scholarly journals CAESAR CRISS-CROSSING THE RUBICON: A PALINDROMIC ACROSTIC IN LUCAN (1.218–22)

2015 ◽  
Vol 65 (2) ◽  
pp. 892-894 ◽  
Author(s):  
E. Giusti
Keyword(s):  
Civil War ◽  
Small Stream ◽  
Poetic Representation ◽  
Programmatic Statement ◽  
Set Up

Lucan's account of Caesar crossing the Rubicon (1.213–22) is dense with metapoetic allusion. Although the river has been specified as a small stream at Caesar's arrival (ut uentum est parui Rubiconis ad undas, 1.185), it becomes swollen, tumidus, as soon as Caesar ‘breaks the delay of war’ and ‘carries his standards in haste over the [now] swollen river’ (inde moras soluit belli tumidumque per amnem | signa tulit propere, 1.204-5). This has been pinpointed both as a metapoetic signpost of Lucan's engagement with the anti-Callimachean swollen river of grandiose epic (Callim. Hymn 2.108-9) at the outbreak of (his) Civil War, and as a programmatic statement that the whole Bellum Ciuile will set up a series of contrasts between Caesar's urgency in crossing boundaries and Lucan's narrative obstructions to or compliances with Caesar's progress. In fact, as Jamie Masters notes, ‘in spite of the “undoing of delay,” the perfect “tulit” and the adverb “propere,” Caesar has not crossed the river yet; or if he has, he must do it again’, precisely at 1.213–22. Within this densely self-reflexive passage, Lucan inserts a palindromic acrostic which signals both the doubling of Caesar's action (or at least the poet's double mention of the action) and Lucan's poetic representation of Caesar taming the forces of nature.

Writing

2019 ◽  
pp. 174-223
Author(s):  
Artemis Leontis
Keyword(s):  
World War Ii ◽  
Cold War ◽  
Civil War ◽  
Political Action ◽  
World War ◽  
Art Of Living ◽  
Critical Moment ◽  
Set Up ◽  
The Cold War ◽  
Primary Medium

This chapter follows Eva Palmer Sikelianos's life to its end. From writing Upward Panic to exchanging weaving tips, to translating Angelos Sikelianos's work, to becoming a polylingual correspondent with hundreds of people as World War II gave way to the Cold War, Eva made writing the primary medium of her art of living. She found urgency in writing—a clarity of purpose that propelled her into the present in a new way—especially after she received a contraband package of Angelos's wartime resistance poems on the eve of the Greek civil war in 1944. The urgency of that critical moment thrust her into political action, turning her pen into a tool for anti-imperialist activism in a way that set up her brilliant last act.

scholarly journals Repatriation of Polish refugees of World War I: the case of the Altai Province

2021 ◽  
Vol 20 (4) ◽  
pp. 508-516
Author(s):  
Yurii M. Goncharov ◽  
Ksenia A. Tishkina
Keyword(s):  
Civil War ◽  
World War I ◽  
Economic Crisis ◽  
Forced Migration ◽  
World War ◽  
Southern Siberia ◽  
Secondary Sources ◽  
The Past ◽  
Set Up ◽  
The Many

During World War I a large number of refugees evacuated to the Russian Empires periphery, such as the many Poles who were temporarily transported eastward to Siberia. This article studies their repatriation after the conflicts end, which bears some relevance to forced migration, refugees and repatriation in todays world. Based on archival and secondary sources, the authors endeavor to reconstruct the repatriation of Polish refugees from Altai province in southern Siberia. Beginning in earnest after the Soviet Unions war with Poland of 1918-21, their return was hampered by the difficult conditions of the past Civil War and the countrys economic crisis. Although an extensive network of organizations was set up to carry the repatriation out, poor communication with the center, insufficient staff and the absence of registration forms made its work extremely difficult. At the same time, many refugees returned on their own, which further complicated matters. Nevertheless, most Poles eventually made it back home. The Russian-Ukrainian-Polish Mixed Commission on Repatriation announced that its work was done in 1924, although in fact it lasted for another year.

scholarly journals El ideario político de Roy Campbell y la representación de la Guerra Civil española en su obra poética*

2013 ◽  
pp. 87-103
Author(s):  
Luis Javier Conejero Magro
Keyword(s):  
Civil War ◽  
Political Ideology ◽  
Spanish Civil War ◽  
Poetic Representation ◽  
The Republic ◽  
Degree Of Degradation

In this article, Roy Campbell’s poems inspired by the Spanish Civil War are revisited and re-examined. Their war images and literary references to this conflict are analysed in the light of the poet’s own political ideology. The conclusion is that the contrast between the exaggerated idealisation to which the rebels and their deeds are subjected, and the degree of degradation that those in favour of the Republic reach in their poetic representation is such that it transforms most of its lines into a quasi-Manichean or moralityplaylike pamphlet

