Host races of the pea aphidAcyrthosiphon pisumdiffer in male wing phenotypes

2009 ◽  
Vol 100 (1) ◽  
pp. 59-66 ◽  
Author(s):  
A. Frantz ◽  
M. Plantegenest ◽  
J.-C. Simon
Keyword(s):  
Acyrthosiphon Pisum ◽  
Broad Bean ◽  
Red Clover ◽  
Sympatric Speciation ◽  
Pea Aphid ◽  
Habitat Specialization ◽  
Host Specialization ◽  
Ecological Specialization ◽  
Host Races ◽  
Male Wing

AbstractThe evolution of reproductive isolation without geographic isolation (sympatric speciation) has recently gained strong theoretical and empirical supports. It is now widely admitted that many host-specific phytophagous insect species have arisen through shifting and adapting to new plants. The pea aphidAcyrthosiphon pisumhas received considerable attention in this context and is now considered as a probable case of incipient sympatric speciation through host specialization. In Europe, three host races have been described so far, one on annual plants (pea and broad bean) and two on perennial plants (red clover and alfalfa, respectively). These host races are genetically differentiated and exhibit strong ecological specialization affecting their preferences and performances on alternative plants. Here, we investigate whether other life-history traits of ecological importance are associated with host specialization in the species. In particular, becauseA. pisumshows a genetically determined male wing variation, we tested if its host races also differ in their proportion of winged/wingless male phenotypes. We used a large collection of pea aphid lineages sampled on pea, broad bean, red clover and alfalfa and analyzed their male production by placing them in conditions inducing the sexual phase inA. pisum. Striking differences in the frequency of male dispersal genotypes were found between host populations; aphids producing winged males were in high proportion among lineages from annual hosts, while those producing wingless males were in high proportion on perennial ones. The evolutionary maintenance and ecological consequences of this association between habitat specialization and male wing variation are discussed.

scholarly journals Increases in Genistein in Medicago sativa Confer Resistance against the Pisum Host Race of Acyrthosiphon pisum

Insects ◽  
2019 ◽  
Vol 10 (4) ◽  
pp. 97 ◽  
Author(s):  
Erliang Yuan ◽  
Hongyu Yan ◽  
Jing Gao ◽  
Huijuan Guo ◽  
Feng Ge ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Feeding Behavior ◽  
Medicago Sativa ◽  
Acyrthosiphon Pisum ◽  
Plant Secondary Metabolites ◽  
Host Specialization ◽  
Host Race ◽  
Population Abundance ◽  
Aphid Infestation ◽  
Host Races ◽  
Ideal System

Interspecific interaction with host plants have important consequences for the host race formation of herbivorous insects. Plant secondary metabolites, particularly those that are involved in host races specializing on plants, warrant the theory of host specialization. Acyrthosiphon pisum comprises various host races that adapt to different Fabaceae plants, which provides an ideal system for determining the behavioral and physiological mechanisms underlying host-adaptive diversification. The current study evaluated the effects of host transfer on population fitness, feeding behavior and the transcriptome-wide gene expression of the two host races of A. pisum, one of which was originally from Medicago sativa and the other from Pisum sativum. The results showed that the Pisum host race of A. pisum had a lower population abundance and feeding efficiency than the Medicago host race in terms of a longer penetration time and shorter duration times of phloem ingestion when fed on M. sativa. In contrast, few differences were found in the population abundance and feeding behavior of A. pisum between the two host races when fed on P. sativum. Meanwhile, of the nine candidate phenolic compounds, only genistein was significantly affected by aphid infestation; higher levels of genistein were detected in M. sativa after feeding by the Pisum host race, but these levels were reduced relative to uninfested controls after feeding by the Medicago host race, which suggested that genistein may be involved in the specialization of the aphid host race on M. sativa. Further exogenous application of genistein in artificial diets showed that the increase in genistein reduced the survival rate of the Pisum host race but had little effect on that of the Medicago host race. The transcriptomic profiles indicated that the transcripts of six genes with functions related to detoxification were up-regulated in the Pisum host race relative to the Medicago host race of A. pisum. These results suggested that the inducible plant phenolics and associated metabolic process in aphids resulted in their differential adaptations to their Fabaceae host.

