Simulation of monsoon circulation and cyclones with different types of orography

In this study a number of sensitivity experiments have been conducted with different types of orography in the ECMWF spectral General Circulation Model (GCM). The basic aim is to simulate the large scale features of the Indian summer monsoon and the movement of cyclones. Different types of digital filters have been used to represent the orography as close to the observed values as possible. A comparative study shows that the Lanczos filter gives the best results. Thus, the Lanczos filter has been used in subsequent sensitivity experiments. One cyclone over the Bay of Bengal during pre-monsoon month of May, and another during the must active month of August have been selected for numerical experiments. The large scale features of the monsoonal rainfall were found to be close to those observed, when standard deviation envelope orography was used. After 3 days of model integration, the rainfall distribution improved compared to the initial stages of integration. Although the predicted cyclone followed the observed track, the rate of movement was very sluggish. There was slight deepening of the systems with an increase of orography The movement of the systems was also found to be slightly faster with the enhancement of orography.

THE PUSHOUT STRENGTH OF CONCRETE PAVEMENT SLAB AND CLAY SOIL LAYERS

The frictional forces between the concrete slab and base has been combined with the movements of the horizontal slab that have been induced by variations of the moisture and temperature in concrete slabs. The frictional drag that acts on the slab bottom as a result of base friction is in an opposite horizontal slab displacement direction, and resist movements of the horizontal slab. A condition of smoother interface provides lower resistance to slab movement. On the other hand, rough interfaces are beneficial in the reduction of the load-related stresses. As bonding degree between slab and foundation affects the friction that has been mobilized at interface, a realistic evaluation of friction of the interface is required for the rational designs of the concrete pavement. In this work, push-off test has been performed. Based upon results of the friction tests, the friction characteristics of concrete and soil have been researched. The parameters that influence the maximal displacement and friction coefficient are (interface state, rate of movement) for friction and (rate of movement, interface condition) for the displacements, respectively. Finally, once the applied force reaches a stable state, the frictional force increases dramatically. The most important influence on this force is the interface state, which is accompanied by movement rate. The change of the interface from a smooth to a rough surface increases the overall coefficient of friction.

Features of Work of Electric Locomotive Transport in the Conditions of Iron-Ore Mines

In the article the results of research of work of mine electric locomotive transport are driven. It is marked that increase of power efficiency of electrical equipment of mine are a necessary condition for the increase of booty of iron-ore raw material. Decision of task of increase of booty of iron-ore raw material related to development and improvement of underground transport. Forming of structure of moving of iron-ore raw material takes place under influence of many mining-and-geological, technical, technological and organizational factors that influence on the size of stream of the moved loads casual character. This is determine casual character of stream of raw material that is transported. Mine electric locomotives are the basic type of transport that is used for moving of minerals within the limits of mountain drift. A model, that describes work of one electric locomotive enroute, that serves one point in that there is loading of minerals with one claotype ways, was considered. Realization of burst performance of mine electric locomotive is possible at reduction of time of his outages, that results in reduction of time of voyage and increase of middle rate of movement of rolling stock. Research of work of electric locomotive transport in the conditions of iron-ore mine was shown, that time of voyage was in limits from 440 to 530 seconds, middle speed here changes a from 1,2 to 1,78 m/s, and distance, that passes an electric locomotive in times of one voyage, makes from 596,7 to 796 meters. Importance of the modes of starting and braking was shown for realization of maximal properties on coupling of wheels of electric locomotive with rails and increase of the productivity of mine electric locomotives, and also factors that influence to work of mine electric locomotives in the mode of braking are considered. For the power supply of mine electric locomotives a device is used for connecting to parts being under electric tension. This device, pantograph, by means of the special wire, carries out a contact and connecting of electric parts of electric locomotive to the electric station. On the value of tension of the electric station influences circumstance that she is connected to the sections of tires that conduct an electric current, to that other, more power-hungry consumers are connected. So, for example, at starting of a main vent setting, by power 1600 kilowatts, there is a considerable decline of output tension value of that were fixed in limits from 195 to 276 Volt. It becomes possible because of influence of powerful electrical equipment on work of other electrical equipment in the group systems of power supply. Partly this question can be decided due to the use of the systems facilitating starting of electrical equipment. Basic factors, that influence to work of mine electric locomotives there are such that directly operate on the electromechanics system in the zone of contact of wheel with a rail (coefficient of rolling friction of wheels of electric locomotive with rails), and pantograph with a pin wire (level of tension of power supply of electromechanic). Therefore influence of these factors must be necessarily taken into account during work of mine electric locomotives. Other factors have casual character, and works of electric locomotives do not operate at all time, therefore, for reduction of their influence, a sufficient condition is implementation of preventive measures, such as introductions of the systems of the smooth starting, application of algorithms power effective management, systems of monitoring and diagnostics of work of equipment. The presence of wide range of initial conditions, such as variation of coefficient of rolling friction and rate of movement of electric locomotive, stipulates complication of calculations of descriptions of retrosystem.

Deformation tectonic waves as a possible trigger mechanism for the activation of methane emissions in the Arctic

The authors consider a model of tectonic waves in the lithosphere, caused by the strongest earthquakes in the Aleutian subduction zone and propagating from it into the Arctic shelf and adjacent land areas. They demonstrate that changes in thermodynamic conditions at the boundary between the rigid lithosphere and viscous asthenosphere can generate traveling wave disturbances. The mechanism of this phenomenon is associated with the fact that the rate of movement of the base of the lithosphere, which is the solidus line, does not coincide with the rate of movement of its surface, and the viscous reaction of the asthenosphere becomes a function of the kinetics of the melting process. The emerging traveling tectonic wave generates a decrease in normal stresses in the near-surface layer of the earth’s crust, which, according to the L. I. Lobkovsky hypothesis, leads to the activation of methane emission from the accumulation zones of metastable relict gas hydrates and the onset of sharp warming phases of the actual climate in the Arctic.

