Laboratory studies of insecticides against the coffee leaf-miner Leucoptera Meyricki Ghesq. (Lepidoptera, Lyonetiidae)

1963 ◽  
Vol 54 (2) ◽  
pp. 167-174 ◽  
Author(s):  
P. E. Wheatley
Keyword(s):  
Methyl Parathion ◽  
Field Trials ◽  
Leaf Miner ◽  
Laboratory Studies ◽  
Leaf Miners ◽  
Larval Stages ◽  
Air Stream ◽  
Bioassay Technique ◽  
Coffee Leaf Miner ◽  
Future Date

The coffee leaf-miners Leucoptera meyricki Ghesq. and L. caffeina Wshbn. are serious pests of arabica coffee in Kenya. At the present time sprays containing parathion, methyl-parathion or diazinon are used extensively for their control.To facilitate preliminary investigations into various aspects of insecticidal control of the larval stages of these pests, a laboratory bioassay technique was developed. Larvae were reared on detached coffee leaves placed on moist filter paper in plastic boxes. When the larvae were in their third instar, the leaves were sprayed in a Potter tower and then kept in a moist air stream for three days before the mines were dissected to enable mortality counts to be made.Of 22 new insecticides screened, only Sumithion (O, O–dimethy1 O–(3–methy1–4–nitrophenyl) phosphorothioate) and fenthion gave mortalities higher than those achieved with diazinon. Parathion gave somewhat higher mortalities than methyl-parathion, and emulsifiable formulations of these insecticides were more effective than wettable powders. The inclusion of additional wetting agents increased the efficiency of commercial formulations of these two insecticides. These results are subject to confirmation in field trials.The mode of action of parathion was investigated. Dosage/mortality lines were constructed for parathion, methyl-parathion and diazinon so that resistance to these insecticides by L. meyricki could be detected should it develop at some future date. L. caffeina was found to be apparently more susceptible to these insecticides than L. meyricki and this was believed to be due to its greater rate of feeding.

Field studies of insecticides against the coffee leaf-miner Leucoptera meyricki Ghesq. (Lepidoptera, Lyonetiidae)

1964 ◽  
Vol 55 (2) ◽  
pp. 193-203 ◽  
Author(s):  
P. E. Wheatley ◽  
T. J. Crowe
Keyword(s):  
Active Ingredient ◽  
Methyl Parathion ◽  
Insect Pest ◽  
Field Studies ◽  
Field Trials ◽  
Leaf Miner ◽  
Small Scale ◽  
Large Numbers ◽  
Significant Difference ◽  
Coffee Leaf Miner

The coffee leaf-miner Leucoptera meyricki Ghesq. is the most serious insect pest of Coffea arabica in Kenya. Until recently, sprays containing parathion, methyl-parathion or diazinon have been recommended for its control.Field trials were carried out there during 1962 with these three insecticides and two others, fenthion and fenitrothion, that had shown promise in laboratory trials described in an earlier paper. The greater part of the investigation was carried out on the larval stage. Single-tree plots were used, arranged in randomised blocks, and sprays were in most cases applied by knapsack machines. Spraying in all trials was timed to coincide with the presence of large numbers of half-grown larvae. Suitable dates could be forecast because the generations of L. meyricki follow a denned cycle with a single stage dominant at any one time. Mortalities of larvae were assessed, four days after application of the insecticide, by dissecting freshly mined leaves selected at random. Where necessary, a spray of coarse droplets of a poison bait was applied before a trial in order to reduce populations of parasites and mortality due to them to a low level.At a concentration of 0·02 per cent., a spray of parathion gave a. significantly higher kill than one of methyl-parathion. Diazinon, fenthion and fenitrothion were available as emulsifiable concentrates containing 60, 55 and 50 per cent, active ingredient (w/v), respectively. These were tested at equivalent dilutions. At a dilution of 1¼ pints concentrate in 100 gal. water (affording concentrations of 0·094, 0·086 and 0·078 per cent, active ingredient, respectively), which was the volume per acre required to give full cover, fenitrothion gave a significantly higher kill than fenthion or diazinon, there being no significant difference between mortalities achieved by the latter two insecticides. The addition of a supplementary wetting agent to sprays of fenitrothion increased kill significantly, as did a reduction in spray volume with fenitrothion and parathion. The possible reasons for this are discussed.The field trials described generally confirm the results obtained in earlier laboratory tests and support the view that any insecticide which shows promise in the laboratory will also give good results in the field.A small-scale trial on potted seedling coffee plants was carried out to test by the dipping technique the ovicidal properties of concentrations of parathion, diazinon, fenthion and fenitrothion equal to one-half or two-thirds those necessary to give satisfactory field control of mining larvae. Mortality of eggs varied with their age, but in all tests with the first three insecticides it exceeded 90 per cent. In a comparison between fenthion and fenitrothion, the former was significantly more toxic than the latter, which killed only 38·1 and 82·1 per cent., respectively, of eggs ½ and 5½ days old.The correct timing of sprays against Leucoptera is very important and should follow about seven days after the peak of moth numbers.The insecticides used in these experiments are considered in the light of the characteristics, which are listed, that are desirable in those to be recommended for the control of Leucoptera on coffee. Those recommended, with rates (Ib. per acre), are parathion (0·4), fenitrothion (0·9) and fenthion (1·0). Diazinon and methyl-parathion are no longer recommended.

