Laboratory studies on dispersion behaviour of adult beetles in grain. VII.—The effect of isolated pockets of damp and mouldy grain on Tribolium castaneum (Hbst.) (Coleoptera, Tenebrionidae)

1964 ◽  
Vol 55 (2) ◽  
pp. 327-337 ◽  
Author(s):  
Gordon Surtees
Keyword(s):  
Moisture Content ◽  
Tribolium Castaneum ◽  
Three Dimensional ◽  
Storage Conditions ◽  
Laboratory Studies ◽  
Cent Moisture ◽  
Cent Relative Humidity ◽  
And Control ◽  
Rate Of Movement ◽  
Coleoptera Tenebrionidae

The effect upon the three-dimensional dispersion of experimental populations of Tribolium castaneum (Hbst.) of internal pockets of grain at 18 per cent, moisture content, either mouldy or free from mould, and superficial ones of 25 per cent, moisture content, in a larger bulk of 14 per cent, moisture content, was investigated at 25°C. The behaviour under these circumstances of insects reared and maintained at 70 per cent, relative humidity was compared with those conditioned at 40 per cent. R.H. for 14 days. It was found that insects reared at 70 per cent. E.H. did not accumulate in the damp grain whereas conditioned ones did. The underlying response was shown to be hygrokinetic and the mechanism an orthokinetic one. The rate of movement of unconditioned adults in grain of 18 per cent, moisture content was approximately twice that in grain of 14 per cent, moisture content. Conditioned adults moved very slowly in the damper grain. There were no significant variations in irregularity of pathway (klinokinesis) under any of these circumstances. When grain of 18 per cent, moisture content supporting a mould growth was used, unconditioned adults did, however, accumulate in it due to trophic behaviour.While there is considerable plasticity of behaviour in this species a synthesis is attempted of the causal behavioural mechanisms underlying the spatial structure of populations in ecological situations involving humidity gradients; the results are also discussed in relation to grain storage conditions, and the detection and control of the species.

Laboratory studies on dispersion behaviour of adult beetles in grain. III.—Tribolium castaneum (Hbst.) (Coleoptera, Tenebrionidae) and Cryptolestes ferrugineus (Steph.) (Coleoptera, Cucujidae)

1963 ◽  
Vol 54 (2) ◽  
pp. 297-306 ◽  
Author(s):  
Gordon Surtees
Keyword(s):  
Moisture Content ◽  
Thin Plate ◽  
Tribolium Castaneum ◽  
Locomotory Activity ◽  
Cryptolestes Ferrugineus ◽  
Laboratory Studies ◽  
Temperature Range ◽  
Cent Moisture ◽  
Vertical Dispersion ◽  
Coleoptera Tenebrionidae

The dispersion behaviour of Tribolium castaneum (Hbst.) and Cryptolestes ferrugineus (Steph.) was studied under controlled laboratory conditions. The effect of density, temperature and moisture content of grain on surface numbers was studied using groups of insects initially placed centrally in jars containing 500 g. wheat and vertical dispersion was studied by observing groups of insects in a thin plate of grain held vertically between two glass sheets. The underlying behaviour of group dispersion was studied, using isolated individuals. Over the range of conditions used (15–35°C, and 9–17 per cent. moisture content), 14–49 per cent. of groups of Tribolium and 0·2–4·0 per cent. of Cryptolestes appeared on the surface. Surface numbers in both species were depressed at each end of the temperature range. In the middle of the temperature range, more individuals of Tribolium were found on the surface in grain at 17 per cent. moisture content than at 9 per cent., the reverse being found with Cryptolestes.Analyses of locomotory activity in Tribolium showed that in all conditions females moved around less than males. For both sexes, activity was relatively depressed in the driest grain and at the lowest temperatures. Change in position within the grain was almost totally absent at 35°C. although locomotory activity remained relatively high. In Cryptolestes, locomotory activity was likewise depressed at the lowest temperature but both sexes moved around apparently at random in grain at 14 per cent. moisture and 30°C. In grain at 9 per cent. moisture, nearly all individuals became inactive within 24 hours. These results are discussed in relation to the onset and detection of infestation in grain and to the associations of grain-infesting species.

