73·), PF (1·5), FP. (0·6) and F (0·6).The recaptures outdoors were in the reverse order, the highest percentage being for F (187·) and the lowest for D (8·5), DP (8·0) and PD (7·7). The data suggest that the larvae from the peridomestic habitat may represent hybrids between the domestic and feral formsA model for the inheritance of behavioural characters in mosquitoes is presented. On the basis of isolating mechanisms and partial hybridisation, it is concluded that A. a. aegypti and A. a. formosus have developed as geographically isolated allopatric populations. This supports the existing polytypic concept of speciation in A. aegypti. Spatial distribution, non-random mating and the existing series of isolating mechanisms indicate that the domestic type form has been introduced into East Africa, most probably on ships.

scholarly journals Bantu-speaker migration and admixture in southern Africa

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Ananyo Choudhury ◽  
Dhriti Sengupta ◽  
Michele Ramsay ◽  
Carina Schlebusch
Keyword(s):  
Southern Africa ◽  
Geographic Region ◽  
Middle Stone Age ◽  
East African ◽  
Variant Discovery ◽  
African Populations ◽  
Sequencing Studies ◽  
Anatomically Modern Humans ◽  
Scale Population ◽  
Novel Variant

Abstract The presence of Early and Middle Stone Age human remains and associated archaeological artefacts from various sites scattered across southern Africa, suggests this geographic region to be one of the first abodes of anatomically modern humans. Although the presence of hunter-gatherer cultures in this region dates back to deep times, the peopling of southern Africa have largely been reshaped by three major sets of migrations over the last 2000 years. These migrations have led to a confluence of four distinct ancestries (San hunter-gatherer, East African pastoralist, Bantu-speaker farmer and Eurasian) in populations from this region. In this review, we have summarized the recent insights into the refinement of timelines and routes of the migration of Bantu-speaking populations to southern Africa and their admixture with resident southern African Khoe-San populations. We highlight two recent studies hinting at the emergence of fine-scale population structure within some South-Eastern Bantu-speaker groups. We also accentuate whole genome sequencing studies (current and ancient) that have both enhanced our understanding of the peopling of southern Africa and demonstrated a huge potential for novel variant discovery in populations from this region. Finally, we identify some of the major gaps and inconsistencies in our understanding and emphasize the importance of more systematic studies of southern African populations from diverse ethnolinguistic groups and geographic locations.

scholarly journals Tree holes as larval habitats for Aedes aegypti in public areas in Aguaray, Salta province, Argentina

2011 ◽  
Vol 36 (1) ◽  
pp. 227-230 ◽  
Author(s):  
Carolina Mangudo ◽  
Juan P. Aparicio ◽  
Raquel M. Gleiser
Keyword(s):  
Aedes Aegypti ◽  
Larval Habitats ◽  
Public Areas ◽  
Tree Holes

scholarly journals Genetic diversity of lactase persistence in East African populations

2016 ◽  
Vol 9 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Hisham Y. Hassan ◽  
Anke van Erp ◽  
Martin Jaeger ◽  
Hanan Tahir ◽  
Marije Oosting ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Genetic Diversity ◽  
Lactase Persistence ◽  
East African ◽  
African Populations

Differential response to oviposition site by feral and domestic populations of Aedes aegypti (L.) (Diptera: Culicidae)

1978 ◽  
Vol 68 (3) ◽  
pp. 455-463 ◽  
Author(s):  
Sister M. G. Leahy ◽  
R. C. VandeHey ◽  
K. S. Booth
Keyword(s):  
Aedes Aegypti ◽  
Chemical Constituents ◽  
Differential Response ◽  
Oviposition Site ◽  
Laboratory Procedure ◽  
High Fecundity ◽  
Egg Retention ◽  
Feral Population ◽  
Phenotype Characteristic ◽  
Visual Attraction

AbstractLow fecundity in the laboratory was found in populations of Aedes aegypti (L.) exhibiting Black tergite (Bt), a phenotype characteristic of the feral A. a. formosus (Wlk), whereas high fecundity was found in six domestic populations of A. a. aegyptiin which the phenotype was absent. An investigation of the cause of low oviposition by the feral population indicated that behavioural differences in mating and feeding were not responsible; egg retention was identified as the major factor. Introduction into laboratory procedure of a variable simulating the feral environment, i.e., coconut-shell infusion at the oviposition site, induced a highly significant increase in feral fecundity both through its chemical constituents and visual attraction. Differential response to oviposition site is discussed in relation to the evolution of subspecies of A. aegypti.

