Population biology of the European woodwasp,Sirex noctilio, in Galicia, Spain

2016 ◽  
Vol 106 (5) ◽  
pp. 569-580 ◽  
Author(s):  
M.J. Lombardero ◽  
M.P. Ayres ◽  
F.E. Krivak-Tetley ◽  
K.N.E. Fitza
Keyword(s):  
Southern Hemisphere ◽  
Generation Time ◽  
Population Biology ◽  
Parasitic Nematodes ◽  
Sirex Noctilio ◽  
Use Patterns ◽  
Blue Stain ◽  
Potential Population ◽  
Basic Biology ◽  
One Year

AbstractSirex noctilioFabricius (Hymenoptera, Siricidae) is rare and rarely studied where it is native in Eurasia, but is a widespread pest of pines in the Southern Hemisphere. Here we report on the abundance, basic biology, host use patterns and natural enemies of nativeS. noctilioin Galicia, Spain. Most trees attacked byS. noctiliofailed to produce any adult progeny: >90% of emergences came from <20% of the attacked trees. The highest reproduction was inPinus pinaster, followed byPinus sylvestrisandPinus radiata.The proportions ofS. noctiliorequiring 1, 2 or 3 years for development were 0.72: 0.24: 0.04. Delayed development could be an adaptation to avoid parasitic nematodes, which sterilized 41.5% adults with one year generation time but only 19% of adults with 2 years generation time. Hymenoptera parasitoids accounted for 20% mortality. Sex ratios were male biased at 1: 2.9. Body size and fecundity were highly variable and lower than previously reported from the Southern Hemisphere. On attacked trees, there were 5–20 attacks per standard log (18 dm2), with usually 1–3 drills per attack. Attack densities and drills per attack were higher in trees that subsequently died. The production ofS. noctilioper log was positively related to total attacks, and negatively related to: (1) attack density, (2) incidence of blue stain fromOphiostomafungi and (3) frequency of lesions in plant tissue around points of attack. A preliminary life table for S.noctilioin Galicia estimated effects on potential population growth rate from (in decreasing order of importance) host suitability, unequal sex ratio, parasitic nematodes and Hymenoptera parasitoids.

Effect of Sirex noctilio (Hymenoptera: Siricidae) attack density on Pinus sylvestris (Pinaceae) survival

2019 ◽  
Vol 151 (3) ◽  
pp. 340-344
Author(s):  
Laurel J. Haavik ◽  
Brett P. Hurley ◽  
Jeremy D. Allison
Keyword(s):  
Pinus Sylvestris ◽  
Generation Time ◽  
Critical Factor ◽  
Low Density ◽  
Sirex Noctilio ◽  
Time To Death ◽  
Exotic Invasive ◽  
One Year ◽  
Wood Boring ◽  
Density Treatment

AbstractPopulation density is often a critical factor in colonisation of trees by bark and wood-boring insects and may determine whether an exotic species is likely to establish and spread. In a manipulative field study, we investigated whether density of the attacking population of an exotic invasive woodwasp, Sirex noctilio Fabricius (Hymenoptera: Siricidae), affected survival and time-to-death of a favoured host tree, Pinus sylvestris Linnaeus (Pinaceae). We introduced mating pairs of woodwasps to stressed P. sylvestris at either high (15 mating pairs, nine trees) or low (two mating pairs, nine trees) density. More trees died, and more quickly, when exposed to the high versus low density of S. noctilio (78% versus 33% of trees). In the high-density treatment, year of tree death was synonymous with production of a S. noctilio F1 cohort (one-year or two-year generation time); this pattern was not as consistent in the low-density treatment. Although sample size was limited, our results indicate that attack density affects S. noctilio colonisation of P. sylvestris.