Labobatory studies on dispersion behaviour of adult beetles in grain. I.—The grain weevil, Sitophilus Granarius (L.) (Coleoptera, Curculionidae)

1963 ◽  
Vol 54 (1) ◽  
pp. 147-159 ◽  
Author(s):  
Gordon Surtees
Keyword(s):  
Moisture Content ◽  
Water Conservation ◽  
Vertical Plane ◽  
Storage Conditions ◽  
Behaviour Pattern ◽  
Upward Movement ◽  
Sitophilus Granarius ◽  
Cent Moisture ◽  
Vertical Glass ◽  
And Control

The dispersion of groups of adult grain weevils (Sitophilus granarius (L.)) was investigated under controlled conditions by observing the numbers occurring on the surface, or at various depths below it, in small bulks of grain. The effect of population density, and temperature and moisture content of the grain, on numbers at the surface was studied by using groups of weevils in 500 g. wheat, and on dispersion in the vertical plane by confining weevils, isolated or in groups of twenty, within a thin layer of 200 g. wheat contained between vertical glass plates, through which the positions of individuals could be recorded.In grain at 25°C. and 14 per cent. moisture content, the proportion of the population at the surface was about 17 per cent. for densities of 2–100 insects in 500 g., and was only temporarily changed by adding or removing weevils at the surface; the proportion was higher at nine per cent. moisture content or at 15 or 35°C.In grain at 25°C. and 14 per cent. moisture content, the typical behaviour pattern of individuals consisted of random vertical and lateral movements, so that there was a constant turnover within a group, but at nine per cent. moisture content and 25°C. they tended predominantly to move upwards. At 15 and 35°C., isolated individuals were stationary, but upward movement was elicited by increase in density; relatively static behaviour at 35°C. is thought to be associated with the need for water conservation. The possible relevance of these results to the detection and control of pest populations and their spread in storage conditions is discussed.

Laboratory studies on dispersion behaviour of adult beetles in grain. XII.—The effect of isolated pockets of damp and mouldy wheat on Cryptolestes ferrugineus (Steph.) (Coleoptera, Cucujidae)

1965 ◽  
Vol 55 (4) ◽  
pp. 673-680 ◽  
Author(s):  
Gordon Surtees
Keyword(s):  
Moisture Content ◽  
Underlying Mechanism ◽  
Cryptolestes Ferrugineus ◽  
Dynamic Nature ◽  
Physical Conditions ◽  
Cent Moisture ◽  
Structure Dispersion ◽  
Insect Populations ◽  
Aspergillus Candidus ◽  
And Control

The effects of pockets of damp wheat upon the spatial structure (dispersion) of experimental populations of adults of Cryptolestes ferrugineus (Steph.) were investigated in the laboratory. Isolated pockets of non-mouldy wheat of 18 per cent, moisture content (85 per cent. R.H.) and of equally moist wheat supporting a mould flora (mainly Aspergillus candidus) were placed in a larger bulk of wheat of 14 per cent, moisture content (70 per cent. R.H.) at 25°C. One hundred beetles were released at the centre of the top surface of the bulk, and their dispersion within it was observed one week later. The method used allowed the entire bulk (25 kg.) to be quickly broken down so that the relative numbers of individuals in each of the 64 cubes of which it was composed could be recorded. Using other apparatus, the responses of single, isolated individuals to these physical conditions were analysed.Insects reared at 25°C. and 70 per cent. R.H. accumulated to an equal extent in the pockets of damp wheat irrespective of whether it was mouldy or not. Insects in a preferendum arena went to the drier side, i.e., to 70 per cent, as opposed to 85 per cent. R.H., and the underlying mechanism was found to be a klinokinetic response to humidity. Maintaining insects at 40 or 85 per cent. R.H. for 14 days before testing did not alter their dispersion behaviour in bulks of grain; maintenance at 40 per cent. R.H. did not alter their response to humidity in a preferendum arena, but at 80 per cent. R.H. it was abolished.A study of oviposition behaviour showed that when there was a choice between wheat of 18 and 14 per cent, moisture content, nearly all the eggs were laid in the damper grain, both when it was mouldy and when it was not. It is considered that oviposition requirements, and to some extent trophic behaviour patterns, over-ride the hygrokinetic response when wheat is damp or damaged, but that under field conditions, where the presence of dust and broken grain throughout the bulk provide conditions suited for oviposition and feeding, accumulations due solely to hygrokinesis may occur in the drier parts of a bulk.The results are discussed in relation to the ecology of the species in grain and to its detection and control; and evidence from this and other studies is discussed in relation to the dynamic nature of spatial organisation of insect populations in grain.

