Traps and odour baits for the tsetse fly, Glossina longipennis (Diptera: Glossinidae)

1990 ◽  
Vol 80 (4) ◽  
pp. 405-415 ◽  
Author(s):  
C. Kyorku ◽  
R. Brightwell ◽  
R.D. Dransfield
Keyword(s):  
High Mobility ◽  
Tsetse Fly ◽  
Age Composition ◽  
South West ◽  
Cow Urine ◽  
Trap Catches ◽  
Odour Bait ◽  
Biconical Trap ◽  
Bait System

AbstractStudies were carried out at Nguruman, south-west Kenya to develop an effective trap/odour bait system that could be used for sampling and possibly controlling the tsetse Glossina longipennis Corti. Neither acetone nor cow urine increased trap catches significantly when used alone, but together they increased catches by about four to five times. Used with a target and electric screens, acetone with p-cresol, 3-n-propyl phenol and 1-octen-3-ol gave a significantly higher index of increase than did acetone and cow urine. The use of odour baits did not affect the age composition of the catch. The standard F3 trap was about three and a half times more effective for females than was the biconical trap and about eight times more effective when used without its blue floor. The NG2B was the best of the NGU series of designs, and caught about four times more females than did the biconical trap. Neither the F3 nor the NG2B caught significantly more males than the biconical trap. The NG2B caught a significantly higher proportion of parous female flies than the biconical. Either the F3 or the cheaper NG2B, baited with acetone and cow urine or phenols, is recommended as a sampling tool for G. longipennis. Electric screen experiments showed that the NG2B caught less than 10% of the flies that approached it. Despite this, it might still be effective for control of G. longipennis given the high mobility of this species and the consequent likelihood of encountering traps.

Trap-catches, nutritional condition and the timing of activity of the tsetse fly Glossina longipennis (Diptera: Glossinidae)

1991 ◽  
Vol 81 (4) ◽  
pp. 455-464 ◽  
Author(s):  
Sarah E. Randolph ◽  
D.J. Rogers ◽  
R.D. Dransfield ◽  
R. Brightwell
Keyword(s):  
Fat Content ◽  
Nutritional Condition ◽  
Tsetse Fly ◽  
Low Fat ◽  
Cow Urine ◽  
The Mean ◽  
Restricted Activity ◽  
Trap Catches

AbstractSamples of Glossina longipennis Corti, taken over four days in traps (baited with acetone, cow urine and octenol) at half-hourly intervals during their restricted activity periods at dusk and dawn, were analysed for their nutritional condition. For both sexes, trap catches were highest at the end of dusk, between 19.00 and 19.30 h, associated with a significant increase in numbers with the low haematin content characteristic of flies estimated to have fed more than 60 hours previously. Also, the mean fat content of these flies was significantly lower than that of those trapped earlier. There was considerable day-to-day variation in the numbers of flies trapped, and in the numbers of low haematin and low fat flies. It is concluded that the nutritional condition of the fly probably influences the timing of the onset of activity, but possibly the fly's approach to the trap.

The responses of Glossina pallidipes and G. longipennis (Diptera: Glossinidae) to odour-baited traps and targets at Galana Ranch, south-eastern Kenya

1993 ◽  
Vol 83 (2) ◽  
pp. 145-151 ◽  
Author(s):  
M Baylis ◽  
C. O Nambiro
Keyword(s):  
Similar Pattern ◽  
Glossina Pallidipes ◽  
Male And Female ◽  
South Eastern ◽  
A Value ◽  
Baited Traps ◽  
Cow Urine ◽  
Identical Material ◽  
Trap Catches ◽  
Biconical Trap

AbstractFour designs of trap, all made from identical material, were compared at Galana Ranch, south-eastern Kenya, as sampling devices for Glossina pallidipes Austen and G. longipennis Corti. The NG2G and Epsilon traps caught more than twice as many female G. pallidipes as the biconical trap, and the F3 was intermediate. A similar, pattern was observed for males, although the differences were smaller, and not significant. The NG2G, Epsilon and F3 traps all caught approximately twice as many male and female G. longipennis as the biconical trap. Acetone (500 mg/h) significantly increased trap catches of G. pallidipes, and there was a synergism between acetone and 4-methylphenol (0.8 mg/h). There was little or no effect with 1-octen-3-ol (0.8 mg/h). Acetone, 1-octen-3-ol, and 4-methylphenol all increased trap catches of G. longipennis, and there were no synergisms among them. Cow urine (850 mg/h) increased the catches of both species in traps baited with acetone and 1-octen-3-ol, although not significantly for G. longipennis. There was no effect with 3-methylphenol (0.8 mg/h). The addition of 3-propylphenol to traps baited with acetone, 1-octen-3-ol and 4-methylphenol had no effect on the catches of either species. For G.pallidipes, a combination of acetone, 1-octen-3-ol, 4-methylphenol and 3-propylphenol was calculated to have a catch index of 6–8 over unbaited traps, a value lower than that reported for Zimbabwe and Nguruman, Kenya, and greater than that reported for Somalia. The catches of G. longipennis were approximately three times higher on electrified targets than in F3 traps, although there was no difference in the catch of G. pallidipes.