DONNÉES BIOLOGIQUES D’UN BIOTYPE DU PUCERON DU POIS, ACYRTHOSIPHON PISUM (HOMOPTERA: APHIDIDAE)

1971 ◽  
Vol 103 (6) ◽  
pp. 876-881 ◽  
Author(s):  
R. Bournoville
Keyword(s):  
Host Plants ◽  
Acyrthosiphon Pisum ◽  
Broad Bean ◽  
Pea Aphid

AbstractA biotype of the pea aphid was characterized. Two host plants were used: broad bean and pea. It was found that the weight during the development, the survival of adults and their fecundity were better on broad bean as compared to pea.

scholarly journals Temporal habitat variability and the maintenance of sex in host populations of the pea aphid

2006 ◽  
Vol 273 (1603) ◽  
pp. 2887-2891 ◽  
Author(s):  
Adrien Frantz ◽  
Manuel Plantegenest ◽  
Jean-Christophe Simon
Keyword(s):  
Sexual Reproduction ◽  
Acyrthosiphon Pisum ◽  
Host Population ◽  
Local Fields ◽  
Pea Aphid ◽  
Habitat Characteristics ◽  
Ecological Specialization ◽  
Habitat Variability ◽  
Maintenance Of Sex ◽  
Reproductive Modes

The evolutionary maintenance of sex, despite competition from asexual reproduction, has long intrigued the evolutionary biologists owing to its numerous apparent short-term costs. In aphids, winter climate is expected to determine the maintenance of sexual lineages in the high latitude zones owing to their exclusive ability to produce frost-resistant eggs. However, diverse reproductive modes may coexist at a local scale where climatic influence is counteracted by microgeographical factors. In this study, we tested the influence of local habitat characteristics on regional coexistence of reproductive modes in the pea aphid, Acyrthosiphon pisum . In the laboratory, the induction of sexual morph production of many pea aphid genotypes from the local fields of annual (pea and faba bean) and perennial (alfalfa and red clover) crops in Western France indicated that A. pisum lineages from annual crops had a significantly higher investment in sexual reproduction than A. pisum lineages from the perennial hosts. We propose that temporal habitat variability exerts a selective pressure to maintain the sexual reproduction in A. pisum . The ecological and evolutionary consequences of the association between the mode of reproduction and the host population on gene flow restriction and on ecological specialization are discussed.

scholarly journals Evaluation of alfalfa resistance to the pea aphid, Acyrtosiphon pisum [Homoptera : Aphididae] – Methodological aspects to improve a standardized speedling test

2005 ◽  
Vol 79 (3) ◽  
pp. 139-148 ◽  
Author(s):  
C. Girousse ◽  
R. Bournoville ◽  
I. Badenhausser
Keyword(s):  
Acyrthosiphon Pisum ◽  
Broad Bean ◽  
Pea Aphid ◽  
Aphid Population ◽  
Choice Test ◽  
Susceptible Cultivar ◽  
Seedling Mortality ◽  
Aphid Infestation ◽  
Cotyledon Stage ◽  
Methodological Aspects

This study proposes a guide for the design of experiments to test alfalfa (Medicago sativa) for resistance to pea aphid infestation (Acyrthosiphon pisum). This test was conducted in controlled conditions on alfalfa seedlings. For the infestation, aphid population maintained on alfalfa was found to be more efficient than an aphid population reared on broad bean. When comparing alfalfa cultivars, a non-choice test gave the same results as a choice test, that was more difficult to perform. When infesting a unit of 54 seedlings at the cotyledon stage on the 1st and 5th day of the experiment, 360 mg compared with 180 mg and 540 mg aphids, led to the best compromise between levels of infestation and aphid stock culture availability. Infestation was stopped when more than 60% of susceptible cultivar seedlings were wilted or dead. Under these conditions, we calculated the number of replicates necessary to obtain a fixed level of difference. Six units per cultivar would distinguish between cultivars differing from 20% in their seedling mortality.

Note on Fecundity of the Pea Aphid, Acyrthosiphon pisum (Harris), Caged on Plants of Broad Bean, Vicia faba L., Treated with Various Plant Growth Regulators

1959 ◽  
Vol 91 (8) ◽  
pp. 527-528 ◽  
Author(s):  
A. G. Robinson
Keyword(s):  
Plant Growth ◽  
Vicia Faba ◽  
Plant Growth Regulators ◽  
Growth Regulators ◽  
Acyrthosiphon Pisum ◽  
Broad Bean ◽  
Pea Aphid ◽  
Pea Aphids ◽  
Vicia Faba L ◽  
Insect Populations

The effect on insect populations of the widespread use of plant growth regulators and herbicides is a neglected field. Fox (1948) reported on a relationship between the use of 2,4-D and wireworm damage to wheat. Putnam (1949) suggested that 2,4-D could be an environmental factor in the ecology of grasshoppers. A recent report (Maxwell and Harwood, 1958) indicates that even slight dosages of 2,4-D increase the rate of reproduction of pea aphids on broad beans. This note is a preliminary report on similar investigations with the pea aphid, Acyrthosiphon pisum (Harris), and broad bean, Vicia faba L.

scholarly journals Intrinsic pre-zygotic reproductive isolation of distantly related pea aphid host races

