Constraint Violation and Conflict from the Perspective of Declarative Phonology

1993 ◽  
Vol 38 (2) ◽  
pp. 155-167 ◽  
Author(s):  
James M. Scobbie
Keyword(s):  
Surface Structure ◽  
Phonological Representation ◽  
The Other ◽  
Constraint Violation ◽  
Interaction Problem ◽  
Restrictive Type

In phonology, constraints are finally coming into their own. There is no real consensus, however, about how constraints behave, and specifically how they interact with other aspects of the phonology and with each other. Theories of Declarative Phonology (DP) approach this “Interaction Problem” (Scobbie 1991a) in a radical way. In DP everything is a constraint — generalizations and lexical entries alike constrain the form of the intended phonological representation (“surface structure”). Moreover, constraints are mutually compatible, indefeasible and are declared non-procedurally. Declarative Phonology is therefore an extremely simple and restrictive type of constraint-based phonology, eschewing constraint conflict, violation and destructive repair. For details of various declarative theories as well as phonological and computational motivation for the declarative paradigm, see Scobbie (1991a) and the other papers in that volume, Bird et al (1993), Bird (1990), Broe (1993), Coleman (1992), Russell (1992), Scobbie (1991b) and Wheeler (1988).

scholarly journals A Case of Surface Constraint Violation

1993 ◽  
Vol 38 (2) ◽  
pp. 169-195 ◽  
Author(s):  
John J. McCarthy
Keyword(s):  
Surface Structure ◽  
Phonological Representation ◽  
Constraint Violation ◽  
Tacit Assumption ◽  
Surface Constraint

The idea that constraints on well-formedness play a role in determining phonological alternations, which dates back at least to Kisseberth’s (1970) pioneering work, has by now achieved almost universal acceptance. A tacit assumption of this program, largely unquestioned even in recent research, is the notion that valid constraints must state true generalizations about surface structure or some other level of phonological representation. Anything different would seem antithetical to the very idea of a well-formedness constraint.

scholarly journals Asymmetrical cross-language phonetic interaction

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Geoffrey Schwartz
Keyword(s):  
Phonological Representation ◽  
The Other ◽  
Alternative Theory ◽  
L2 Acquisition ◽  
The Asymmetry ◽  
Traditional Approaches ◽  
Cross Language ◽  
Different Levels

Abstract Two acoustic studies were carried out with L1 Polish learners of English. One study examined L1 phonetic drift, comparing learners of L2 English who were undergoing intensive L2 phonetic training with quasi-monolingual Polish speakers. The other study looked at L2 acquisition, comparing learners at two different levels of proficiency. Unlike most previous studies of Polish-English bilinguals, VOT data of both voiced and voiceless consonants were analyzed. In both experiments, an asymmetry was observed by which voiced stops were more susceptible to cross-language phonetic influence (CLI) than voiceless stops. These results build on evidence of a similar asymmetry observed in a number of other L1–L2 pairings. Predictions of competing phonological models are evaluated with regard to equivalence classification and phonetic CLI. It is shown that both traditional approaches to the phonological representation of voice contrasts fail to predict the observed asymmetry. An alternative theory, which predicts the asymmetry, is discussed.

The Poverty of Philosophical Method

2019 ◽  
pp. 64-82
Author(s):  
William G. Lycan
Keyword(s):  
The Other ◽  
Philosophical Method ◽  
Good Argument ◽  
Person Perspective ◽  
Third Person ◽  
Third Person Perspective ◽  
Interaction Problem

Cartesian mind–body dualism is widely thought to have been simply refuted by sound argument. This chapter maintains that the case against dualism is very weak. There is no very good argument for materialism, and the objections to dualism are convincing only to materialists. In particular, the dreaded Interaction problem is not notably hard for a committed dualist to handle; and the other standard objections simply presuppose a third-person perspective that would not be tolerated by the dualist in the first place. Materialism is not significantly better supported than dualism. In the process, the chapter sets out a number of sociophilosophical observations that explain our impression that dualism has been simply shown to be untenable. The sociophilosophical observations, more generally, explain how an illusion is created to the effect that purely philosophical reasoning can either prove or refute a significant doctrine or claim.