scholarly journals Gregariousness, foraging effort, and affiliative interactions in lactating bonobos and chimpanzees

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Sean M Lee ◽  
Gottfried Hohmann ◽  
Elizabeth V Lonsdorf ◽  
Barbara Fruth ◽  
Carson M Murray
Keyword(s):  
Social Interaction ◽  
Travel Time ◽  
Feeding Competition ◽  
Wild Populations ◽  
East African ◽  
Foraging Effort ◽  
African Populations ◽  
Lactating Females ◽  
Term Data

Abstract Fission–fusion dynamics have evolved in a broad range of animal taxa and are thought to allow individuals to mitigate feeding competition. While this is the principal benefit of fission–fusion, few studies have evaluated its costs. We compared gregariousness, foraging budgets, and social budgets between lactating bonobos and chimpanzees from wild populations to evaluate potential costs. Both species exhibit fission–fusion dynamics, but chimpanzees, particularly in East African populations, appear to experience higher feeding competition than bonobos. We expected lactating chimpanzees to be less gregarious than lactating bonobos; reduced gregariousness should allow lactating chimpanzees to mitigate the costs of higher feeding competition without requiring more foraging effort. However, we expected the reduced gregariousness of lactating chimpanzees to limit their time available for affiliative interactions. Using long-term data from LuiKotale bonobos and Gombe chimpanzees, we found that lactating chimpanzees were indeed less gregarious than lactating bonobos, while feeding and travel time did not differ between species. Contrary to our predictions, lactating females did not differ in social interaction time, and lactating chimpanzees spent proportionately more time interacting with individuals other than their immature offspring. Our results indicate that lactating chimpanzees can maintain social budgets comparable to lactating bonobos despite reduced gregariousness and without incurring additional foraging costs. We discuss potential explanations for why lactating bonobos are more gregarious.

scholarly journals Prediction of peak expiratory flow rate in a Ugandan population

2015 ◽  
Vol 21 (4) ◽  
pp. 96
Author(s):  
Susan Kiwanuka Nakubulwa ◽  
K Baisley ◽  
J Levin
Keyword(s):  
Lung Function ◽  
Reference Values ◽  
Regression Equations ◽  
East African ◽  
Cross Sectional ◽  
African Populations ◽  
Study Population ◽  
Males And Females ◽  
Western Uganda ◽  
Ugandan Population

<p>Background. Peak expiratory ow rate (PEFR) measurement is one of the commonly used methods for assessing lung function in general practice<br />consultations. e reference values for use by this method are mainly from Caucasian populations; data for African populations are limited. e<br />existence of ethnic and racial dierences in lung function necessitates further generation of PEFR reference values for use in African populations.<br />Objective. To generate equations for predicting PEFR in a Ugandan population.<br />Methods. e PEFR study was cross-sectional and based in rural south-western Uganda. Participants were aged 15 years or more, without respiratory<br />symptoms and were residents of the study area. Multiple regression equations for predicting PEFR were tted separately for males and females. e<br />model used for PEFR prediction was: logePEFR = intercept + a(age, y) + b(logeage) + c(1/height in cm), where a, b and c are the regression coecients.<br />Results. e eligible study population consisted of 774 males and 781 females. Median height was 164 cm (males) and 155 cm (females).<br />e majority of participants had never smoked (males 76.7%; females 98.3%). e equation which gave the best t for males was<br />logePEFR = 6.188 – 0.019age + 0.557logeage – 199.945/height and for females: logePEFR = 5.948 – 0.014 age + 0.317logeage – 85.147/height.<br />Conclusion. e curvilinear model obtained takes into consideration the changing trends of PEFR with increasing age from adolescence<br />to old age. It provides PEFR prediction equations that can be applied in East African populations.</p>

scholarly journals Molecular differences distinguish clonal lineages within East African populations of Fusarium oxysporum f.sp. cubense

1999 ◽  
Vol 86 (1) ◽  
pp. 71-77 ◽  
Author(s):  
E. M. Lodwig ◽  
P. D. Bridge ◽  
M. A. Rutherford ◽  
J. Kung'u ◽  
P. Jeffries
Keyword(s):  
Fusarium Oxysporum ◽  
East African ◽  
African Populations

scholarly journals Potential Impact of DPYD Variation on Fluoropyrimidine Drug Response in sub-Saharan African Populations