Temporal change in wood quality attributes in standing dead beetle-killed lodgepole pine

2008 ◽  
Vol 84 (3) ◽  
pp. 392-400
Author(s):  
Steen Magnussen ◽  
Dave Harrison
Keyword(s):  
Moisture Content ◽  
Wood Quality ◽  
Basal Area ◽  
Wood Moisture ◽  
Moisture Regimes ◽  
Standing Dead ◽  
Blue Stain ◽  
Lodgepole Pines ◽  
Ring Analysis ◽  
One Year

The number and size of checks, wood moisture content, extent of blue-stain, rot and decay was examined by stem analysis in 360 mature standing beetle-killed lodgepole pines. Trees came from three areas (Burns Lake, Quesnel, and Vanderhoof) in Central British Columbia. Each area was represented by 14 to 16 sampling areas (stands) distributed evenly across three soil moisture regimes (dry, mesic, wet). Year of death was estimated from tree ring-analysis, local knowledge and insect and disease survey maps. An approximately equal number of trees had been dead for one or two years, three or four years, or for five or more years. During the first five years since death by beetle attack the number of checks per tree increased from 2.5 to 10.2 and the average depth of checks increased from 4.3 cm to 5.1 cm. Checks were deeper, wider, and longer on the drier sites than on mesic and wet sites. Moisture content of sapwood and heartwood was near the fibre saturation point (ca 30%) one year after death and continued to decrease at a rate of approximately 1.7% per year. Both the incidence and the extent (relative to basal area) of rot and decay increased significantly with time since death. All trees had an extensive blue-stain discoloration. Deterioration of wood quality was fastest during the first two years after a beetle attack. Key words: wood checks, moisture content, blue-stain, wood quality, spiral grain, bark beetle

Temperature explains variable spread rates of the invasive woodwasp Sirex noctilio in the Southern Hemisphere

2013 ◽  
Vol 16 (2) ◽  
pp. 329-339 ◽  
Author(s):  
M. Victoria Lantschner ◽  
José M. Villacide ◽  
Jeffrey R. Garnas ◽  
Philip Croft ◽  
Angus J. Carnegie ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Southern Hemisphere ◽  
Sirex Noctilio

scholarly journals MOISTURE CHANGES IN LODGEPOLE PINE BEFORE AND AFTER ATTACK BY THE MOUNTAIN PINE BEETLE

1961 ◽  
Vol 37 (4) ◽  
pp. 368-375 ◽  
Author(s):  
R. W. Reid
Keyword(s):  
Moisture Content ◽  
Mountain Pine Beetle ◽  
Lodgepole Pine ◽  
Dry Weight ◽  
Moisture Loss ◽  
Mountain Pine ◽  
Pine Beetle ◽  
Before And After ◽  
Blue Stain ◽  
One Year

The moisture content of the outer sapwood of non-infested lodgepole pine is normally about 85 to 165 per cent of oven dry weight. In trees that have been infested by the mountain pine beetle for one year, the sapwood moisture content can be as low as 16 per cent. There is a steep moisture gradient from about 160 per cent in the outer sapwood to about 30 per cent in the heart-wood. The moisture content in the centre is slightly higher than in the adjacent wood. In infested trees the sapwood moisture is greatly reduced within a year after the attack but moisture in the heartwood is not altered appreciably. Trees infested early in the season drop to a lower moisture content by fall than trees infested later in the season. In non-infested trees there is a diurnal and a seasonal moisture march; these do not occur in infested trees. The rapid moisture loss in the sapwood of infested trees is associated with blue-stain infection and successful establishment of bark-beetle broods

scholarly journals Host Use Patterns by the European Woodwasp, Sirex noctilio, in Its Native and Invaded Range

PLoS ONE ◽  
2014 ◽  
Vol 9 (3) ◽  
pp. e90321 ◽  
Author(s):  
Matthew P. Ayres ◽  
Rebeca Pena ◽  
Jeffrey A. Lombardo ◽  
Maria J. Lombardero
Keyword(s):  
Host Use ◽  
Sirex Noctilio ◽  
Use Patterns