Monitoring tsetse fly populations.:II. The effect of climate on trap catches of Glossina pallidipes

1990 ◽  
Vol 4 (2) ◽  
pp. 181-193 ◽  
Author(s):  
BRIAN WILLIAMS ◽  
ROBERT BRIGHTWELL ◽  
ROBERT DRANSFIELD
Keyword(s):  
Glossina Pallidipes ◽  
Tsetse Fly ◽  
Trap Catches

A modified Lumsden suction-trap for biting insects

1961 ◽  
Vol 52 (2) ◽  
pp. 233-238 ◽  
Author(s):  
M. Morris
Keyword(s):  
Activity Rhythm ◽  
Tsetse Fly ◽  
Tsetse Flies ◽  
Survey Team ◽  
Survey Technique ◽  
Restricted Activity ◽  
Trap Catches ◽  
The Relationship ◽  
Savannah Zone ◽  
Savannah Woodland

SummaryA detailed tsetse-fly survey of 41,000 sq. miles in the inland savannah zone of the Gold Coast (Ghana) was completed in five years using an entirely African staff and working only six months each year.This undertaking was made possible because studies of the species of Glossina concerned, G. palpalis (R.-D.), G. tachinoides Westw. and G. morsitans sub-morsitans Newst., had provided knowledge of their habitat, food-hosts and activity rhythm, on which could be based a standard yet simple survey technique, within the compass of independent native teams.The restricted activity rhythm of the flies, subject to both daily and seasonal variations, meant that nothing less than a ‘day’ of eight hours of observation could be accepted as a valid sampling unit.With tsetse flies at low densities, a day's search was inadequate, giving only 40 per cent, reliability compared with 6-day observations. Four days' search gave 90 per cent, reliability and was adopted as the minimum period of search.Each survey team was under the charge of a Kecorder or Field Assistant, with fly-boys devoting the whole of their time to catching. Comparability of survey data was ensured by keeping teams to the same size, two fly-boys being the optimum, since it was found that the size of the catch was not always proportionate to the number of boys, the relationship varying according to a variety of factors.In surveying G. palpalis and G. tachinoides the ‘picket’ system of more or less stationary teams, measuring their catches by the ‘day ’, was found overwhelmingly superior to the ‘fly-round’ technique.The survey procedure described for savannah woodland country was not effective in sampling G. nigrofusca Newst. in the Ashanti forest or G. longipalpis Wied. in the coastal savannah, but Morris's ‘animal’ traps were found to take both species readily in places where they had not been detected or only occasionally caught by fly-boys. Experiments showed that trap catches were superior, both numerically and in giving a more representative sample of the tsetse population present. It was also shown that trapping could be a valuable means of studying the biology of these two ‘man-shy’ species of Glossina. Traps were also effective in taking G. pallicera Big. and G. medicorum Aust.The greater value of traps compared with fly-boys as a means of sampling various species of tsetse fly is discussed, and suggestions are put forward for developing trapping as a method of survey.The type of trap employed is regularly catching insects of several other families, including a number of species among the Tabanidae, and of several other orders.

The use of odour attractants for sampling Glossina pallidipes Austen(Diptera: Glossinidae) at Nguruman, Kenya

1986 ◽  
Vol 76 (4) ◽  
pp. 607-619 ◽  
Author(s):  
R. D. Dransfield ◽  
R. Brightwell ◽  
M. F. Chaudhury ◽  
T. K. Golder ◽  
S. A. R. Tarimo
Keyword(s):  
Glossina Pallidipes ◽  
Response Curves ◽  
Age Composition ◽  
Western Kenya ◽  
Tsetse Control ◽  
Temperature Changes ◽  
Dose Rates ◽  
Control Schemes ◽  
Cow Urine ◽  
Biconical Traps

