A Distinct Society? Understanding Social Distrust in Quebec

2021 ◽  
pp. 1-21
Author(s):  
Aengus Bridgman ◽  
Rosalie Nadeau ◽  
Dietlind Stolle
Keyword(s):  
Linguistic Diversity ◽  
General Social Survey ◽  
Cross Sectional ◽  
Political Factors ◽  
Social Survey ◽  
Cohort Differences ◽  
Public Debates ◽  
Linguistic Ability ◽  
Neighbourhood Level ◽  
Low Levels

Abstract Following public debates on the topic of trust in Quebec, this article examines the alleged social capital differential between Quebec and the rest of Canada. The literature has found lower levels of generalized trust in Quebec, but explanations offered are diverse and conjectural, with historical, sociological and political factors all in contention. We test contextual and compositional influences, including cohort differences, language and linguistic ability, religion, ethnicity, and neighbourhood-level measures of diversity, using pooled cross-sectional data from the Canadian General Social Survey (2003, 2008 and 2013) linked with precise measures of neighbourhood-level ethnic and linguistic diversity drawn from the Canadian census. We identify those Quebecers who have low levels of trust and those who more closely resemble their counterparts in the rest of Canada. We find that individual linguistic ability and linguistic heterogeneity of the neighbourhood are important correlates of trust and that among francophone populations, social distrust is found most in unilingual homogenous communities.

scholarly journals A Rolling Panel Model of Cohort, Period, and Aging Effects for the Analysis of the General Social Survey

2021 ◽  
pp. 004912412110431
Author(s):  
Stephen L. Morgan ◽  
Jiwon Lee
Keyword(s):  
Panel Data ◽  
Observation Interval ◽  
Age Distribution ◽  
General Social Survey ◽  
Birth Cohorts ◽  
Aging Effects ◽  
Cross Sectional ◽  
Social Survey ◽  
Cohort Differences ◽  
Panel Model

The linear dependence of age, period, and birth cohort is a challenge for the analysis of social change. With either repeated cross-sectional data or conventional panel data, raw change cannot be decomposed into over-time differences that are attributable to the effects of common experiences of alternative birth cohorts, features of the periods under observation, and the cumulation of lifecourse aging. This article proposes a rolling panel model for cohort, period, and aging effects, suggested by and tuned to the treble panel data collected for the General Social Survey from 2006 through 2014. While the model does not offer a general solution for the identification of the classical age-period-cohort accounting model, it yields warranted interpretations under plausible assumptions that are reasonable for many outcomes of interest. In particular, if aging effects can be assumed to be invariant over the course of an observation interval, and if separate panel samples of the full age distribution overlap within the same observation interval, then period and aging effects can be parameterized and interpreted separately, adjusted for cohort differences that pulse through the same observation interval. The estimated cohort effects during the observation interval are then interpretable as effects during the observation interval of entangled period and cumulated aging differences from before the observation interval.

scholarly journals A Rolling Panel Model of Cohort, Period, and Aging Effects for the Analysis of the General Social Survey

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Stephen L. Morgan ◽  
Jiwon Lee
Keyword(s):  
Panel Data ◽  
Observation Interval ◽  
Age Distribution ◽  
General Social Survey ◽  
Birth Cohorts ◽  
Aging Effects ◽  
Cross Sectional ◽  
Social Survey ◽  
Cohort Differences ◽  
Panel Model

The linear dependence of age, period, and birth cohort is a challenge for the analysis of social change. With either repeated cross-sectional data or conventional panel data, raw change cannot be decomposed into over-time differences that are attributable to the effects of common experiences of alternative birth cohorts, features of the periods under observation, and the cumulation of lifecourse aging. This article proposes a rolling panel model for cohort, period, and aging effects, suggested by and tuned to the treble panel data collected for the General Social Survey (GSS) from 2006 through 2014. While the model does not offer a general solution for the identification of the classical age-period-cohort (APC) accounting model, it yields warranted interpretations under plausible assumptions that are reasonable for many outcomes of interest. In particular, if aging effects can be assumed to be invariant over the course of an observation interval, and if separate panel samples of the full age distribution overlap within the same observation interval, then period and aging effects can be parameterized and interpreted separately, adjusted for cohort differences that pulse through the same observation interval. The estimated cohort effects during the observation interval are then interpretable as effects during the observation interval of entangled period and cumulated aging differences from before the observation interval.