Rapid juvenile development in old forest lichens

Botany ◽  
2011 ◽  
Vol 89 (1) ◽  
pp. 65-72 ◽  
Author(s):  
Per Larsson ◽  
Yngvar Gauslaa
Keyword(s):  
Growth Rates ◽  
Generation Time ◽  
Population Biology ◽  
Limiting Factors ◽  
Noninvasive Method ◽  
Relative Growth ◽  
Relative Growth Rates ◽  
Generation Times ◽  
Young Forests ◽  
Juvenile Development

Generation time and juvenile growth rates are important but poorly known parameters in lichen population biology. By using a noninvasive method, we aimed to quantify these variables in juvenile thalli of Lobaria pulmonaria (L.) Hoffm., L. scrobiculata (Scop.) D.C., and Pseudocyphellaria crocata (L.) Vain., in situ, on twigs of Picea abies (L.) H. Karst in boreal rainforests. Growth was monitored during the summer months (May–August, 106 d), as well as in the remaining part of the year (259 d), for each of two sequential years, by means of repeated photography and imaging analysis. The mean relative thallus-area growth rates were 0.53 ± 0.02, 0.41 ± 0.02, and 0.57 ± 0.04 mm2·mm–2·year–1 (mean ±SE), respectively, in the three species, equivalent to a yearly growth of 101 ± 5%, 70 ± 6%, and 121 ± 12%. Growth was much slower during the winter (0.09–0.12 mm2·cm–2·d–1) than in summer (0.19–0.27 mm2·cm–2·d–1). Relative growth rates significantly declined with increasing thallus size. Estimated generation times in L. scrobiculata and P. crocata, based upon the first observed formation of reproductive structures, were 15–22 and 9–13 years, respectively. Studied L. pulmonaria thalli produced no diaspores during the experiment, consistent with a generation time >17 years. The relative growth rates we measured and our estimated generation times are faster than those earlier recorded. Thus, our noninvasive method can estimate parameters needed to model population growth within a reasonable period of time. The rapid juvenile development implies that the growth rates and generation times are unlikely to be the limiting factors that exclude these lichens from young forests.

scholarly journals Comparison of mercury concentrations measured at several sites in the Southern Hemisphere

2014 ◽  
Vol 14 (22) ◽  
pp. 30611-30637 ◽  
Author(s):  
F. Slemr ◽  
H. Angot ◽  
A. Dommergue ◽  
O. Magand ◽  
M. Barret ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Seasonal Variation ◽  
Southern Hemisphere ◽  
Research Station ◽  
Annual Average ◽  
Austral Spring ◽  
Monthly Average ◽  
Intermittent Measurements ◽  
One Year ◽  
Cape Grim ◽  
Mercury Monitoring

Abstract. Our knowledge of the distribution of mercury concentrations in air of the Southern Hemisphere was until recently based mostly on intermittent measurements made during ship cruises. In the last few years continuous mercury monitoring has commenced at several sites in the Southern Hemisphere providing new and more refined information. In this paper we compare mercury measurements at several sites in the Southern Hemisphere made over a period of at least one year at each location. Averages of monthly medians show similar although small seasonal variations at both Cape Point and Amsterdam Island. A pronounced seasonal variation at Troll Research Station in Antarctica is due to frequent mercury depletion events in the austral spring. Due to large scatter and large standard deviations of monthly average median mercury concentrations at Cape Grim no systematic seasonal variation could be found there. Nevertheless, the annual average mercury concentrations at all sites during the 2007–2013 period varied only between 0.85 and 1.05 ng m−3. Part of this variability is likely due to systematic measurement uncertainties which we propose can be further reduced by improved calibration procedures. We conclude that mercury is much more uniformly distributed throughout the Southern Hemisphere than the distributions suggested by measurements made onboard ships. This finding implies (a) that trends observed at one or a few sites in the Southern Hemisphere are likely to be representative for the whole hemisphere, and (b) that smaller trends can be detected in shorter time periods. We also report a change of the trend sign at Cape Point from decreasing mercury concentrations in 1996–2004 to increasing concentrations since 2007.