scholarly journals Insecticide use and organophosphate resistance in the coffee leaf miner Leucoptera coffeella (Lepidoptera: Lyonetiidae)

2002 ◽  
Vol 92 (3) ◽  
pp. 203-212 ◽  
Author(s):  
D.B. Fragoso ◽  
R.N.C. Guedes ◽  
M.C. Picanço ◽  
L. Zambolim
Keyword(s):  
Insecticide Resistance ◽  
Methyl Parathion ◽  
Leaf Miner ◽  
Organophosphate Resistance ◽  
Standard Population ◽  
Resistant Population ◽  
Insect Populations ◽  
Leucoptera Coffeella ◽  
Coffee Leaf Miner ◽  
Brazilian Populations

AbstractIncreasing rates of insecticide use against the coffee leaf miner Leucoptera coffeella (Guérin-Méneville) and field reports on insecticide resistance led to an investigation of the possible occurrence of resistance of this species to some of the oldest insecticides used against it in Brazil: chlorpyrifos, disulfoton, ethion and methyl parathion. Insect populations were collected from ten sites in the state of Minas Gerais, Brazil and these populations were subjected to discriminating concentrations established from insecticide LC99s estimated for a susceptible standard population. Eight of the field-collected populations showed resistance to disulfoton, five showed resistance to ethion, four showed resistance to methyl parathion, and one showed resistance to chlorpyrifos. The frequency of resistant individuals in each population ranged from 10 to 93% for disulfoton, 53 to 75% for ethion, 23 to 76% for methyl parathion, and the frequency of resistant individuals in the chlorpyrifos resistant population was 35%. A higher frequency of individuals resistant to chlorpyrifos, disulfoton and ethion was associated with greater use of insecticides, especially other organophosphates. This finding suggests that cross-selection, mainly between organophosphates, played a major role in the evolution of insecticide resistance in Brazilian populations of L. coffeella. Results from insecticide bioassays with synergists (diethyl maleate, piperonyl butoxide and triphenyl phosphate) suggested that cytochrome P450-dependent monooxygenases may play a major role in resistance with minor involvement of esterases and glutathione S-transferases.

scholarly journals Effect of pigeon pea intercropping or shading with leucaena plants on the occurrence of the coffee leaf miner and on its predation by wasps in organic coffee plantings

2018 ◽  
Vol 48 (3) ◽  
Author(s):  
Adriano Thibes Hoshino ◽  
Orcial Ceolin Bortolotto ◽  
Fernando Teruhiko Hata ◽  
Mauricio Ursi Ventura ◽  
Ayres de Oliveira Menezes Júnior
Keyword(s):  
Pigeon Pea ◽  
Leaf Miner ◽  
Leaf Miners ◽  
Coffee Leaf Miner ◽  
Organic Coffee

