scholarly journals Caring Beyond National Borders: The YMCA and Chinese Laborers in World War I Europe

2009 ◽  
Vol 78 (2) ◽  
pp. 327-349 ◽  
Author(s):  
Peter Chen-main Wang
Keyword(s):  
North America ◽  
World War I ◽  
International Committee ◽  
Church History ◽  
Modern China ◽  
International Project ◽  
World War ◽  
Young Men's Christian Association ◽  
Manpower Shortage ◽  
National Borders

It is well known that 175,000 Chinese laborers worked for Allied troops in Europe during World War I. This phenomenon has been recorded in major WWI histories and has become the topic of monographs in Chinese and Western languages. Chinese laborers solved the Allied problem of a serious manpower shortage and made contributions to military fieldwork, construction, and factory work. Comparatively speaking, few scholars have paid attention to the Christian work among the Chinese laborers, which gave them considerable comfort and assistance and which laid the foundation for other service to Chinese laborers in France. Though some people have a general understanding that the Young Men's Christian Association (including the British YMCA and the International Committee of the YMCA in North America) was the most active and energetic group in offering assistance to the Chinese laborers, little has been written that explains the YMCA operations among the laborers, preventing a fair and thorough evaluation of the YMCA's service to the Chinese laborers. This paper, based on material from the American YMCA Archives, the Canadian Church Archives, and some Chinese writings on this topic, attempts to investigate the origin, operation, and development of this YMCA international project and to assess its significance in church history and in modern China.

scholarly journals Sprawy polskie w Kanadzie w czasie I wojny światoweJ

2020 ◽  
Vol 46 (2 (176)) ◽  
pp. 227-245
Author(s):  
Anna Reczyńska
Keyword(s):  
North America ◽  
World War I ◽  
Ethnic Group ◽  
Lake Ontario ◽  
World War ◽  
Training Camp ◽  
The Us ◽  
The Impact

Polish Issues in Canada During World War I The article presents the impact of World War I on Polish immigrants in Canada, the position of the Polish ethnic group in this country and the efforts of persons of Polish descent in regard to recruitment for the Polish Army in North America. Poles, who were subjects of Germany or the Austro-Hungarian Empire were treated as enemy aliens. Those people were forced to register and report to the police on a regular basis and some of them were interned in labour camps during the war. Some were released from the camps after an intervention of Polish organizations and priests. Soldiers of Polish descent, volunteers and recruits also fought in the Canadian Expeditionary Forces in Europe. Over 20,000 Polish volunteers from the US (including over 200 from Canada) enrolled in a training camp formed in Niagara-on-the-Lake, Ontario on the border with the US. The problems with the organization and functioning of the camp, and opinions on Polish volunteers shaped the attitude of many Canadians towards the Polish diaspora and the newly established Polish state. Keywords: World War I, Polish Diaspora in Canada, Niagara-on-the-Lake camp, Haller’s Army, Colonel Arthur D’Orr LePan Streszczenie Artykuł przedstawia kilka przykładów obrazujących oddziaływanie wydarzeń I wojny światowej na żyjących w Kanadzie polskich imigrantów, pozycję polskiej grupy etnicznej w tym kraju oraz na aktywność osób polskiego pochodzenia na rzecz rekrutacji do wojska polskiego w Ameryce Północnej. Polaków, którzy byli poddanymi Niemiec lub monarchii austro-wegierskiej traktowano jak przedstawicieli państw wrogich. Mieli obowiązek rejestracji i regularnego zgłaszania się na policję a niektórzy zostali internowani w stworzonych w czasie wojny obozach pracy. Część z nich była z tych obozów zwolniona po interwencji polskich organizacji i polskich duchownych. Żołnierze polskiego pochodzenia, zarówno ochotnicy jak i poborowi, znaleźli się także w oddziałach Kanadyjskich Sił Ekspedycyjnych walczących w Europie. Ponad 20 tys. polskich ochotników z USA (w tym ponad 200 z Kanady) zgłosiło się też do obozu szkoleniowego utworzonego w Niagara-on-the-Lake, Ontario, przy granicy z USA. Problemy z organizacją i funkcjonowaniem tego obozu oraz opinie o polskich ochotnikach, kształtowały nastawienie wielu Kanadyjczyków do polskiej grupy etnicznej i nowotworzonego Państwa Polskiego.

