THE ECLIPSE OF XERXES IN HERODOTUS 7.37:LUX A NON OBSCURANDO

2014 ◽  
Vol 64 (2) ◽  
pp. 471-492
Author(s):  
Eric Glover
Keyword(s):  
History Of Science ◽  
Greek Literature ◽  
Fair Share ◽  
Historical Events ◽  
History Of ◽  
Solar Eclipses ◽  
Shed Light

Reports of lunar and solar eclipses are of interest to students of both history and the history of science. Used with care, they can anchor significant historical events in time. Greek literature, like that of other civilizations, has its fair share of such reports. Often they motivate the actions of characters or expose aspects of belief. Sometimes they shed light on the assumptions of the writer. There are three places in theHistoriesof Herodotus where the author mentions darkenings of the sky (generally taken to be solar eclipses), which have narrative significance and which assist in dating the wars between the Lydians and the Medes (1.74) and between the Greeks and the Persians (7.37 and 9.10).

Disciplined by the Discipline: A Social-Epistemic Fingerprint of the History of Science

2015 ◽  
Vol 28 (2) ◽  
pp. 195-214 ◽  
Author(s):  
Raf Vanderstraeten ◽  
Frederic Vandermoere
Keyword(s):  
History Of Science ◽  
Empirical Analysis ◽  
Research Practices ◽  
Scientific Communities ◽  
History Of ◽  
Publication Practices ◽  
Scientific System ◽  
Shed Light

ArgumentThe scientific system is primarily differentiated into disciplines. While disciplines may be wide in scope and diverse in their research practices, they serve scientific communities that evaluate research and also grant recognition to what is published. The analysis of communication and publication practices within such a community hence allows us to shed light on the dynamics of this discipline. On the basis of an empirical analysis of Isis, we show how the process of discipline-building in history of science has led its practitioners to be socialized and sensitized in relatively strong intra-disciplinary terms – with minimal interdisciplinary openness.

scholarly journals The evolution of the doctrine of the infallibility of the Pope in the Catholic beliefs. "An historical contract study"

2020 ◽  
Vol 9 (1) ◽  
pp. 185
Author(s):  
Ahmed Abd Al Awaisheh ◽  
Hala Ghassan Al Hussein
Keyword(s):  
Middle Ages ◽  
Catholic Church ◽  
Second Vatican Council ◽  
Historical Events ◽  
Vatican Council ◽  
History Of ◽  
The Impact ◽  
Modern Era ◽  
Shed Light ◽  
The Middle Ages

This study examines the history of the development of the doctrine of infallibility of the Pope (Bishop of Rome) in the Catholic Church, from the Middle Ages to its adoption as a dogmatic constitution, to shed light on the impact of the course of historical events on the crystallization of this doctrine and the conceptual structure upon which it was based. The study concluded that the doctrine of infallibility of the Pope was based on the concept of the Peter theory, and it went through several stages, the most prominent of which was the period of turbulence in the Middle Ages, and criticism in the modern era, and a series of historical events in the nineteenth century contributed to the siege of the papal seat, which prompted Pius The ninth to endorsing the doctrine of infallibility of the Pope to confront these criticisms in the first Vatican Council in 1870 AD, by defining the concept of infallibility in the context of faith education and ethics, and this decision was emphasized in the Second Vatican Council in 1964 AD, but in more detail.

scholarly journals XXXI.—On some early Latin Stories, imitated at a later period by Chaucer and Shakespeare. By Thomas Wright, F.S.A.

Archaeologia ◽  
1846 ◽  
Vol 32 (2) ◽  
pp. 362-367
Author(s):  
Thomas Wright
Keyword(s):  
History Of Science ◽  
Middle Ages ◽  
Private Life ◽  
Wide Field ◽  
Literature And Science ◽  
Historical Events ◽  
Science And Art ◽  
History Of ◽  
Manuscript Collections ◽  
The Middle Ages

There are many obscure nooks and corners in the wide field of antiquarian research, which must be carefully explored, if we would make ourselves thoroughly acquainted with the history, or the literature and science, or the archæology of the Middle Ages. We shall find facts in the history of science and art among the heavy folios of the scholastic writers, which seem at first sight to forbid all attempt at perusal. Historical events are often cleared up from what has been looked upon as the refuse of manuscript collections, and hardly to be distinguished from the dust in which it has so long lain buried. Manners and customs of private life receive the most interesting illustration from the bills of butlers and cooks, from the parish register, or from the local court book.

What’s Forgotten About The Structure of Scientific Revolutions?