scholarly journals Hebdomadal Patterns of Compensatory Behaviour: Weekday and Weekend Housework Participation in Canada, 1986–2010

2019 ◽  
Vol 34 (2) ◽  
pp. 174-192 ◽  
Author(s):  
Kamila Kolpashnikova ◽  
Man-Yee Kan
Keyword(s):  
Labour Market ◽  
Time Use ◽  
General Social Survey ◽  
Theoretical Frameworks ◽  
Social Survey ◽  
Time Availability ◽  
Low Levels

Quantitative housework research focused on aggregate weekly hours, which are inadequate in revealing hebdomadal compensatory behaviour in housework participation because such behaviour is likely to occur on weekends when couples have more time to do housework. This article extends the existing theoretical frameworks by accounting for the hebdomadal patterns in routine and non-routine housework tasks. Employing five time-use waves of the Canadian General Social Survey, our study shows that the hebdomadal compensatory behaviour applies both to women and men. Equal-earner and breadwinner wives compensate for their low levels of weekday housework participation by doing more routine housework on weekends. Similarly, husbands also increase their time on routine housework on weekends. Therefore, compensatory behaviour is more likely to depend on hebdomadal time availability rather than on the neutralisation of gender deviance in the labour market (gender deviance neutralisation). Some evidence of the gender deviance neutralisation, however, cannot be completely ruled out.

scholarly journals Loneliness from young adulthood to old age: Explaining age differences in loneliness

2020 ◽  
pp. 016502542097104 ◽  
Author(s):  
Louise C. Hawkley ◽  
Susanne Buecker ◽  
Till Kaiser ◽  
Maike Luhmann
Keyword(s):  
Social Interactions ◽  
Age Differences ◽  
Household Income ◽  
General Social Survey ◽  
Age Groups ◽  
Living Alone ◽  
Nonlinear Relationship ◽  
Cross Sectional ◽  
Social Survey ◽  
Nationally Representative

Prior research in non-U.S. samples has found a complex nonlinear relationship between loneliness and age. This research has shown that established predictors of loneliness—poor health, being unmarried, living alone, and having infrequent social interactions—help to explain age differences in loneliness. However, while some variables were found to be universal predictors of loneliness at all ages, others were relevant in specific age groups only. In this study, we describe age differences in frequency of loneliness from age 18 to 89+ years in the U.S. and examine age differences in predictors of loneliness from age-specificity and age-normative perspectives. We used cross-sectional nationally representative data from the General Social Survey ( N = 2,477) and found a nonlinear relationship between age and loneliness that closely resembles prior research. However, we found no evidence for age-specific predictors of loneliness. Household income, household size, marital status, health, and frequency of socializing were “universal” predictors of loneliness; their associations with loneliness did not differ in strength with age. Our hypothesis that individuals who deviated from age-specific norms would experience more intense loneliness was not supported. Implications for research and loneliness interventions are discussed.

scholarly journals Increasing American Political Tolerance: A Framework Excluding Hate Speech

2020 ◽  
Vol 6 ◽  
pp. 237802312090395
Author(s):  
Anna Boch
Keyword(s):  
Hate Speech ◽  
Civil Liberties ◽  
General Social Survey ◽  
The United States ◽  
Political Tolerance ◽  
Liberal Democracies ◽  
Cross Sectional ◽  
Social Survey ◽  
College Educated ◽  
New Framework

According to prior research, political tolerance has either stagnated since the 1970s (if to be tolerant one must be tolerant of every group in all circumstances) or steadily increased (if tolerance is measured using an index, averaging across groups). Using General Social Survey cross-sectional and panel data on civil liberties, this article proposes a new framework: separating out the groups that use hate speech from those that may be only controversial. The United States is unique among Western liberal democracies in not having a prohibition against hate speech. By applying a dichotomous hate speech framework to measuring political tolerance, this article finds that the proportion of Americans who are always tolerant has increased by 8 percentage points from 1996 to 2018. Meanwhile, tolerance of groups that use hate speech has remained flat and even decreased among groups that historically were more tolerant of such groups, including the college educated.

