scholarly journals Ecophysiological Effects Induced by an Oligophagous Insect Herbivore in an Early Spring Geophyte

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Nina Sajna ◽  
Tjaša Štruc ◽  
Maarten de Groot
Keyword(s):  
Early Spring ◽  
Leaf Miner ◽  
Maximum Efficiency ◽  
Negative Effects ◽  
Leaf Miners ◽  
Larval Stages ◽  
Short Lifespan ◽  
Leaf Mining ◽  
Rate Of Photosynthesis ◽  
Lower Maximum

Abstract Insect herbivores, whose larval stages live and feed inside a plant leaf, are expected to have an impact on the leaf beyond the actual tissue damage. They might influence leaf photosynthesis. Here, we provide a brief insight by studying a simple model relationship between the spring geophyte ramsons Allium ursinum with short-lived green leaves and its oligophagous, leaf-mining hoverfly Cheilosia fasciata. We expected that the effect of leaf miners on short-lived leaves could interfere with resource allocation for the next season. Measurements of leaf greenness and chlorophyll fluorescence were performed to evaluate the stress impact of leaf miner damage upon photosynthesis during the short vegetative season of ramsons. Results showed that the onset of leaf senescence occurred earlier in infested leaves, which was also indicated by lower maximum efficiency of photochemistry compared to non-infested leaves. There was no evidence that infested leaves were able to compensate for the damage by increasing the rate of photosynthesis. Given the short lifespan of leaves and the earlier onset of senescence in infested leaves, we discuss two differential hypotheses: negative effects for the plant if the larvae have already left the mine, and negative effects for the leaf miner if the larvae are still developing inside the leaf.

Laboratory studies of insecticides against the coffee leaf-miner Leucoptera Meyricki Ghesq. (Lepidoptera, Lyonetiidae)

1963 ◽  
Vol 54 (2) ◽  
pp. 167-174 ◽  
Author(s):  
P. E. Wheatley
Keyword(s):  
Methyl Parathion ◽  
Field Trials ◽  
Leaf Miner ◽  
Laboratory Studies ◽  
Leaf Miners ◽  
Larval Stages ◽  
Air Stream ◽  
Bioassay Technique ◽  
Coffee Leaf Miner ◽  
Future Date

The coffee leaf-miners Leucoptera meyricki Ghesq. and L. caffeina Wshbn. are serious pests of arabica coffee in Kenya. At the present time sprays containing parathion, methyl-parathion or diazinon are used extensively for their control.To facilitate preliminary investigations into various aspects of insecticidal control of the larval stages of these pests, a laboratory bioassay technique was developed. Larvae were reared on detached coffee leaves placed on moist filter paper in plastic boxes. When the larvae were in their third instar, the leaves were sprayed in a Potter tower and then kept in a moist air stream for three days before the mines were dissected to enable mortality counts to be made.Of 22 new insecticides screened, only Sumithion (O, O–dimethy1 O–(3–methy1–4–nitrophenyl) phosphorothioate) and fenthion gave mortalities higher than those achieved with diazinon. Parathion gave somewhat higher mortalities than methyl-parathion, and emulsifiable formulations of these insecticides were more effective than wettable powders. The inclusion of additional wetting agents increased the efficiency of commercial formulations of these two insecticides. These results are subject to confirmation in field trials.The mode of action of parathion was investigated. Dosage/mortality lines were constructed for parathion, methyl-parathion and diazinon so that resistance to these insecticides by L. meyricki could be detected should it develop at some future date. L. caffeina was found to be apparently more susceptible to these insecticides than L. meyricki and this was believed to be due to its greater rate of feeding.