scholarly journals The Image of Ion I. C. Brătianu in The Foreign Press of 1916

2017 ◽  
Vol 23 (2) ◽  
pp. 261-264
Author(s):  
Gheorghe Calcan
Keyword(s):  
World War I ◽  
Prime Minister ◽  
International Level ◽  
World War ◽  
National History ◽  
Military Camp ◽  
The Moment ◽  
The Military ◽  
National Borders ◽  
The Way

Abstract Our paper aims to highlight the way Ion I. C. Brătianu was presented outside national borders in a fundamental moment of our national history, namely the integration of Romania into the operations of World War I in 1916. At that landmark moment, Ion I. C. Brătianu was Prime Minister of the country and was perceived abroad as the most powerful personality in the Romanian decisionmaking space, on whom the very decision to enter the war was hanging on. Foreign observers considered that Brătianu would not integrate with the war other than besides the military camp and in the moment that would definitely ensure their final victory. In order to sketch his image at international level we mainly used the information provided by the French press of the time (especially newspaper “Le Figaro”).

scholarly journals Processes of Survival and Resistance: Indigenous Soldiers in the Great War in Joseph Boyden’s Three Day Road and Gerald Vizenor’s Blue Ravens

2018 ◽  
Vol 53 (s1) ◽  
pp. 375-394
Author(s):  
Brygida Gasztold
Keyword(s):  
North America ◽  
World War I ◽  
Racial Discrimination ◽  
Indigenous Peoples ◽  
Great War ◽  
Literary Representations ◽  
World War ◽  
Research Focus ◽  
Personal Experiences ◽  
The Great War

Abstract Joseph Boyden’s Three Day Road (2005) and Gerald Vizenor’s Blue Ravens (2014) offer literary representations of the Great War combined with life narratives focusing on the personal experiences of Indigenous soldiers. The protagonists’ lives on the reservations, which illustrate the experiences of racial discrimination and draw attention to power struggles against the White dominance, provide a representation of and a response to the experiences of Indigenous peoples in North America. The context of World War I and the Aboriginal contributions to American and Canadian wartime responses on European battlefields are used in the novels to take issue with the historically relevant changes. The research focus of this paper is to discuss two strategies of survival presented in Boyden’s and Vizenor’s novels, which enable the protagonists to process, understand, and overcome the trauma of war.

The Interchurch World Movement and the Great Steel Strike of 1919–1920

1970 ◽  
Vol 39 (2) ◽  
pp. 212-223
Author(s):  
Eldon G. Ernst
Keyword(s):  
North America ◽  
World War I ◽  
American People ◽  
World War ◽  
General Decline ◽  
Peculiar Character

Among the disruptive events of 1919 and 1920 during which the American people burst from their single-minded military drive into a confusion of renewed interests finally to settle into the peculiar character and mood of the twenties, was the Interchurch World Movement of North America. Expressing the American optimism and enthusiasm at the conclusion of World War I and then the disillusionment and retreat which soon followed, the Interchurch World Movement marked a significant transition in American Protestant history. The Interchurch World Movement's financial collapse and its abortive attempt to maintain the churches’ wartime crusading zeal contributed to the general decline of Protestant creativity, influence, and prestige in America during the 1920s.

Churches in the Alabama Black Belt 1875–1917

1954 ◽  
Vol 23 (2) ◽  
pp. 153-174 ◽  
Author(s):  
Glenn N. Sisk
Keyword(s):  
Civil War ◽  
World War I ◽  
Cross Section ◽  
Local Church ◽  
Transition Period ◽  
Church History ◽  
Southern Region ◽  
Black Belt ◽  
World War ◽  
Modern Period

This is a segment of local church history in the South in the transition period from the Civil War and Reconstruction to the modern period of World War I. The cross section described here was no doubt typical of most of the deep Southern region with the exception of such areas as the Catholic district of Louisiana. The manner in which the Baptists and Methodists had catered to pioneer needs in furnishing a highly emotional religion without the requirement of an educated clergy certainly contributed to their large memberships in the period covered here.

scholarly journals History of Phases in Textbook Revisions at the 1928 Oslo Conference from the Hungarian Perspective