2021 ◽  
Vol 15 (3) ◽  
pp. 323-339
Author(s):  
Jouni-Matti Kuukkanen
Keyword(s):  
Philosophy Of Science ◽  
History Of Science ◽  
Historical Record ◽  
Philosophy Of History ◽  
First Century ◽  
Historical Events ◽  
Scientific Revolutions ◽  
The Past ◽  
Structure Of Scientific Revolutions ◽  
History Of

Abstract Thomas Kuhn’s The Structure of Scientific Revolutions is a classic, and it is certainly not forgotten. However, an essential aspect about it has been neglected. That is, Kuhn’s Structure is a book in philosophy of history in the sense that Structure attempts gives an account of historical events, focuses on the whole of the history of science and stipulates a structure of the history of science to explain historical events. Kuhn’s book and its contribution to the debates about the progress of science and the contingency and inevitability of the history of science shows why and how philosophy of history is relevant for the history and philosophy of science. Its successful integration of historical and philosophical aspects in one account makes it worthwhile reading also for philosophers of history in the twentieth-first century. In particular, it raises the question whether the historical record can justify philosophical views and comprehensive syntheses of the past.

Philological Observation

2020 ◽  
pp. 1-30
Author(s):  
Christian Flow
Keyword(s):  
Nineteenth Century ◽  
History Of Science ◽  
Art History ◽  
Scientific Inquiry ◽  
Founding Father ◽  
Recent Interest ◽  
History Of ◽  
Shed Light

Scholars have shown that historicizing studies of sight can shed light on everything from art history to statecraft to scientific inquiry. But the disciplined eye of the scholar of language—the philological observer—has received little attention, an omission particularly worthy of notice given recent interest in how the history of humanities might be incorporated into the history of science more broadly. This article contributes to a treatment of philological observation in the nineteenth century. Focusing particularly on the career of the Munich Latinist Eduard Wölfflin (1831–1908), a founding father of the monumental Latin lexicon known as the Thesaurus linguae Latinae, it isolates three distinct modes of philological observation: the constitutive, the collative, and the estimative. In the process, it indicates parallels between the kinds of sight practiced by philologists and those of their contemporaries in other investigative arenas, showing how developments on a Latinist's desk can be tied into much larger networks of cultural and epistemic concerns

Aristotle's On the Soul

2022 ◽  
Keyword(s):  
History Of Science ◽  
Philosophy Of Mind ◽  
Ancient Philosophy ◽  
Causal Powers ◽  
History Of Interpretation ◽  
Profound Influence ◽  
Key Concepts ◽  
History Of ◽  
Intellectual Context ◽  
Shed Light

Aristotle's On the Soul aims to uncover the principle of life, what Aristotle calls psuchē (soul). For Aristotle, soul is the form which gives life to a body and causes all its living activities, from breathing to thinking. Aristotle develops a general account of all types of living through examining soul's causal powers. The thirteen new essays in this Critical Guide demonstrate the profound influence of Aristotle's inquiry on biology, psychology and philosophy of mind from antiquity to the present. They deepen our understanding of his key concepts, including form, reason, capacity, and activity. This volume situates Aristotle in his intellectual context and draws judiciously from his other works as well as the history of interpretation to shed light on his intricate views. It also highlights ongoing interpretive debates and Aristotle's continuing relevance. It will prove invaluable for researchers in ancient philosophy and the history of science and ideas.

Classifying ‘Eoliths’: How Cultural Cognition Featured in Arguments Surrounding Claims for the Earliest Human Artefacts as these Developed Between 1880 and 1900

2010 ◽  
Vol 10 (3-4) ◽  
pp. 341-375 ◽  
Author(s):  
Roy Ellen ◽  
Angela Muthana
Keyword(s):  
History Of Science ◽  
Cognitive Anthropology ◽  
Human Origin ◽  
Scientific Interest ◽  
Cultural Experience ◽  
The Face ◽  
History Of ◽  
Comparative Ethnography ◽  
Shed Light ◽  
The Way

Abstract‘Eoliths’ were crude but purportedly humanly worked stones that exercised a great deal of scientific interest between about 1870 and 1930. They became a problem in the context of the debate surrounding the existence of pre-humans in Europe before the beginning of the Pleistocene epoch, and are now mostly reckoned to be of non-human origin. This paper addresses the way in which a network of geologists and prehistorians associated with Benjamin Harrison, the celebrated collector of the first English eoliths, attempted to make sense of barely recognizable artefacts in the period immediately following the establishment of human antiquity in the face of orthodox creationist chronologies. Harrison and his associates did so by innovating a series of criteria, names, categories and crosscutting classifications drawn from their own cultural experience, and typologies available to them through the comparative ethnography of technology. Using concepts and insights developed in cognitive anthropology, we shall attempt to shed light on a controversy in the history of science that has implications for our understanding of the way in which scientists more generally employ ‘provisional classifications’, folk categories and vernacular terminology in order to make sense of domains of intractable data at the frontiers of knowledge.