Long-term impact of a leaf miner outbreak on the performance of quaking aspen

2013 ◽  
Vol 43 (6) ◽  
pp. 563-569 ◽  
Author(s):  
Diane Wagner ◽  
Patricia Doak
Keyword(s):  
Boreal Forests ◽  
Size Control ◽  
Leaf Damage ◽  
Plant Performance ◽  
Leaf Miner ◽  
Quaking Aspen ◽  
Negative Effects ◽  
Insecticide Treatment ◽  
Leaf Mining ◽  
Long Term Impact

The aspen leaf miner, Phyllocnistis populiella Cham., has caused widespread and severe damage to aspen in the boreal forests of western North America for over a decade. We suppressed P. populiella on individual small aspen ramets using insecticide at two sites near Fairbanks, Alaska, annually for 7 years and compared plant performance with controls. Insecticide treatment successfully reduced leaf damage by P. populiella during most years and had little effect on herbivory by externally feeding invertebrates. By the end of the study, control ramets had suffered a reduction in height and girth relative to treated ramets and to the original, pretreatment size. Control ramets produced smaller leaves during some years and, after 7 years, produced fewer total shoots and leaves than ramets sprayed with insecticide. Treatment did not affect mortality, but at the warmer of the two sites, ramets sustaining ambient levels of leaf mining were significantly more likely to die back to basal sprouts than those treated with insecticide. We conclude that a decade of P. populiella outbreak has caused strongly negative effects on aspen development and the production of aboveground tissues.

New species of leaf-mining Nepticulidae (Lepidoptera) from the Neotropical and Ando-Patagonian regions, with new data on host plants

Zootaxa ◽  
2017 ◽  
Vol 4272 (1) ◽  
pp. 1 ◽  
Author(s):  
JONAS R. STONIS ◽  
ANDRIUS REMEIKIS ◽  
ARŪNAS DIŠKUS ◽  
NICK MEGORAN
Keyword(s):  
New Species ◽  
Host Plants ◽  
Virgin Islands ◽  
Distribution Map ◽  
Leaf Miners ◽  
New Host ◽  
British Virgin Islands ◽  
Leaf Mining ◽  
Plant Data ◽  
First Time

The paper treats fifteen species of leaf-mining pygmy moths (Insecta, Lepidoptera, Nepticulidae) discovered in the Neotropics (British Virgin Islands, Belize, Costa Rica, Venezuela, and Ecuador), and Ando-Patagonian region (Argentina and Chile). Except for two species, all belong to Stigmella Schrank. Twelve species are new, and are named and described in the current paper: Stigmella apicibrunella Diškus & Stonis, sp. nov.; S. decora Diškus & Stonis, sp. nov.; S. unicaudata Remeikis & Stonis, sp. nov.; S. sanmartini Remeikis & Stonis, sp. nov.; S. patula Remeikis & Stonis, sp. nov.; S. torosa Remeikis & Stonis, sp. nov.; S. monstrata Remeikis & Stonis, sp. nov.; S. huahumi Remeikis & Stonis, sp. nov.; S. venezuelica Remeikis & Stonis, sp. nov.; S. virginica Remeikis & Stonis, sp. nov.; Fomoria miranda Diškus & Stonis, sp. nov.; and Hesperolyra robinsoni Stonis, sp. n. Newly discovered variation of male genitalia of the Andean Stigmella rudis Puplesis & Robinson, 2000 is briefly discussed, and the formerly poorly understood Stigmella hylomaga (Meyrick, 1931) is redescribed and documented with photographs for the first time. We also present more photographs and add some addtional information on Stigmella gallicola van Nieukerken & Nishida, a recently described gall-maker from Costa Rica.The paper also provides new host-plant data: some of the described (or redescribed) species are reported for the first time as leaf-miners on plants belonging to Euphorbiaceae (Acalypha padifolia Kunth), Salicaceae (Azara microphylla Hook. f.), Fabaceae (Inga spectabilis (Vahl) Willd. or I. edulis Mart.), Rhamnaceae (Colletia spinosissima J. F. Gmel.), Geraniaceae or Vivianiaceae (Rhynchotheca spinosa Ruiz & Pav.), and Asteraceae (Mutisia decurrens Cav.). All species treated in the paper are illustrated with photographs of the adults and genitalia, a distribution map, and also photographs of the leaf-mines and host plants when available.