2016 ◽  
Vol 3 (2) ◽  
Author(s):  
Gábor Albert
Keyword(s):  
World War I ◽  
International Committee ◽  
History Textbooks ◽  
League Of Nations ◽  
Ministry Of Education ◽  
Historical Science ◽  
World War ◽  
History Of ◽  
Conference Delegate

This study is focused on phases of the textbook revision movement and textbook debates from the Oslo Conference organized by the International Committee of Historians in 1928. It is based on interviews by the contemporary Norwegian newspaper “Aftenposten” and on reports to the Hungarian Ministry of Education written by the Hungarian conference delegate, Sandor Domanovszky, one of the greatest Hungarian historians and authors of textbooks. Further, the author examines Kuno Klebelsberg’s (leader of the Hungarian Ministry of Education between 1922 and 1931) attitudes to the textbook issue. After World War I the Hungarian textbook revision movement was examined in depth by the institutions of the League of Nations, and at events of the International Committee of Historical Science (Comité International des Sciences Historiques – CISH). The textbook revision movement aimed to filter out tendentious and distorted prejudices towards other nations in history textbooks.

Africa’s Approach to Human Rights at the United Nations

1976 ◽  
Vol 6 (4) ◽  
pp. 14-21
Author(s):  
Warren Weinstein
Keyword(s):  
Human Rights ◽  
World War Ii ◽  
World War I ◽  
International Committee ◽  
Red Cross ◽  
Political Rights ◽  
Humanitarian Law ◽  
International Labor Organization ◽  
World War ◽  
The Law

International concern with the rights of man is not new. During the 1800s the movement to abolish slavery was an emanation of this concern. In the mid-1800s the International Committee of the Red Cross was founded in reaction to the lack of care for wounded soldiers on battlefield. Under its aegis there developed humanitarian law, both the Law of Geneva and the Law of The Hague.In the post World War I period, civil and political rights were given international protection in a series of “minorities treaties.” In addition, economic and social rights received international recognition with the creation of the International Labor Organization (I.L.O.) in 1919. Refugees received assistance with the establishment of a High Commissioner for Refugees. It has, however, only been in the post World War II period that international human rights, and their protection, have received extensive recognition.

The German University and Its Influence

2019 ◽  
pp. 274-288
Author(s):  
Charles E. McClelland
Keyword(s):  
Higher Education ◽  
Nineteenth Century ◽  
North America ◽  
World War I ◽  
Research University ◽  
World War ◽  
Student Preparation ◽  
New Model ◽  
Higher Education Systems ◽  
The University

The new-model German university of the nineteenth century built upon previous efforts to reform higher education and reached its highest point of development and influence before World War I. It shaped the roles of universities worldwide. Reforms reflected the conscious creation of institutions promoting cutting-edge research, in fields from physics and medicine to law and theology. This was combined with the highest standards of active, self-involved student preparation for the learned professions. Yet even at the height of its prestige, its contradictions and limitations were already visible by the 1920s. When the concept of the elite research university is subject to critique, revisiting its origins in Germany can provide stimulus to debates about the future of the university, not only in North America and Europe but in all countries with higher education systems influenced by the German or American models.

Force versus law: The International Committee of the Red Cross and chemical warfare in the Italo-Ethiopian war 1935–1936

1998 ◽  
Vol 38 (322) ◽  
pp. 81-104
Author(s):  
Rainer Baudendistel
Keyword(s):  
World War I ◽  
Chemical Warfare Agents ◽  
International Committee ◽  
Chemical Warfare ◽  
League Of Nations ◽  
Red Cross ◽  
Biological Warfare ◽  
World War ◽  
Warfare Agents ◽  
First Time

During World War I, chemical warfare agents were widely used for the first time on all major fronts with an unprecedented number of casualties, and immediately after the war attempts were made to outlaw this latest weapon. Responsibility for the drafting of specific laws fell to the League of Nations, reflecting the belief that this was a matter of concern for the whole world, not just for the victors in the war. On 17 June 1925, the Geneva Protocol for the prohibition of the use in war of asphyxiating, poisonous or other gases and of bacteriological methods of warfare was signed by 26 States.3 It contained a categorical prohibition to resort to chemical and biological warfare. The signature of the Protocol raised high hopes of an effective ban on chemical warfare, but adherence progressed slowly. A number of States, visibly not trusting the Protocol to be implemented in the forthright manner suggested by the text, made major reservations.

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