WHITENESS, MISCEGENATION, AND ANTI-COLONIAL REBELLION IN RUDYARD KIPLING’S THE MAN WHO WOULD BE KING

2014 ◽  
Vol 42 (4) ◽  
pp. 733-751
Author(s):  
Sharleen Mondal
Keyword(s):  
United States ◽  
Civil War ◽  
The United States ◽  
Brute Force ◽  
Military Experience ◽  
Chester County ◽  
Set Up ◽  
Holy Man ◽  
The U.S

In 1827, Josiah Harlan, a Quaker from Chester County, Pennsylvania, set up camp just south of the border of the Punjab region of India. He rummaged up a ragtag army of Muslim, Hindu, Afghan, and Akali Sikh mercenaries, and with Old Glory flying above him, he and his army started their journey, along with a caravan of saddle horses, camels, carriage cattle, and a royal mace bearer to announce the coming of the would-be American king. With Alexander the Great's march through the same lands twenty-one centuries earlier very much on his mind (Macintyre 40), Harlan set out – under the auspices of restoring the exiled Afghan monarch Shah Shujah to the throne – determined to win power and fame for himself. Disguising himself as a Muslim holy man and at times using brute force, he crossed the Afghan border and ultimately became the Prince of Ghor under secret treaty (227). By 1839, loyal not to Shah Shujah but to his enemy, Dost Mohammed Khan, Harlan returned to his Kabul home to find that the British had seized his property “by right of conquest” (252). Harlan left Kabul, fully intending to return and reclaim his princely title. Once back in the United States, Harlan proposed various schemes to the U.S. government (for which he would be the emissary, of course), including an Afghanistan-U.S. camel trade and grape trade, neither of which succeeded. Harlan penned a memoir that the British lambasted – unsurprisingly, for it sharply criticized the British presence in Afghanistan. In 1862, at the age of sixty-two, with no formal rank or U.S. military experience, Harlan became the colonel of Harlan's Light Cavalry, fighting on the side of the Union in the Civil War (Macintyre 275). Too weak to perform his duties, he left the army the same year, wandered the U.S. aimlessly, and died in 1871, buried “after a funeral without mourners” (286).

The Concept of Opposition in Early Stuart England

1980 ◽  
Vol 12 (3) ◽  
pp. 211-234 ◽  
Author(s):  
Robert Zaller
Keyword(s):  
Eighteenth Century ◽  
Civil War ◽  
David Hume ◽  
Public Affairs ◽  
English Civil War ◽  
English Revolution ◽  
Stuart England ◽  
Set Up ◽  
The Revolution

To Clarendon, the English Civil War was an exercise in folly, pride, and the tragic corruption of the species. Since then, many a thesis has been advanced to explain the Great Rebellion, only to fall before fresh generations of skeptics, each demolishing a predecessor's orthodoxy to set up their own. But old notions die hard. They linger in the words and concepts that once expressed them, which remain impregnated with the old meaning even when the nominal definitions have changed. Such a concept is that of the “Opposition” in early Stuart England. Its history is virtually coextensive with the historiography of the English Revolution, and it remains today at the center of the debate on the origins and meaning of the Revolution.The concept of an Opposition in prerevolutionary England can be traced back to the eighteenth century. David Hume, writing of the 1620s, saw party conflict as an inherent and fundamentally progressive element in the clash between privilege and prerogative. The “wise and moderate,” he asserted, “regarded the very rise of parties as a happy prognostic of the establishment of liberty.” Here already is the germ of the Whig interpretation, which emerges full-blown a century later in Macaulay: [W]hen, in October of 1641, the Parliament reassembled after a short recess, two hostile parties, essentially the same with those which, under different names, have ever since contended, and are still contending, for the direction of public affairs, appeared confronting each other. During some years they were designated as Cavaliers and Roundheads. They were subsequently called Tories and Whigs; nor does it seem that these appellations are likely soon to become obsolete.

Tending to the “Native Word”: Teachers and the Soviet Campaign for Ukrainian-Language Schooling, 1923–1930

2009 ◽  
Vol 37 (3) ◽  
pp. 251-276 ◽  
Author(s):  
Matthew D. Pauly
Keyword(s):  
Civil War ◽  
Educational System ◽  
Qualitative Change ◽  
Language Of Instruction ◽  
National Leaders ◽  
Juvenile Population ◽  
Set Up ◽  
Language Schools ◽  
Revolutionary Period

In the 1920s, the Ukrainian Commissariat of Education and a circle of progressive educators aimed to radically transform the educational system in Ukraine, and, as a consequence, the skills and mentality of its graduates. To do this, they would have to teach students in a language they understood. For nearly three-quarters of the juvenile population of Ukraine, this meant instruction in Ukrainian. Although this may have sounded like a simple proposition, it was not. Throughout the pre-revolutionary period, schools had educated Ukrainian children in Russian, and teachers, regardless of their ethnicity, were trained and accustomed to teaching in it. Pre-revolutionary publications, still widely used in Soviet schools, and even the early Soviet primers were overwhelmingly written in Russian. Ukrainian national leaders had made an attempt to set up a network of Ukrainian-language schools during the country's short-lived period of independence, but their attempts were disrupted by the chaos of civil war and the fall of successive governments. It was under Soviet patronage that the “Ukrainization” of the schools reached its greatest extent; however, it was an achievement that required effort, and real qualitative change in the language of instruction was gradual.