ABSTRACT: The infestation of coffee leaf miner and its predation by wasps were assessed in commercial organic coffee plantings shaded with leucaena or intercropped with pigeon pea. Plantings in northern Paraná were assessed every two weeks from June 2011 to December 2012. The percent of infested leaves, number of mines per leaf and the percent of predation by wasps (indicated by lacerations) were determined. Fewer coffee leaf miners and fewer mines per leaf were found in pigeon pea intercropped plantings (28.4% and 0.3, respectively) than in shaded plantings with leucaena (48.1% and 0.8, respectively). More predation by wasps was found in the shaded (27.2%) than in the intercropped (13.2%) plantings. Suggestions for new studies are presented along with suggestions for managing the leaf miner in coffee plantings.

scholarly journals Ecophysiological Effects Induced by an Oligophagous Insect Herbivore in an Early Spring Geophyte

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Nina Sajna ◽  
Tjaša Štruc ◽  
Maarten de Groot
Keyword(s):  
Early Spring ◽  
Leaf Miner ◽  
Maximum Efficiency ◽  
Negative Effects ◽  
Leaf Miners ◽  
Larval Stages ◽  
Short Lifespan ◽  
Leaf Mining ◽  
Rate Of Photosynthesis ◽  
Lower Maximum

Abstract Insect herbivores, whose larval stages live and feed inside a plant leaf, are expected to have an impact on the leaf beyond the actual tissue damage. They might influence leaf photosynthesis. Here, we provide a brief insight by studying a simple model relationship between the spring geophyte ramsons Allium ursinum with short-lived green leaves and its oligophagous, leaf-mining hoverfly Cheilosia fasciata. We expected that the effect of leaf miners on short-lived leaves could interfere with resource allocation for the next season. Measurements of leaf greenness and chlorophyll fluorescence were performed to evaluate the stress impact of leaf miner damage upon photosynthesis during the short vegetative season of ramsons. Results showed that the onset of leaf senescence occurred earlier in infested leaves, which was also indicated by lower maximum efficiency of photochemistry compared to non-infested leaves. There was no evidence that infested leaves were able to compensate for the damage by increasing the rate of photosynthesis. Given the short lifespan of leaves and the earlier onset of senescence in infested leaves, we discuss two differential hypotheses: negative effects for the plant if the larvae have already left the mine, and negative effects for the leaf miner if the larvae are still developing inside the leaf.

scholarly journals Computer simulation of the coffee leaf miner using sexual Penna aging model

2008 ◽  
Vol 387 (2-3) ◽  
pp. 476-484 ◽  
Author(s):  
A.C.S. de Oliveira ◽  
S.G.F. Martins ◽  
M.S. Zacarias
Keyword(s):  
Computer Simulation ◽  
Leaf Miner ◽  
Aging Model ◽  
Coffee Leaf Miner

The Effect of Alternative Southern Green Stink Bug (Heteroptera: Pentatomidae) Insecticide Controls on Soybean Pest Management, Quality and Yield

1995 ◽  
Vol 30 (2) ◽  
pp. 216-236 ◽  
Author(s):  
R. M. McPherson ◽  
D. J. Boethel ◽  
J. E. Funderburk ◽  
A. T. Wier
Keyword(s):  
Methyl Parathion ◽  
Field Trials ◽  
Leaf Beetle ◽  
Anticarsia Gemmatalis ◽  
Lower Percentage ◽  
Stink Bug ◽  
Velvetbean Caterpillar ◽  
Pyrethroid Insecticides ◽  
Southern Green Stink Bug ◽  
Residual Control

Seven alternative insecticides to methyl parathion were assessed for stink bug control and yield and quality losses in soybean field trials in Georgia, Louisiana and Florida during 1988 and 1989. Several pyrethroid insecticides including lambda-cyhalothrin, cyfluthrin, tralomethrin and cypermethrin controlled the southern green soybean stink bug, Nezara viridula (L.). These insecticides had greater residual control than methyl parathion, the standard for stink bug control, and acephate, another labeled soybean insecticide. The residual control of the pyrethroids also prevented the buildup of green cloverworm, Plathypena scabra (F.), velvetbean caterpillar, Anticarsia gemmatalis Hübner, and bean leaf beetle, Cerotoma trifurcata (Forster). Permethrin, another pyrethroid insecticide, did not provide adequate stink bug control at the rate tested. Yields and 100-seed weights in the alternative insecticide plots were equal to or exceeded those in the standard treatments. Soybean quality (lower percentage of stink bug damaged kernels) was higher in plots treated with pyrethroids. Several alternative insecticides for controlling stink bugs are available to replace methyl parathion in soybean, should this product become unavailable to producers due to its patent expiration or denial of re-registration.