Laboratory studies on dispersion behaviour of adult beetles in grain. IV.—The lesser grain borer, Rhyzopertha dominica (F.) (Coleoptera, Bostrychidae)

1964 ◽  
Vol 54 (4) ◽  
pp. 715-722 ◽  
Author(s):  
Gordon Surtees
Keyword(s):  
Moisture Content ◽  
Group Formation ◽  
Vertical Plane ◽  
Rhyzopertha Dominica ◽  
Locomotory Activity ◽  
Laboratory Studies ◽  
Lesser Grain Borer ◽  
Cent Moisture ◽  
Vertical Glass ◽  
Grain Bulk

Dispersion behaviour of the adult of the lesser grain borer, Rhyzopertlia dominica (F.), was investigated under controlled conditions by observing the numbers occurring on the surface, or at various depths below it, in small bulks of grain. The effects of population density, temperature and moisture content of the grain on numbers at the surface were studied by using groups of insects in 500 g. wheat, and on dispersion in the vertical plane by confining beetles within a monogranular plate of wheat held between vertical glass sheets, through which the positions of individuals could be observed.In grain at 25°C. and 14 per cent, moisture content (70 per cent. R.H.), the proportion of a group on the surface averaged approximately six per cent, for densities of 5–100 insects in 500 g., and the proportion was higher than in grain at the same temperature and 9 or 17 per cent, moisture, or at the same moisture content and 15 or 35°C.In grain of 14 per cent, moisture content, the level of individual locomotory activity increased from 15 to 35°C. At 25°C., locomotory activity was depressed in grain of 9 and 14 as compared with 17 per cent, moisture content. These results are discussed in relation to group formation and dispersal of R. dominica and its contact with Sitophilus granarius (L.) if both species are present in the same grain bulk.

Laboratory studies on dispersion behaviour of adult beetles in grain. II.—The saw-toothed grain beetle, Oryzaephilus surinamensis (L.) (Coleoptera, Silvanidae)

1963 ◽  
Vol 54 (2) ◽  
pp. 285-296 ◽  
Author(s):  
Gordon Surtees
Keyword(s):  
Moisture Content ◽  
Group Formation ◽  
Diurnal Pattern ◽  
Oryzaephilus Surinamensis ◽  
Laboratory Studies ◽  
Group Behaviour ◽  
Moisture Contents ◽  
Cent Moisture ◽  
Surface Dispersion ◽  
Vertical Dispersion

Dispersion behaviour in adults of the saw-toothed grain beetle, Oryzaephilus surinamensis (L.), was studied under controlled laboratory conditions. The effect of density, temperature and moisture content on surface dispersion was studied using groups of insects in jars of 500 g. grain and vertical dispersion by using groups of insects in thin vertical plates of wheat held between two sheets of glass. The ethological basis of group behaviour was investigated by using isolated individuals.Over the range of conditions used, 1–10 per cent, of the individuals comprising the groups studied appeared on the surface of the grain. In grain at 14 per cent, moisture content, at 25°C., 3·4 per cent, of the group appeared on the surface. A greater proportion was found on the surface of grain at 9 per cent, moisture content than at higher moisture contents at all temperatures tested (15–35°C.). At all moisture contents, surface numbers were relatively high at 15°C.In grain at 14 per cent, moisture content and 25°C., individuals moved vertically and laterally at random but were more active in the evening than in the morning. In grain at 9 per cent, moisture, there was marked irritability, and at 15°C. and 14 per cent, moisture, there was continual but slow movement without any detectable diurnal pattern of activity. Activity was reduced at 30°C., and at 25°C. it was reduced in grain of 17 per cent, moisture content.The significance of these results is discussed in relation to the detection of populations, group formation and the initiation of foci of heating in patches of damp grain.