scholarly journals سيميائيَّة الغياب في ديوان "ما تلاه عليّ الغياب" دراسة في ضوء سيميائيَّة الأهواء

2019 ◽  
Vol 27 (4) ◽  
pp. 181-199
Author(s):  
Alreem M Alfawaz Alreem M Alfawaz
Keyword(s):  
Surface Structure ◽  
Deep Structure ◽  
The Other ◽  
Other Hand ◽  
Semiotic Approach

T he semiotic approach is based on the assumption that the text includes a surface structure and a deep structure. Analyzing the two structures looks at the relations between the two. As for the objective behind the semiotic approach it is the uncovering of the relations that link the hidden implications of the text by following the development of meaning. On the other hand, the semiotics of emotions is a branch of general semiotics. Emotion is what semiotics analyzes to know its role in the creative text. In the collection of poems discussed here it is absence that played a role in the formation of the emotion of sadness: the absence of people or specific attitudes. Sadness is seen as preceding the ways meaning reveals itself and also as an agent in their production

scholarly journals Restoring Exotic Coordinations to Normalcy

2002 ◽  
Vol 33 (1) ◽  
pp. 97-156 ◽  
Author(s):  
Kyle Johnson
Keyword(s):  
Word Order ◽  
The Other ◽  
Final Word ◽  
Coordinate Structure ◽  
Constraint Violation ◽  
Verb Phrase ◽  
Structure Constraint ◽  
Coordinate Structure Constraint ◽  
Finite Verb

I analyze two instances in German where coordinations seem to violate Ross's (1967) Coordinate Structure Constraint. I follow Schwarz 1998 and argue that the two constructions are underlyingly the same, one deriving from the other through gapping. Using the thesis that the verb-final word order in German involves a short leftward movement of the finite verb or verb phrase, I provide a method of avoiding the Coordinate Structure Constraint violation that would otherwise be expected.

Fifth Grade Readers' Comprehension of Explicit and Implicit Connective Propositions

1979 ◽  
Vol 11 (3) ◽  
pp. 261-271 ◽  
Author(s):  
Judith Westphal Irwin
Keyword(s):  
Reading Comprehension ◽  
Surface Structure ◽  
Reading Ability ◽  
Time Sequence ◽  
The Other ◽  
Fifth Grade ◽  
Syntactic Complexity ◽  
Discourse Comprehension ◽  
Limited Support ◽  
Sequence Relationships

Because many writers eliminate explicit connective words in order to reduce syntactic complexity and thereby increase comprehensibility, these studies were designed to investigate the effects of this elimination on reading comprehension. Sixty-four fifth graders of average reading ability each participated in one of two experiments. The explicitness of “because” in each of three experimental passages was manipulated in Experiment I by stating it explicitly in one version and implicitly in the other; in Experiment II, the explicitness of “after” was similarly manipulated. On the basis of current research in the area of discourse comprehension, it was predicted that the groups reading the passages in which the connectives were removed from the surface structure would recognize fewer of the connective concepts and recall fewer of the connected ideas than would the groups reading the passages in which the connective concepts were explicitly stated. The results indicated that the subjects did not generally comprehend the causal relationships regardless of their explicitness or implicitness and that they did generally comprehend the time-sequence relationships regardless of their explicitness or implicitness. Limited support was found for the hypothesis that the recall of a connective would be associated with a higher level of recall of the connected ideas.

A two-level grammar of the reduction processes of French complex terms in discourse

Terminology ◽  
2003 ◽  
Vol 9 (1) ◽  
pp. 1-27 ◽  
Author(s):  
Tanja Collet
Keyword(s):  
Surface Structure ◽  
Building Blocks ◽  
The Other ◽  
Descriptive Grammar ◽  
Main Building ◽  
Reduction Processes ◽  
Other Hand ◽  
Semantic Properties

The aim of this paper is to offer an outline of a descriptive grammar — as yet unfinished — of two reduction processes, namely elliptic anaphor and lexical elision, which delete constituents of reiterated complex terms in French LSP texts. After an examination of these reduction processes and the term variants they generate, the paper presents the main building blocks of the grammar. The architecture of these building blocks, i.e. of the deep and surface structure rules which constitute the two levels of the grammar, is derived from the structural and semantic properties of French complex terms. The ordering of the rules in the grammar, on the other hand, is based on characteristics of elliptic anaphor and lexical elision as well as on properties of the term variants produced by these context-conditioned transformations.