scholarly journals Electromagnetic Heating of Heavy Oil and Bitumen: A Review of Experimental Studies and Field Applications

2013 ◽  
Vol 2013 ◽  
pp. 1-7 ◽  
Author(s):  
Albina Mukhametshina ◽  
Elena Martynova
Keyword(s):  
Heavy Oil ◽  
New Technologies ◽  
Experimental Studies ◽  
Field Trials ◽  
Thermal Recovery ◽  
Laboratory Studies ◽  
Thermal Methods ◽  
Electromagnetic Heating ◽  
Oil Resources ◽  
Lower Heat

Viscosity is a major obstacle in the recovery of low API gravity oil resources from heavy oil and bitumen reservoirs. While thermal recovery is usually considered the most effective method for lowering viscosity, for some reservoirs introducing heat with commonly implemented thermal methods is not recommended. For these types of reservoirs, electromagnetic heating is the recommended solution. Electromagnetic heating targets part of the reservoir instead of heating the bulk of the reservoir, which means that the targeted area can be heated up more effectively and with lower heat losses than with other thermal methods. Electromagnetic heating is still relatively new and is not widely used as an alternate or addition to traditional thermal recovery methods. However, studies are being conducted and new technologies proposed that could help increase its use. Therefore, the objective of this study is to investigate the recovery of heavy oil and bitumen reservoirs by electromagnetic heating through the review of existing laboratory studies and field trials.

scholarly journals Species richness and abundance of native leaf miners are affected by the presence of the invasive horse-chestnut leaf miner

2009 ◽  
Vol 12 (5) ◽  
pp. 1011-1021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Christelle Péré ◽  
Sylvie Augustin ◽  
Rumen Tomov ◽  
Long-hui Peng ◽  
Ted C. J. Turlings ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Species Richness ◽  
Leaf Miner ◽  
Horse Chestnut ◽  
Leaf Miners ◽  
Species Richness And Abundance ◽  
Chestnut Leaf

scholarly journals Neochrysocharis okazakii(Hymenoptera: Eulophidae) as a Major Parasitoid Wasp of Stone Leek Leaf MinerLiriomyza chinensis(Diptera: Agromyzidae) in Central Vietnam

2015 ◽  
Vol 2015 ◽  
pp. 1-6 ◽  
Author(s):  
Takatoshi Ueno ◽  
Dang Hoa Tran
Keyword(s):  
Field Survey ◽  
Host Density ◽  
Parasitoid Wasp ◽  
Leaf Miner ◽  
Welsh Onion ◽  
Leaf Miners ◽  
Central Vietnam ◽  
Major Pest ◽  
The Mean ◽  
Parasitoid Aggregation

Liriomyza chinensisis a major pest of Welsh onionAllium fistulosumin Asia but little is known about the abundance of its natural enemies. A field survey was made to explore the major parasitoids ofL. chinensisleaf miner in central Vietnam. An eulophid parasitoid,Neochrysocharis okazakii,comprised more than 95% of parasitoids reared from leaf miner larvae collected in the onion field and 98.3% of leaf miner parasitoids found during searches of onion plants. The mean number of femaleN. okazakiion plants was greater in onion fields with a higher density ofL. chinensis, and, during searches, a greater proportion ofN. okazakiiwas found on onion with moreL. chinensismines, suggesting density-dependent parasitoid aggregation. Melanized dead larvae ofL. chinensiswere more frequently found in onion fields with more parasitoids, demonstrating that melanized leaf miners are a good indicator of parasitoid activity. Mean instant rate of host encounter byN. okazakiiin the field was estimated at 0.077, and the likelihood of a parasitoid finding a host increased with host density. Taken together, these results show thatN. okazakiiis the major parasitoid ofL. chinensis. Usefulness of this parasitoid in stone leek leaf miner management is discussed.

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