DIATOMACEOUS EARTH TO CONTROL CRYPTOLESTES FERRUGINEUS (COLEOPTERA: CUCUJIDAE) IN STORED BARLEY IN FARM GRANARIES

2000 ◽  
Vol 132 (2) ◽  
pp. 247-258 ◽  
Author(s):  
Paul G. Fields ◽  
Zlatko Korunic
Keyword(s):  
Hordeum Vulgare ◽  
Moisture Content ◽  
Tribolium Castaneum ◽  
Diatomaceous Earth ◽  
Average Density ◽  
Red Flour Beetle ◽  
Pitfall Traps ◽  
Cryptolestes Ferrugineus ◽  
Grain Moisture ◽  
Coleoptera Tenebrionidae

AbstractGranary trials to determine the efficacy of an enhanced diatomaceous earth (DE) formulation (Protect-It™) at 0.15 kg DE/t grain to control grain-feeding beetles in barley, Hordeum vulgare L. (Poaceae), were conducted at Glenlea, Manitoba. During the test, the grain moisture content ranged from 11 to 13%, and grain temperature ranged from 27 to 2 °C. The bulk density of barley was reduced 10–20 kg/m3 by the addition of diatomaceous earth. Adults of the rusty grain beetle, Cryptolestes ferrugineus (Stephens), were released onto the top surface of the grain of each granary, producing an average density of approximately 4 insects/kg grain. Using Berlese funnels to extract insects from grain samples there was a 95% reduction in adults and an 80% reduction in larvae found in treated grain compared with untreated grain, 1 month after releasing insects into the grain. There was a 95% or greater decrease in the total number of insects caught with probe pitfall traps in the treated barley compared with the untreated barley for all sampling dates. For the confined populations, 200 adult C. ferrugineus or Tribolium castaneum (Herbst) (Coleoptera: Tenebrionidae) (red flour beetle) were held in screened jars in the grain until the end of October, and there was over a 99% reduction in both insect species, compared with insects held on untreated grain. These results indicate that this diatomaceous earth formulation can control C. ferrugineus in barley in granaries at 0.15 kg DE/t grain.

scholarly journals Damage caused by Tribolium castaneum (Coleoptera: Tenebrionidae) in Stored Brazil nut

2017 ◽  
Vol 10 (1) ◽  
pp. 1-5
Author(s):  
E. M. Pires ◽  
E. Q. Souza ◽  
R. M. Nogueira ◽  
M. A. Soares ◽  
T. K. R. Dias ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Tribolium Castaneum ◽  
Storage Conditions ◽  
Stored Products ◽  
Brazil Nut ◽  
Brazil Nuts ◽  
Original Shape ◽  
Considerable Damage ◽  
Coleoptera Tenebrionidae

Tribolium castaneum is an insect that occurs worldwide and it is a pest that attacks stored products, in particular, grains and seeds. The adult and immature forms are categorized as secondary pests which feed on grains or seeds previously damage in storage conditions. The objective of this study was to describe the type of damage caused by adults and immature of T. castaneum in Brazil nuts and identify the type of damage caused by Coleoptera. It was also verified whether the shell can protect the almond from the attack of this pest. The lesions inflicted by this insect starts as a scratched surface, which evolves into galleries and even injuries capable of modifying the original shape of the almond. Due to its capacity to promote considerable damage with consequent losses in the value of the nuts, T. castaneum may be listed among pests of Brazil nut categorized as primary pest by its ability to initiate injuries in the intact almond.

Barley seed storage under controlled conditions

2019 ◽  
pp. 140-150 ◽  
Author(s):  
O. A. Zadorozhna ◽  
T. P. Shyianova ◽  
M.Yu. Skorokhodov
Keyword(s):  
Hordeum Vulgare ◽  
Moisture Content ◽  
Spring Barley ◽  
Seed Storage ◽  
Growing Season ◽  
Storage Conditions ◽  
Meteorological Conditions ◽  
Hordeum Vulgare L ◽  
The Relationship ◽  
And Storage

Seed longevity of 76 spring barley gene pool samples (Hordeum vulgare L. subsp. distichon, convar. distichon: 56 nutans Schubl., two deficience (Steud.) Koern., two erectum Rode ex Shuebl., two medicum Koern.; convar. nudum (L.) A.Trof.: one nudum L. та subsp. vulgare: convar. vulgare: nine pallidum Ser., three rikotense Regel.; convar. coeleste (L.) A.Trof.: one coeleste (L.) A.Trof.) from 26 countries, 11 years and four places of reproduction was analyzed. Seeds with 5–8% moisture content were stored in chamber with unregulated and 4oC temperature. The possibility of seed storage under these conditions for at least 10 years without significant changes in germination has been established. The importance of meteorological conditions in the formation and ripening of seeds for their longevity is confirmed. The relationship between the decrease of barley seeds longevity and storage conditions, amount of rainfall, temperature regime during the growing season of plants is discussed.

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