scholarly journals Life histories of three Serrulinini species (Stylommatophora: Clausiliidae) from Georgia kept under laboratory conditions

2021 ◽  
Vol 29 (3) ◽  
Author(s):  
Anna Sulikowska-Drozd ◽  
Levan Mumladze
Keyword(s):  
Generation Time ◽  
Life Histories ◽  
Laboratory Culture ◽  
Homogeneous Distribution ◽  
Calcite Crystal ◽  
Coastal Regions ◽  
The Caucasus ◽  
Life History Data ◽  
One Year

The Serrulinini, a small relict group of clausiliids occurring in coastal regions of the Black and Caspian Seas and the Caucasus, are currently classified within the Phaedusinae, however paraphyletic origin of the Serrulinini is also widely debated with Pontophaedusa funiculum (Mousson) being most phylogenetically distinct from other taxa. As life history data may have taxonomical value, we conducted long-term observations in laboratory culture to assess reproductive modes, fecundity and growth pattern of three serruline species. Caspiophaedusa perlucens (O. Boettger) and Pravispira semilamellata (Mousson) produced partly calcified eggs with regular, spiral arrangement of crystals; their juveniles hatched after 17–18 days; the generation time was long and significantly exceeded one year. P. funiculum laid heavily calcified, elongated eggs. The incubation time in P. funiculum varied depending on the humidity, with a tendency towards short embryo-retention. The generation time in P. funiculum was one year. In all the studied species, egg calcification differed from the pattern common for other oviparous Phaedusinae which produce partly calcified eggs with homogeneous distribution of crystals. The calcite crystal distribution in the egg membranes reported here for the Serrulinini suggests some potential of these characters in phylogenetic context.

scholarly journals Long-range isentropic transport of stratospheric aerosols over Southern Hemisphere following the Calbuco eruption in April 2015

2017 ◽  
Author(s):  
Nelson Bègue ◽  
Damien Vignelles ◽  
Gwenaël Berthet ◽  
Thierry Portafaix ◽  
Guillaume Payen ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Southern Hemisphere ◽  
Transient Behavior ◽  
Stratospheric Aerosol ◽  
Aerosol Layer ◽  
Reunion Island ◽  
Volcanic Aerosol ◽  
Réunion Island ◽  
One Year ◽  
The Impact ◽  
Aerosol Plume

Abstract. After 43 years of inactivity, the Calbuco volcano which is located in the southern part of Chile erupted on 22 April 2015. The space-time evolutions (distribution and transport) of its aerosol plume are investigated by combining satellite (CALIOP, IASI, OMPS), in situ aerosol counting (LOAC OPC) and lidar observations, and the MIMOSA advection model. The Calbuco aerosol plume reached the Indian Ocean 1 week after the eruption. Over the Reunion Island site (21° S; 55.5° E), the aerosol signal was unambiguously enhanced in comparison with "background" conditions with a volcanic aerosol layer extending from 18 km to 21 km during the May–July period. All the data reveal an increase by a factor of ~ 2 in the SAOD (Stratospheric Aerosol Optical Depth) with respect to values observed before the eruption. The aerosol e-folding time is approximately 90 days. Microphysical measurements obtained before, during and after the eruption reflecting the impact of the Calbuco eruption on the lower stratospheric aerosol content have been analyzed over Reunion site. During the passage of the plume, the volcanic aerosol was characterized by an effective radius of 0.16 ± 0.02 µm with an unimodal lognormal size distribution and the aerosol number concentration appears 20 times higher than before and one year after the eruption. A tendency toward "background" conditions has been observed about one year after the eruption, by April 2016. The volcanic aerosol plume is advected eastward in the Southern Hemisphere and its latitudinal extent is clearly bounded by the subtropical barrier and the polar vortex. The transient behavior of the aerosol layers observed above Reunion Island between May and July 2015 reflects an inhomogeneous geographical distribution of the plume which is controlled by the latitudinal motion of these dynamical barriers.

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