AbstractVarious ketones and 1-octen-3-ol were used as odour attractants with biconical traps at Nguruman, south-western Kenya, to assess their effects on the catch size and composition of Glossina pallidipes Austen. Acetone, methyl ethyl ketone and 1-octen-3-ol were found to be effective in increasing catch size by up to 2–4×, but the two ketones differed in their dose-response curves. Acetone was more effective for males than females, as was 1-octen-3-ol. The age composition of samples from baited and unbaited traps differed only slightly. The level of variability between traps was reduced by the use of odour. Acetone with cow urine produced increases in catch of 9–25×, and significant differences were found between samples in sex ratio and age composition. The index of increase for cow urine plus acetone, when used with a biconical trap, was correlated with temperature changes during the day. This could only be partially accounted for by variability in dose rates. Cow urine with acetone is considered to be a potentially useful combination of baits for community participation tsetse control schemes.

The magnitude of site and time interaction effect in tsetse fly (Diptera: Glossinidae) trap catches

1998 ◽  
Vol 88 (1) ◽  
pp. 59-64 ◽  
Author(s):  
A. Odulaja ◽  
S. Mihok ◽  
I.M. Abu-Zinid
Keyword(s):  
Time Series Data ◽  
Glossina Pallidipes ◽  
Population Monitoring ◽  
Tsetse Fly ◽  
Series Data ◽  
Tsetse Flies ◽  
Data Set ◽  
Time Interaction ◽  
The Mean ◽  
Trap Catches

AbstractSite and time effects are important factors determining trap catches of tsetse flies. These factors may interact significantly and therefore confound interpretation of time series data used for population monitoring. We therefore investigated the magnitude and importance of site × time interactions in trap catches of Glossina pallidipes Austen and G. longipennis Corti using a 2200 trap-days (400 trap-months) data set. The interaction was found to be siginificant (p<0.05) in 46–100% of the combinations of different numbers of months and sites between 2 and 12. The mean percent variance due to the interaction ranged between 4% and 28% for G. pallidipes and 12% and 36% for G.longipennis. The interaction was usually less important than the effect of site alone but more important than the effect of time alone. These results suggest that tsetse researchers should examine critically the adequacy of existing approaches to population monitoring with traps and to testing new traps and odour baits.

Problems in the Assessment of Tsetse Populations

1961 ◽  
Vol 52 (2) ◽  
pp. 239-256 ◽  
Author(s):  
K. R. S. Morris
Keyword(s):  
Activity Rhythm ◽  
Tsetse Fly ◽  
Tsetse Flies ◽  
Survey Team ◽  
Survey Technique ◽  
Restricted Activity ◽  
Trap Catches ◽  
The Relationship ◽  
Savannah Zone ◽  
Savannah Woodland

SummaryA detailed tsetse-fly survey of 41,000 sq. miles in the inland savannah zone of the Gold Coast (Ghana) was completed in five years using an entirely African staff and working only six months each year.This undertaking was made possible because studies of the species of Glossina concerned, G. palpalis (R.-D.), G. tachinoides Westw. and G. morsitans sub-morsitans Newst., had provided knowledge of their habitat, food-hosts and activity rhythm, on which could be based a standard yet simple survey technique, within the compass of independent native teams.The restricted activity rhythm of the flies, subject to both daily and seasonal variations, meant that nothing less than a ‘day’ of eight hours of observation could be accepted as a valid sampling unit.With tsetse flies at low densities, a day's search was inadequate, giving only 40 per cent, reliability compared with 6-day observations. Four days' search gave 90 per cent, reliability and was adopted as the minimum period of search.Each survey team was under the charge of a Kecorder or Field Assistant, with fly-boys devoting the whole of their time to catching. Comparability of survey data was ensured by keeping teams to the same size, two fly-boys being the optimum, since it was found that the size of the catch was not always proportionate to the number of boys, the relationship varying according to a variety of factors.In surveying G. palpalis and G. tachinoides the ‘picket’ system of more or less stationary teams, measuring their catches by the ‘day ’, was found overwhelmingly superior to the ‘fly-round’ technique.The survey procedure described for savannah woodland country was not effective in sampling G. nigrofusca Newst. in the Ashanti forest or G. longipalpis Wied. in the coastal savannah, but Morris's ‘animal’ traps were found to take both species readily in places where they had not been detected or only occasionally caught by fly-boys. Experiments showed that trap catches were superior, both numerically and in giving a more representative sample of the tsetse population present. It was also shown that trapping could be a valuable means of studying the biology of these two ‘man-shy’ species of Glossina. Traps were also effective in taking G. pallicera Big. and G. medicorum Aust.The greater value of traps compared with fly-boys as a means of sampling various species of tsetse fly is discussed, and suggestions are put forward for developing trapping as a method of survey.The type of trap employed is regularly catching insects of several other families, including a number of species among the Tabanidae, and of several other orders.