scholarly journals The effect of an outbreak of the leaf miner Micrurapteryx salicifoliella on the performance of multiple Salix species in interior Alaska

Botany ◽  
2018 ◽  
Vol 96 (8) ◽  
pp. 491-497 ◽  
Author(s):  
Diane Wagner ◽  
Patricia Doak
Keyword(s):  
Stem Elongation ◽  
Leaf Tissue ◽  
Economic Importance ◽  
Leaf Miner ◽  
Leaf Water Content ◽  
Leaf Blotch ◽  
The Past ◽  
Interior Alaska ◽  
Leaf Mining ◽  
General Decline

The genus Salix L. tends to be tolerant of herbivory, but severe outbreaks of herbivorous insects may compromise growth. First documented in Alaska in 1991, the willow leaf blotch miner, Micrurapteryx salicifoliella, is now responsible for frequent and widespread foliar damage to Salix in interior Alaska. We experimentally tested the effect of leaf mining on the performance of four susceptible Salix species across two years of outbreak, and placed the results in the context of a broader survey of leaf mining damage. Across the four species, reduction of leaf mining damage increased average stem elongation, numbers of leaves per shoot, and leaf area. Leaf mining damage was negatively related to leaf water content; a consequence of the leaf miner’s habit of breaching the cuticle on the underside of leaves. Growth deficits due to leaf mining are likely caused by both the loss of leaf tissue to leaf miner feeding and subsequent leaf desiccation. The results are notable in the context of a general decline in productivity in interior Alaska over the past few decades and because the leaf miner impacts Salix species also used by vertebrate browsers of cultural and economic importance, such as moose.

Control of Photosynthesis in Amaranthus edulis Mutants with Reduced Amounts of PEP Carboxylase

1997 ◽  
Vol 24 (4) ◽  
pp. 469 ◽  
Author(s):  
Louisa V. Dever ◽  
Karen J. Bailey ◽  
Richard C. Leegood ◽  
Peter J. Lea
Keyword(s):  
Maximum Rate ◽  
Compensatory Mechanism ◽  
Wild Type ◽  
Pep Carboxylase ◽  
Temperature Changes ◽  
Rate Of Photosynthesis ◽  
Lower Maximum ◽  
Fine Adjustment ◽  
Control Coefficients ◽  
Wild Type Control

Mutants of the NAD-ME plant have been created using sodium azide. These contain reduced activities of PEP carboxylase ranging from 5 to 100% of wild-type. Those with greater than 50% of the wild-type PEPC content showed a lower maximum rate of photosynthesis and reduced carboxylation efficiency compared to the wild-type plants. The PEPC from these heterozygotes was less sensitive to malate inhibition than the PEPC of the wild-type plants and also had an increased phosphorylation state. Mutants containing 45 and 49% of wild-type PEPC exhibited a greater Amax than was observed for the 55, 66 and 70% mutants. We postulate that there is a compensatory mechanism that activates PEPC when the PEPC protein is less than 55% of the wild-type. Control coefficients were measured for PEP carboxylase from wild-type and heterozygous (55%) plants. Results suggest that activation of PEPC by phosphorylation and metabolites may be more an ‘on-off’ switch than a means of fine adjustment of PEPC activity in response to varying factors such as PEPC content, CO2 or temperature changes.

scholarly journals Species richness and abundance of native leaf miners are affected by the presence of the invasive horse-chestnut leaf miner

2009 ◽  
Vol 12 (5) ◽  
pp. 1011-1021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Christelle Péré ◽  
Sylvie Augustin ◽  
Rumen Tomov ◽  
Long-hui Peng ◽  
Ted C. J. Turlings ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Species Richness ◽  
Leaf Miner ◽  
Horse Chestnut ◽  
Leaf Miners ◽  
Species Richness And Abundance ◽  
Chestnut Leaf