2018 ◽  
Vol 14 (11) ◽  
pp. 20180332 ◽  
Author(s):  
Varvara Fazalova ◽  
Bruno Nevado ◽  
Ailsa McLean ◽  
H. Charles J. Godfray
Keyword(s):  
Reproductive Isolation ◽  
Host Plant ◽  
Broad Bean ◽  
Mating Behaviour ◽  
Habitat Choice ◽  
Pea Aphid ◽  
Drastic Reduction ◽  
Host Races ◽  
Female Survival ◽  
Aphid Host

Human activities may weaken or destroy reproductive isolation between young taxa, leading to their fusion with consequences for population and community ecology. Pea aphid host races are adapted to different legume taxa, providing a degree of pre-mating isolation mediated by habitat choice. Yet, all races can feed and reproduce on the broad bean ( Vicia faba ), a major crop which represents a ‘universal host plant’, which can promote hybridization between races. Here, we ask if pea aphid host races have reproductive barriers which prevent or reduce gene flow when they co-occur on the universal host plant. We observed mating behaviour, female survival, number of eggs and egg fertilization rates for three types of crosses: among individuals of the same host race, between closely related host races and between distantly related host races. We did not find significant differences in mating behaviour and female survival among the three types of crosses. However, we observed a drastic reduction in the number of eggs laid, and in the number of fertilized eggs, in distant crosses. We conclude that widespread broad bean cultivation in agriculture may predispose closely related—but not distantly related—host races to hybridize, disrupting reproductive isolation between incipient species.

scholarly journals Unravelling the genomic basis and evolution of the pea aphid male wing dimorphism

2017 ◽  
Author(s):  
Binshuang Li ◽  
Ryan D. Bickel ◽  
Benjamin J. Parker ◽  
Neetha Nanoth Vellichirammal ◽  
Mary Grantham ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Complex Traits ◽  
Acyrthosiphon Pisum ◽  
Natural Populations ◽  
Pea Aphid ◽  
Specific Gene ◽  
Regulatory Change ◽  
Wing Dimorphism ◽  
Wing Polymorphism ◽  
Male Wing ◽  
Mechanistic Basis

SummaryWing dimorphisms have long served as models for examining the ecological and evolutionary tradeoffs associated with alternative morphologies [1], yet the mechanistic basis of morph determination remains largely unknown. Here we investigate the genetic basis of the pea aphid (Acyrthosiphon pisum) wing dimorphism, wherein males exhibit one of two alternative morphologies that differ dramatically in a set of correlated traits that inclused the presence or absence of wings [2-4]. Unlike the environmentally-induced asexual female aphid wing polyphenism [5], the male wing polymorphism is genetically determined by a single uncharacterized locus on the X chromosome called aphicarus (“aphid” plus “Icarus”, api) [6, 7]. Using recombination and association mapping, we localized api to a 130kb region of the pea aphid genome. No nonsynonymous variation in coding sequences strongly associated with the winged and wingless phenotypes, indicating that api is likely a regulatory change. Gene expression level profiling revealed an aphid-specific gene from the region expressed at higher levels in winged male embryos, coinciding with the expected stage of api action. Comparison of the api region across biotypes (pea aphid populations specialized to different host plants that began diverging ~16,000 years ago [8, 9]) revealed that the two alleles were likely present prior to biotype diversification. Moreover, we find evidence for a recent selective sweep of a wingless allele since the biotypes diversified. In sum, this study provides insight into how adaptive, complex traits evolve within and across natural populations.

scholarly journals A large genomic insertion containing a duplicated follistatin gene is linked to the pea aphid male wing dimorphism

eLife ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 9 ◽  
Author(s):  
Binshuang Li ◽  
Ryan D Bickel ◽  
Benjamin J Parker ◽  
Omid Saleh Ziabari ◽  
Fangzhou Liu ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Acyrthosiphon Pisum ◽  
Balancing Selection ◽  
Genomic Region ◽  
Pea Aphid ◽  
Wing Dimorphism ◽  
Alternative Phenotypes ◽  
Long Read ◽  
Male Wing ◽  
Strong Candidate ◽  
Trait Difference

Wing dimorphisms have long served as models for examining the ecological and evolutionary tradeoffs associated with alternative phenotypes. Here, we investigated the genetic cause of the pea aphid (Acyrthosiphon pisum) male wing dimorphism, wherein males exhibit one of two morphologies that differ in correlated traits that include the presence or absence of wings. We mapped this trait difference to a single genomic region and, using third generation, long-read sequencing, we identified a 120 kb insertion in the wingless allele. This insertion includes a duplicated follistatin gene, which is a strong candidate gene in the minimal mapped interval to cause the dimorphism. We found that both alleles were present prior to pea aphid biotype lineage diversification, we estimated that the insertion occurred millions of years ago, and we propose that both alleles have been maintained in the species, likely due to balancing selection.

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