scholarly journals ASTRONOMICAL DATING OF BIBLICAL EVENTS

2020 ◽  
Vol 6 (3(72)) ◽  
pp. 11-21
Author(s):  
V.V. Kubarev
Keyword(s):  
Ancient Egypt ◽  
Ancient Rome ◽  
Historical Events ◽  
The Past ◽  
History Of ◽  
Exact Identification ◽  
Solar Eclipses

The Dating of biblical events is legendary and weakly correlated with the bright astronomical phenomena described in the Chronicles and which can be identified with modern mathematical tools. According to the author this is due to false traditional chronology, erroneous geographical reference, and deliberate adaptation of phenomena and events by theologians and historians to established stereotypes. The study of ancient Chronicles, Biblical descriptions and his own reconstruction of the history of Ancient Egypt, Ancient Rome and the chronology of monotheistic religions, allowed the author to uniquely link the chronological line of the past to the chain of historical events, characters and celestial occurrence. All astronomical phenomena of ancient Chronicles have found their exact identification with calculated Solar Eclipses and Zodiacs, which instrumentally confirms the correctness of the short chronology of the past and the author's reconstruction of history.

scholarly journals THE FIRMANS OF NADIR-SHAH AFSHAR IN THE NAME OF KAYTAG UTSMIY AHMAD-KHAN

2020 ◽  
Vol 16 (2) ◽  
pp. 232-263
Author(s):  
Patimat M. Alibekova
Keyword(s):  
Comparative Analysis ◽  
Historical Period ◽  
Historical Events ◽  
National Library ◽  
Good Source ◽  
White Spots ◽  
History Of ◽  
Scientific Value ◽  
Shed Light

The article presents epistolary sources in Persian from the Dagestan collection of firmans of Persian shahs in the name of the Kaitag utsmis. At the Institute of history, archaeology and Ethnography of DFRC RAS stored microfilms of these firmans received from the National library of France, where utsmic collection hit in the second half of the ХΙХ century. Copies of the firmans of Persian shahs in the name of Kaitag utsmis exist in the libraries of Georgia. They are published by the Georgian scientists with the typed texts and translation in Georgian and Russian languages. A comparative analysis of the documents revealed that the Georgian collection is fuller than the Paris collection, there are copies made by different katibs in the collections, and there are textual discrepancies and discrepancies in the Dating of firmans. We present in this article a facsimile of the firmans of Nadir Shah addressed to one of the most influential Dagestani rulers of the XVΙΙΙ century Kaitag utsmiy Ahmad-khan, and provide their contents with appropriate comments. Firmans have informative value, serve as a good source base for studying the complex, contradictory historical period, containing a lot of white spots in the history of the Nadir Shah wars in Dagestan. The documents have high scientific value and shed light on the policy of Nadir Shah in the territories under his control, on historical events related to the struggle of the Dagestani peoples for liberation from vassalage, and the policy of the Dagestani rulers. For several years, there was a struggle between the Dagestani highlanders and the Shah of Iran. The final victory over Nadir Shah was won only when the combined forces of the Avars, Kaitag people, akushins, kumukhs, Tabasarans, and all Dagestani peoples took part in the fight against the enemy in Andalal. Firmans convey the atmosphere of historical events, threats against recalcitrant mountaineers are heard more often, the tone of Nadir's letters, promising endless Shah's favors in exchange for submission, is replaced by a menacing, sometimes offensive one. 

On A Regularity Of The Intellectual Evolution Of Mankind

2020 ◽  
Vol 12 (2) ◽  
pp. 99-110
Author(s):  
Rovshan Sabir Hajiyev ◽  
Keyword(s):  
Comparative Analysis ◽  
Social Development ◽  
Intellectual Development ◽  
Historical Events ◽  
Methodological Basis ◽  
Historical Processes ◽  
Global Problems ◽  
History Of ◽  
Shed Light

The article explores yet another view of the history of mankind, and examines global problems related to historical processes, which are still far from receiving an unequivocal explanation. As an alternative to Marxism and other theories of social development that shed light on key historical events and global processes, I propose an account based on the hypothesis of the age periodization of the intellectual evolution of mankind. The main provisions of the hypothesis are set out in the content of the article. The methodological basis of the hypothesis is a comparative analysis of ontogenesis and phylogenesis. In other words, on the basis of known laws of intellectual development in ontogeny, I examine historical processes occurring in phylogeny, paying special attention to the substantiation of the main provisions of the hypothesis of the age periodization of the intellectual evolution of mankind.

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