Virgil, Lucan, and the Meaning of Civil War in Valerius Flaccus’ Argonautica

Mnemosyne ◽  
2016 ◽  
Vol 69 (3) ◽  
pp. 511-525 ◽  
Author(s):  
Mark Heerink
Keyword(s):  
Civil War ◽  
Civil Wars ◽  
Full Scale ◽  
Bellum Civile ◽  
Valerius Flaccus ◽  
Set Up ◽  
Recent Monograph ◽  
Alternative Reading

In his recent monograph (2012) Tim Stover has provided the first full-scale study of Valerius Flaccus’ interaction with Lucan’s Bellum Civile, arguing that the Argonautica restores epic after Lucan and optimistically supports Vespasian’s restoration of the Principate after the civil wars of 68-69 ad. Focusing on the ‘civil war’ between the Argonauts and the Doliones in Book 3 of Valerius’ epic, I will propose an alternative reading of the influence of Lucan as well as Virgil’s Aeneid. Although Valerius at first sight seems to set up the Cyzicus episode in Virgilian fashion, he in fact deconstructs this reading, revealing the impossibility of (re)writing an Aeneid in the Flavian age.

scholarly journals The End of Sri Lanka’s Civil War and the Fall of the Liberation Tigers of Tamil Eelam (LTTE): A Critical Analysis of the Contributed Factors to the Defeat of the LTTE

2020 ◽  
Vol 13 (4) ◽  
pp. 147
Author(s):  
M. M. Fazil ◽  
M. A. M. Fowsar
Keyword(s):  
Civil War ◽  
Sri Lanka ◽  
Social Force ◽  
War On Terrorism ◽  
Key Factors ◽  
Global War On Terrorism ◽  
The Government ◽  
Set Up ◽  
Major Factors ◽  
Global War

Sri Lanka came to the international limelight through the backdrop of its undesirable war against the Liberation Tigers of Tamil Eelam (LTTE) that lasted over three decades. The LTTE was formed as a social force, and then it transformed as a leading armed movement to forward their decades-long quest to set up a Tamil homeland in Sri Lanka. The government ended the LTTE’s secessionist struggle in May 2009 after a lengthy and bloody battle. Several national and international factors played a crucial role in ending the civil war sooner. The study used a qualitative method of inquiry to explore the key factors that led to the fall of the LTTE, a vigorous armed movement that attempted to set up a separate state in the Island of Sri Lanka. The findings show that strong political leadership, fortified security forces, implementing sophisticated national security strategies, the split of the LTTE and the global war on terrorism are the major factors that had a significant impact and contributed in the LTTE being defeated in 2009.

Worsened Russian relations will cut Erdogan’s options

2021 ◽  
Keyword(s):  
Civil War ◽  
Nuclear Power Station ◽  
Nuclear Power ◽  
Eastern Mediterranean ◽  
Power Station ◽  
The Caucasus ◽  
Content Type ◽  
Syrian Civil War ◽  
Set Up

Significance Uncertainty about whether Moscow will lift its suspension of flights from June 1 is discouraging Russian tourism into mid-summer. Turkey’s growing defence ties with Ukraine, its higher profile in the Caucasus and President Recep Tayyip Erdogan’s revival of plans for a canal bypassing the Bosphorus threaten to upset Ankara’s delicately balanced relations with Moscow. Impacts Russia will seek to strengthen ties further with Iran and Egypt, Turkey’s rivals in the Caucasus and Eastern Mediterranean. Moscow will be less willing to accommodate Ankara at platforms such as the Astana Process set up to resolve the Syrian civil war. Work on Turkey’s first nuclear power station, being built at Akkuyu by Russia’s Atomstroyexport, is likely to experience further delays.

‘Organising the unpredictable’: the Nigeria–Biafra war and its impact on the ICRC

2012 ◽  
Vol 94 (888) ◽  
pp. 1409-1432 ◽  
Author(s):  
Marie-Luce Desgrandchamps
Keyword(s):  
Civil War ◽  
Turning Point ◽  
International Committee ◽  
Red Cross ◽  
Post Colonial ◽  
Starting Point ◽  
History Of ◽  
New Challenges ◽  
Set Up

AbstractThis article analyses how the events of the late 1960s – and in particular the Nigeria–Biafra War – marked a turning point in the history of the International Committee of the Red Cross (ICRC). The Nigeria-Biafra conflict required the ICRC to set up and coordinate a major relief operation during a civil war in a post-colonial context, posing several new challenges for the organisation. This article shows how the difficulties encountered during the conflict highlighted the need for the Geneva-based organisation to reform the management of its operations, personnel, and communications in order to become more effective and professional. Finally, the article takes the examination of this process within the ICRC as a starting point for a broader discussion of the changing face of the humanitarian sector in the late 1960s.

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