scholarly journals Linguistic form between system and use

Linguistica ◽  
1987 ◽  
Vol 27 (1) ◽  
pp. 11-21
Author(s):  
Olga Kunst Gnamuš
Keyword(s):  
Surface Structure ◽  
Deep Structure ◽  
The Other ◽  
Underlying Structure ◽  
Semantic Roles ◽  
Scientific Paradigm ◽  
Structure Description ◽  
Basic Concepts ◽  
The One

"The goal of theoretical linguistics is the discovery of facts that are crucial for determing the underlying structure of language and hidden abstract principles and laws" (Shaumyan, 1984: 239). There is a twofold relationship between facts and theory: on the one hand, a theory makes it possible to identify facts and to classify them into categories, but on the other hand there exist so-called symptomatic facts, which cannot be incorporated within the framework of an obsolete scientific para­ digm, but have a constructive value with respect to a new theory, since in the ways in which these facts appear they disclose abstract principles and laws which would ot­ herwise have remained hidden. In the development of science, the discovery of such facts is of exceptional importance. A new scientific paradigm originates from the contradiction which occurs between the discovery of a symptomatic fact (the latter presenting a previously hidden aspect of the phenomenon concerned) and the use of the explanatory methods of the old paradigm. The paradox lies in the fact that the symptomatic fact is opposed to these very, obsolete explanatory procedures, and, by its existence, reduces their validity. For this reason, such symptomatic facts are usually  reduced  to  "an  execption  which proves  the  rule".  Thus,  for  instance, Chomsky discovered the existence of deep structure by studying pairs of sentences such as John is easy to please, John is eager to please. But he described them in terms of the surface structure. It was only later that Fillmore (1968) introduced the basic concepts of deep-structure description by proving that, through the role of the surface structure subject, various semantic roles can be expressed, such as agent, pa­ tient and instrument.

scholarly journals United Nations of Rendang: Meme dalam Perspektif Strukturalisme Lévi-Strauss

2019 ◽  
Vol 10 (2) ◽  
pp. 115
Author(s):  
Herry Nur Hidayat
Keyword(s):  
United Nations ◽  
Surface Structure ◽  
Deep Structure ◽  
The Other ◽  
Structure Lead

This article analized meme United Nations of Rendang through Levi-Struss structuralism perspective. In this case, social an culture seen as a structure which shows human unconsiuous to structuring a phenomenon. Sign interrelation in United Nations of Rendang as a structure automatically relate to the other meme which is another structure. Those sign convey to the surface structure and reveal the deep structure of this phenomenon. As a result, meme United Nations of Rendang shows rejection on Masterchef jury for the criticism on rendang as surface structure. This surface structure lead to awareness of same region country, awareness of western culinary domination, and a rejection for western culinary domination as deep structure.

Relationship between Binder Content and Ink Absorption of Coated Paper

2013 ◽  
Vol 650 ◽  
pp. 206-210
Author(s):  
Ying Li ◽  
Wen Juan Gu ◽  
Bei Hai He
Keyword(s):  
Surface Structure ◽  
Laser Scanning ◽  
Coating Layer ◽  
Binder Content ◽  
The Other ◽  
Coated Paper ◽  
Laser Scanning Confocal Microscope ◽  
Printing Quality ◽  
Penetration Behavior ◽  
The Relationship

The ink penetration behavior depends on the coating surface structure and surface properties of the coating layer in the papermaking process, which include coating recipes and coating conditions, etc. The objective of this experiment was to investigate the relationship between binder content and ink absorption using laser scanning confocal microscope (LSCM). Fluorescent ink was used to observe and characterize ink penetration and distribution in coated paper by LSCM. The results indicated that higher binder content could result in higher amount ink absorption. With the increasing of binder content, ink penetration depth in coated paper increased. Sample G2 with 20 parts binder produced the most unevenness ink distribution. It could be concluded that the coated paper with 25 parts binder compared with the other samples resulted in higher ink usage and better printing quality.

Sign in / Sign up

Export Citation Format

Share Document