Illustrated review of the leaf-mining Nepticulidae of the central Andes (Peru and Bolivia)

Zootaxa ◽  
2017 ◽  
Vol 4257 (1) ◽  
pp. 1 ◽  
Author(s):  
JONAS R. STONIS ◽  
ARŪNAS DIŠKUS ◽  
ANDRIUS REMEIKIS ◽  
OLE KARSHOLT ◽  
NIXON CUMBICUS TORRES
Keyword(s):  
New Species ◽  
Host Plants ◽  
Morphological Characters ◽  
Central Andes ◽  
Andean Region ◽  
Leaf Miners ◽  
Distribution Maps ◽  
Leaf Mining ◽  
Species Groups

We review forty-five species of Nepticulidae (Lepidoptera) based on an analysis of samples collected in the central Andean region of Peru and Bolivia. Thirteen of these species are new to science, and are named and described here: Stigmella paracosma Remeikis & Stonis, sp. nov., S. expressa Remeikis & Stonis, sp. nov., S. acalyphae Diškus & Stonis, sp. nov., S. lepida Diškus & Stonis, sp. nov., S. misera Diškus & Stonis, sp. nov., S. inca Diškus & Stonis, sp. nov., S. eiffeli Diškus & Stonis, sp. nov., S. arequipica Remeikis & Stonis, sp. nov., S. coronaria Diškus & Stonis, sp. nov., S. azulella Diškus & Stonis, sp. nov., S. sparsella Diškus & Stonis, sp. nov., Manoneura forcipis Diškus & Stonis, sp. nov., and Acalyptris murex Diškus & Stonis, sp. nov. Some of the central Andean species are recorded here as leaf-miners on Euphorbiaceae (Acalypha), Fabaceae (Collaea), Rosaceae (Polylepis), Malvaceae (Sida), Calceolariaceae (Calceolaria), Lamiaceae (Clinopodium), and Asteraceae (Ageratina and Trixis). We create eleven new species groups based on morphological characters designated in Stigmella and one in Acalyptris. A pictorial key to the species groups and distribution maps are provided. All new species are illustrated with 150 photographs and drawings of the adults and genitalia, and, where known and/or available, photographs of host-plants and leaf-mines. 

scholarly journals Neochrysocharis okazakii(Hymenoptera: Eulophidae) as a Major Parasitoid Wasp of Stone Leek Leaf MinerLiriomyza chinensis(Diptera: Agromyzidae) in Central Vietnam

2015 ◽  
Vol 2015 ◽  
pp. 1-6 ◽  
Author(s):  
Takatoshi Ueno ◽  
Dang Hoa Tran
Keyword(s):  
Field Survey ◽  
Host Density ◽  
Parasitoid Wasp ◽  
Leaf Miner ◽  
Welsh Onion ◽  
Leaf Miners ◽  
Central Vietnam ◽  
Major Pest ◽  
The Mean ◽  
Parasitoid Aggregation

Liriomyza chinensisis a major pest of Welsh onionAllium fistulosumin Asia but little is known about the abundance of its natural enemies. A field survey was made to explore the major parasitoids ofL. chinensisleaf miner in central Vietnam. An eulophid parasitoid,Neochrysocharis okazakii,comprised more than 95% of parasitoids reared from leaf miner larvae collected in the onion field and 98.3% of leaf miner parasitoids found during searches of onion plants. The mean number of femaleN. okazakiion plants was greater in onion fields with a higher density ofL. chinensis, and, during searches, a greater proportion ofN. okazakiiwas found on onion with moreL. chinensismines, suggesting density-dependent parasitoid aggregation. Melanized dead larvae ofL. chinensiswere more frequently found in onion fields with more parasitoids, demonstrating that melanized leaf miners are a good indicator of parasitoid activity. Mean instant rate of host encounter byN. okazakiiin the field was estimated at 0.077, and the likelihood of a parasitoid finding a host increased with host density. Taken together, these results show thatN. okazakiiis the major parasitoid ofL. chinensis. Usefulness of this parasitoid in stone leek leaf miner management is discussed.