scholarly journals Multiple health conditions and barriers to healthcare among older Australians: prevalence, reasons and types of barriers

2018 ◽  
Vol 24 (1) ◽  
pp. 82 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jeromey B. Temple ◽  
Ruth Williams
Keyword(s):  
Waiting Times ◽  
General Social Survey ◽  
Healthcare Setting ◽  
Health Conditions ◽  
Social Survey ◽  
Unfair Treatment ◽  
Barriers To Healthcare ◽  
Low Levels ◽  
Australian Bureau Of Statistics ◽  
Multiple Health

Accompanying population ageing is an increase in the number of older Australians living with multiple health conditions and disabilities (Australian Institute of Health and Welfare 2014). This study sought to examine the barriers to accessing healthcare faced by older Australians. Utilising the 2014 Australian Bureau of Statistics General Social Survey, it was found that 6% of respondents aged 50 years and over reported experiencing a barrier to accessing healthcare within the previous 12 months. Those with multiple health conditions are at a considerably higher risk of experiencing a barrier to healthcare (21% with four or more disabilities) compared with people with no or fewer health conditions, and this risk persists once wide-ranging control variables are included. Long waiting times or unavailability of appointments (43%) were the main type of barriers to accessing healthcare, followed by cost (23%). Points-of-care barriers experienced included accessing GPs, specialists and hospital sector care. Respondents who experienced a barrier were more likely to have low levels of trust in the healthcare system compared with people who had no experience of barriers to healthcare, and were more likely to have a perception of experiencing discrimination or unfair treatment in a healthcare setting.

Americans’ Attitudes Toward Welfare State Spending for Old-Age Programs: An Analysis of Period and Cohort Differences

2005 ◽  
Vol 6 (4) ◽  
pp. 203-211 ◽  
Author(s):  
Tracy L. Dietz ◽  
Melissa Castora
Keyword(s):  
Social Security ◽  
Welfare State ◽  
Old Age ◽  
General Social Survey ◽  
Standard Of Living ◽  
State Spending ◽  
Cross Sectional ◽  
Retirement Benefits ◽  
Cohort Differences ◽  
The Government

Using data from the General Social Survey the current study examines period and cohort differences in attitudes toward welfare state spending for old age programs. Using the Torres-Gil classification system, the study uses cross-sectional data from the 1984–2004 waves of data to identify any differences by period and cohort group membership in whether or not it is the government’s responsibility to provide a decent standard of living for older adults, whether or not respondents felt that the current level of spending for Social Security was adequate, and whether or not respondents were willing to make sacrifices such as paying higher taxes to pay for greater retirement benefits. The findings suggest that the generational conflict that many suggested might arise has not come to fruition. Indeed, the youngest cohorts in these analysis were the most likely to support higher taxes to pay for better retirement benefits. Perhaps more interesting were the findings that there were no significant period effects for whether or not the government was responsible for providing a decent standard of living but there were such effects when examining whether or not Social Security funding levels were adequate.

Nonstandard Employment and Job Satisfaction across Time in China: Evidence from the Chinese General Social Survey (2006–2012)

2020 ◽  
pp. 095001702092636
Author(s):  
Kritkorn Nawakitphaitoon ◽  
Can Tang
Keyword(s):  
Job Satisfaction ◽  
General Social Survey ◽  
Employment Relations ◽  
Cross Sectional Survey ◽  
Cross Sectional ◽  
Social Survey ◽  
Nonstandard Employment ◽  
Chinese General Social Survey ◽  
Ownership Types ◽  
Over Time

This study examines the association of nonstandard employment with job satisfaction over time in China. An analysis is carried out using the Chinese General Social Survey (CGSS), a large cross-sectional survey that collected data from over 3000 workers across different industries, ownership types and regions in China in 2006, 2008 and 2012. The empirical results show that in 2006, nonstandard employment workers, on average, were less satisfied with their jobs than their counterparts in standard employment, all else being equal. However, these differences in job satisfaction became very small and insignificant in 2008 and 2012. The results from the propensity score matching exercise provide a similar conclusion. These findings suggest that improvements in regulations and employment relations in China have increased job satisfaction for nonstandard employment workers.

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