2021 ◽  
Vol 12 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jorge E. B. da Rocha ◽  
Zané Lombard ◽  
Michèle Ramsay
Keyword(s):  
Clinical Guidelines ◽  
Dihydropyrimidine Dehydrogenase ◽  
Whole Genome Sequencing Data ◽  
Severe Toxicity ◽  
Sequencing Data ◽  
East African ◽  
Dehydrogenase Enzyme ◽  
African Populations ◽  
Sub Saharan ◽  
Coding Variants

Cancer is a critical health burden in Africa, and mortality rates are rising rapidly. Treatments are expensive and often cause adverse drug reactions (ADRs). Fluoropyrimidine treatments can lead to severe toxicity events which have been linked to variants within the dihydropyrimidine dehydrogenase (DPYD) gene. There are clinical guidelines to improve safety outcomes of treatment, but these are primarily based on variants assessed in non-African populations. Whole genome sequencing data from the 1000 Genomes Project and the African Genome Variation Project were mined to assess variation in DPYD in eight sub-Saharan African populations. Variant functional annotation was performed with a series of bioinformatics tools to assess potential likelihood of deleterious impact. There were 29 DPYD coding variants identified in the datasets assessed, of which 25 are rare, and some of which are known to be deleterious. One African-specific variant (rs115232898-C), is common in sub-Saharan Africans (1–4%) and known to reduce the function of the dihydropyrimidine dehydrogenase enzyme (DPD), having been linked to cases of severe toxicity. This variant, once validated in clinical trials, should be considered for inclusion in clinical guidelines for use in sub-Saharan African populations. The rs2297595-C variant is less well-characterized in terms of effect, but shows significant allele frequency differences between sub-Saharan African populations (0.5–11.5%; p = 1.5 × 10−4), and is more common in East African populations. This study highlights the relevance of African-data informed guidelines for fluorouracil drug safety in sub-Saharan Africans, and the need for region-specific data to ensure that Africans may benefit optimally from a precision medicine approach.

Habitat characterization and insecticide susceptibility profiles of Aedes aegypti mosquitoes in Ifakara area, south-eastern Tanzania

2019 ◽  
Author(s):  
Najat F. Kahamba ◽  
Alex J. Limwagu ◽  
Salum A. Mapua ◽  
Betwel J. Msugupakulya ◽  
Dickson S. Msaky ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Aedes Aegypti ◽  
Urban Areas ◽  
Significant Risk ◽  
Pathogen Transmission ◽  
Effective Control ◽  
Aquatic Habitats ◽  
Insecticide Susceptibility ◽  
South Eastern ◽  
Tree Holes ◽  
Dry And Rainy Seasons

Abstract Background: Aedes-borne diseases such as dengue and chikungunya constitute constant threats globally. In Tanzania, these diseases are transmitted by Aedes aegypti, which is widely distributed in urban areas, but whose ecology remains poorly-understood in small towns and rural settings. Methods: We surveyed aquatic habitats of Ae. aegypti mosquitoes in and around Ifakara, a fast-growing town in south-eastern Tanzania. The area was divided into 200m × 200m search grids and habitats containing immature Aedes were characterized. Field-collected Aedes were tested for susceptibility to common public health insecticides (deltamethrin, permethrin, bendiocarb and pyrimiphos methyl) in dry and rainy seasons.Results: Of 1,515 and 1,933 aquatic habitats examined in dry and rainy seasons respectively, 18.87% and 14.64% contained Aedes immatures (container index (CI): 286-283). In the 2,315 and 2,832 houses visited in dry and rainy seasons, 4.9% and 6.6% had at least one Aedes-positive habitat (house index (HI): 114-186). The main habitat types included: a) used vehicle tires and discarded containers, b) flower pots and clay pots, and c) holes made by residents on trunks of coconut trees to support climbing harvesters. Used tires had highest overall abundance of Aedes immatures, while coconut tree holes had highest densities per habitat. Ae. aegypti adults were susceptible to all tested insecticides in both seasons, except bendiocarb, against which resistance was observed in rainy season.Conclusion: This is the first study on ecology and insecticide susceptibility of Aedes in Ifakara area, and will provide a basis for future studies on its pathogen transmission activities and its control. The high infestation levels observed indicate significant risk of Aedes-borne diseases, requiring immediate action to prevent potential outbreaks in the area. While used tires, discarded containers and flower pots are key habitats for Aedes here, this study also identified coconut harvesting as an important risk factor, and the associated tree-holes as potential targets for Aedes control. Since Ae. aegypti mosquitoes in the area are still susceptible to most insecticides, effective control could combine environmental management, preferably involving communities, habitat removal and insecticide spraying.

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