scholarly journals Arthropod Pests and Tomato Value Chain: Review of Research Cocktails in Nigeria

2020 ◽  
pp. 1-8
Author(s):  
Adeola Abiola Oso
Keyword(s):  
Value Chain ◽  
Leaf Miner ◽  
Economic Damage ◽  
Yield Reduction ◽  
Leaf Miners ◽  
Government Interventions ◽  
Self Sufficiency ◽  
Fruit Borer ◽  
Arthropod Pests ◽  
Nutritional Benefits

Background: Tomato is an essential and remunerative staple food widely grown and consumed in all parts of Nigeria. The northern parts of the country produce ninety-eighth percent of the tomatoes consumed annually. However, higher percentages of tomatoes produced in these regions are lost due to gaps recorded in its value chain. Principal Findings: Tomato value chain needs to be strengthened from production to processing, preservation and good marketing structure. Challenges bedevilling tomato value chain in Nigeria include poor accessibility to production inputs such as seeds, nurseries, fertilizers; poor packing systems and transportation problems; marketing challenges and yield reduction caused by a complex of arthropod pests attacking the crop. The major arthropod pests inflicting economic damage on tomato include fruit borer, whitefly, aphid, thrips and leaf miners. Interventions: Considering the Nigerian Government’s recent interventions: “close border”, increased tariffs on the importation, and different incentives such as “tax holiday” and introduction of zero percent import duty on greenhouse equipment, soft loans through Bank of Agriculture as well as a national collaborative effort against the menace of tomato leaf miner (Tuta absoluta) invasion; How much of these interjectory efforts have translated to the realization of national self-sufficiency in the tomato value chain? Conclusion: This paper highlights the general introduction of tomato, its botany, nutritional benefits, tomato value chain in Nigeria, Nigerian government interventions towards its sustainability with particular focus on research cocktails at combating the problems of arthropod pests on the tomato to identify the probable critical solutions to these harmful pests.  

scholarly journals GROWTH OF AUSTRALIAN CRAYFISH (CHERAX QUADRICARINATUS) JUVENILES IN INDUSTRIAL CONDITIONS DEPENDING ON THE ENVIRONMENT TEMPERATURE

2018 ◽  
pp. 98-103
Author(s):  
Dina Ilyinichna Shokasheva
Keyword(s):  
Water Supply ◽  
Water Temperature ◽  
Maximum Efficiency ◽  
Water Supply Systems ◽  
Cherax Quadricarinatus ◽  
Circulating Water ◽  
Larval Stages ◽  
Study Results ◽  
Environment Temperature ◽  
Fish Tank

The article presents study results of the influence of water temperature on the growth and evolution of juveniles of the Australian red claw crayfish ( Cherax quadricarinatus ) in circulating water supply systems. There have been analyzed 750 specimens of crayfish larvae and 150 juveniles, which were contained in large fish tanks, each with 200 l capacity. Each fish tank had autonomous system water purification and thermal regulation: 24.0; 28.0 and 31.0°С. Duration of test made 63 days. It was found that maximum efficiency of juvenile-stock rearing of crayfish can be achieved under the temperature 25.0-27.0°С. Growth rate of crayfish decreased and their survivalship was lower than threshold values under the temperature 30.0°С and higher. Insignificant changes of the temperature regime of the Australian crayfish juvenile habitat within the bounds of biological normal interval exert a significant impact on the results of their breeding both at an early nascent stage, beginning from the first larval stages, and more recent stages of the ontogenesis. It has been proved that water temperature has effect not only on the weight and linear growth, but also on the survivalship of the Australian crayfish juvenile. It has been observed that under 30.0°С survivalship of young crayfish decreased in two times during the first five days in circulating water supply units. For this reason in providing of industrial rearing of early juveniles of the Australian crayfish it should be taken into account that planned withdrawal at the first two-three months could make up to 50% from the initial number of larvae.

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