Control of tsetse fly (Diptera: Glossinidae) populations using traps at Nguruman, south-west Kenya

1990 ◽  
Vol 80 (3) ◽  
pp. 265-276 ◽  
Author(s):  
R.D. Dransfield ◽  
R. Brightwell ◽  
C. Kyorku ◽  
B. Williams
Keyword(s):  
Adult Population ◽  
Glossina Pallidipes ◽  
Dry Season ◽  
Tsetse Fly ◽  
Community Based ◽  
Tsetse Control ◽  
Baited Traps ◽  
Mark Release Recapture ◽  
Cow Urine ◽  
Short Rains

AbstractA field trial was carried out in a Maasai group ranch to assess the use of odour-baited traps for suppression of a population of the tsetse fly Glossina pallidipes Austen. In January, 1987, local people made 100 NG2B traps in their homesteads. These were then deployed within the suppression zone of about 100 km2, primarily in the areas of woodland where flies aggregate in the dry season. Traps were baited with acetone (ca. 150 mg/h) and cow urine (ca. 1000 mg/h) and checked at monthly intervals in order to replenish odours and repair damage. A further 90 traps were added between October and December to enlarge the suppression area slightly and to strengthen the trap barriers. The population was monitored using biconical and NG2B traps as well as by mark-release-recapture estimates of population size. By October the number of G. pallidipes in the suppression zone was reduced by 98–99% relative to the number 3 km outside the suppression zone. Some reinvasion, mainly of parous females, occurred in November during the short rains but these flies were rapidly trapped out again. Average mortality rates due to trapping were estimated at 4–5% per day, which, combined with the natural mortality, reduced the adult population at a rate of about 2.6% per day during the dry season. The traps had less effect on the smaller population of G. longipennis Corti but still gave a reduction of up to 90% in the dry season. The use of this low technology approach offers good prospects for future community-based tsetse control operations.

scholarly journals Dispersal of aquatic invertebrates by lesser black-backed gulls and white storks within and between inland habitats

2021 ◽  
Vol 84 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Víctor Martín-Vélez ◽  
Marta I. Sánchez ◽  
Ádam Lovas-Kiss ◽  
Francisco Hortas ◽  
Andy J. Green
Keyword(s):  
Brine Shrimp ◽  
Aquatic Invertebrates ◽  
High Mobility ◽  
First Record ◽  
Metapopulation Dynamics ◽  
Laboratory Studies ◽  
Aquatic Habitats ◽  
South West ◽  
Larus Fuscus ◽  
White Storks

AbstractWaterbirds can transport aquatic invertebrates internally, contributing to metapopulation dynamics between aquatic habitats in a terrestrial matrix. However, research into this dispersal process to date has focused on individual field sites or laboratory studies. We investigated the invertebrates dispersed by endozoochory by the lesser black-backed gull Larus fuscus wintering in Andalusia, south-west Spain in 2016–2017, comparing seven sites interconnected by their movements, with different degrees of anthropogenization [three landfills, two saltpan complexes, a natural lake, and a large (370 km2) ricefield area]. In the ricefields, we also compared invertebrates dispersed by gulls with those dispersed by the larger white stork Ciconia ciconia. A total of 642 intact invertebrates and their propagules (mainly plumatellid bryozoans, cladocerans, and other branchiopods) were recorded in excreta (faeces and pellets) from gulls and storks. A greater diversity and abundance of invertebrates were recorded in ricefields, notably 43 individuals of the alien snail Physella acuta. One snail was still alive in a gull pellet 3 weeks after being stored in a fridge. This represents the first record of snail dispersal within waterbird pellets. Viability was also confirmed for the cladoceran Macrothrix rosea recorded in ricefields, and the alien brine shrimp Artemia franciscana recorded mainly in saltpans. In ricefields, gulls and pellets had significantly fewer propagules and fewer taxa per gram of excreta than storks and faeces, respectively. Through their high mobility, gulls and storks can disperse invertebrates between different natural and artificial habitats, and even to landfills. They can promote metapopulation dynamics for native bryozoans and branchiopods, but also the spread of invasive snails and brine shrimp.

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