Optimal Flow—A Pilot Study Balancing Sheep Movement and Welfare in Abattoirs

Abattoirs are faced with the challenge of moving livestock efficiently through the plant, while also engaging in handling practices that assure good animal welfare. Achieving optimal outcomes for both of these goals can bring them into conflict. An additional source of conflict can arise from the design of the abattoir. These problems are compounded by the dearth of research available to inform how livestock should be handled to achieve all of these goals. We applied the concept of ‘Optimal Flow’ to describe conditions under which rate of movement is maximised while overt signs of distress in sheep are minimised. Effectively, this represents the point at which trade-offs between speed and welfare converge. The current pilot study examined the behavioural interactions between humans (n = 5), livestock herding dogs (n = 7), and sheep (n = 3235) in a large Australian abattoir to describe the factors associated with an increase or decrease in rate of sheep movement per minute. It revealed that distress behaviours in sheep were associated with dog presence and with a decrease in livestock movement rate. However, we found that as sheep density increased, there was increased livestock movement rate as well as an elevated incidence of distress behaviours. Optimal Flow at this abattoir was achieved by maintaining sheep at lower densities. Our report discusses the possible confounds in this interpretation.

Shape and rate of movement of the invasion front of Xylella fastidiosa spp. pauca in Puglia

In 2013, Xylella fastidiosa spp. pauca was first reported in Puglia, Italy, causing the olive quick decline syndrome (OQDS). Since then the disease has spread, prompting the initiation of management measures to contain the outbreak. Estimates of the shape of the disease front and the rate of area expansion are needed to inform management, e.g. the delineation of buffer zones. However, empirical estimates of the invasion front and the rate of spread of OQDS are not available. Here, we analysed the hundreds of thousands of records of monitoring data on disease occurrence in Puglia to estimate the shape of the invasion front and the rate of movement of the front. The robustness of estimation was checked using simulation. The shape of the front was best fitted by a logistic function while using a beta-binomial error distribution to model variability around the expected proportion of infected trees. The estimated rate of movement of the front was 10.0 km per year (95% confidence interval: 7.5–12.5 km per year). This rate of movement is at the upper limit of previous expert judgements. The shape of the front was flatter than expected. The fitted model indicates that the disease spread started approximately in 2008. This analysis underpins projections of further disease spread and the need for preparedness in areas that are still disease free.

Time and the decider

Shadmehr and Ahmed's book is a welcome extension of optimal foraging theory and neuroeconomics, achieved by integrating both with parameters relating to effort and rate of movement. Their most persuasive and prolific data come from saccades, where times before and after decision are reasonably determinate. Skeletal movements are less likely to exhibit such tidy temporal organization.

On the issue of determining the main factors of gas hazard in coal mines of Ukraine

The main sources of methane emission are located in the undermined coal-bearing strata, which is not taken into account by the requirements of regulatory documents when determining the category hazard of coal mines. Gas emission from each undermined source is not equally dependent on the tons of coal mined. The relative gas emission changes during the cleaning work and cannot be a criterion for assessing the gas hazard of the entire mine. The volatility of the gas emission index per unit area of the underworked space, which was formed because of monthly movements of the working faces, was established. In essence, this indicator repeats the dependence of the relative gas content per ton of coal mined, since the area of the underworked space is functionally related to the amount of coal mined for a certain period. Without coal mining, the rate of movement of the working face is equal to zero, and gas emission from a unit area continues for several months. As a result, the considered indicators do not have their specific meaning and, due to their inconstancy, they cannot reliably reflect the gas hazard of mines.

Examination of level 1.5 earthquake and tsunami in eastern edge of Nankai Trough, Japan

Tectonic plates divide the Earth's surfaces and move across the surface of the planet. Their slow but consistent rate of movement causes them to converge, drift apart and rub together. Whilst the speed behind these interactions is extremely low, the sheer mass of these continental plates means large amounts of energy are associated with the interactions. This energy is the source of the formation of mountain ranges. However, when this energy is suddenly released it is destructive and in the form of earthquakes. There are many different specific causes for earthquakes, but they typically occur most strongly at sites of plate convergence. These areas where two plates meet face to face and one plate falls beneath the other to be absorbed into the Earth's mantle. Professor Akihisa Kitamura of Department of Geo Science, Faculty of Science, Shizuoka University is researching to understand more about these processes, specifically what is happening in Japan.

MODEL MATEMATIKA PENYEBARAN IDE RADIKAL DALAM KONTEKS PEMILIHAN UMUM DAN KONSEP MANIFESTAS SERUPA DARI TINGKAH LAKU POLITIKI

The vote of political parties in the general election is influenced by voter behavior. The spreadof this radical idea aims to gain support, influence people's choices,This is a basic research we developthe mathematical model that not only fits the dynamics of a radical political force or force in context ofgeneral elections, but also can be used for modeling of different outcomes of the political behavior of asociety in elections and in other conceptually similar forms of political expression. . In this study we willconstruct a system of differential equations by considering the dissemination of radical ideas fromRadical and Other supporters to Indifferent voters who are targeted by both parties in obtaining support orvoting in the election resulting in a change of support for each party with . The results of the analysisshould that stability behavior of each fixed point is strongly influenced by the condition value of modelparameters is the rate of movement of each party, then will be tested some cases of the possibility thatwill happen with analytic and verification with numeric.