A Feeling Disputation

Dialogue ◽  
1997 ◽  
Vol 36 (4) ◽  
pp. 787-812
Author(s):  
Michael J. Wreen

This, the latest volume in The Douglas Walton Encyclopedia of Argumentation—well, it's starting to look like that, anyway—is primarily concerned with four purported fallacies that involve an appeal to emotion: ad populum, ad misericordiam, ad baculum, and ad hominem. In very rough outline, the layout of the book is this. After some preliminary remarks about the four fallacies in the first chapter, and some remarks about the theoretical framework he will be working with in the second, Walton devotes a chapter apiece to each of the four in the order indicated above. A seventh chapter focuses on “borderline cases,” in which more than one of the so-called fallacies is involved, and an eighth summarizes and refines the findings of earlier chapters. As is obvious, The Place of Emotion is well organized; and, as would be a safe inference for anyone acquainted with any of Walton's work, it is written in a readily accessible and unpretentious style: a plain style, in the best sense of the term. Walton has something to say, and it's virtually impossible to miss it—and that independently of the fact that this book, like a number of his others, is somewhat repetitive. The Place of Emotion is one of those rare books that a specialist in a field would find of interest, but that could also be taught in an undergraduate course.

2020 ◽  
Vol 40 (3) ◽  
pp. 443-473
Author(s):  
Ralph Barnes ◽  
Zoë Neumann ◽  
Samuel Draznin-Nagy

In this paper, we consider the way that web documents seeking to persuade readers of certain science claims provide information about the sources of the arguments. Our quantitative analysis reveals that web documents in our sample include hundreds of examples in which the reader is provided information regarding the trustworthiness (or lack thereof) of sources. The web documents also contain a large number of examples in which the reader is provided with information about how many individuals hold a particular belief. We discuss ad hominem, ad verecundiam, and ad populum arguments, and the way that the examples found in our sample of documents are related to these argumentation schemes.


2019 ◽  
Vol 21 (1) ◽  
pp. 154-165
Author(s):  
Paola Gabriela Konrad ◽  
Maria Eduarda Giering

Este estudo, amparado pela concepção de ethos proposta por Amossy (2005) e pelos clássicos tipos de argumentos apresentados por Fiorin (2015), propõe-se a analisar fragmentos de fala pertencentes ao gênero discursivo interrogatório policial de modo a investigar (1) se o ethos prévio (AMOSSY, 2005) ou pré-discursivo (MAINGUENEAU, 2008) dos participantes do interrogatório policial se confirma no ethos discursivo dos enunciadores; e (2) os tipos de argumentos (FIORIN, 2015) utilizados pelos enunciadores do interrogatório policial. O corpus deste estudo advém de gravações em áudio e vídeo de três interrogatórios policiais de uma Delegacia de Polícia Civil do Estado do Rio Grande do Sul, Brasil. Quanto ao primeiro propósito deste estudo, no que tange aos policiais, seu ethos prévio se confirma discursivamente em todos os fragmentos de fala analisados. Em relação aos interrogados, a sua imagem prévia é reelaborada ao longo do discurso. Concernente ao segundo propósito deste estudo, uma série de tipo de argumentos são utilizados pelos enunciadores nos interrogatórios policiais, a saber: argumento de comparação, argumentum ad hominem, argumentum ad verecundiam, argumentum ad misericordiam e argumentum ad baculum. Por fim, a análise revela que os tipos de argumentos utilizados pelos policiais e pelos interrogados nas interações operam como recurso para a construção do ethos dos enunciadores. PALAVRAS-CHAVE: Argumentação; Ethos; Tipos de Argumentos; Interrogatório Policial.


Argumentation ◽  
2014 ◽  
Vol 28 (3) ◽  
pp. 301-315 ◽  
Author(s):  
Katarzyna Budzynska ◽  
Maciej Witek
Keyword(s):  

2010 ◽  
Vol 18 (2) ◽  
pp. 365-396 ◽  
Author(s):  
Emanuele Bardone ◽  
Lorenzo Magnani

In this paper we show how some reasoning, though fallacious, can appear to be attractive and useful for beings-like-us. Although they do not provide conclusive evidence to support or reject a certain claim the way scientific statements do, they tell us something interesting about how humans build up their arguments and reasons. First of all, we will consider and investigate three main types of fallacies: argumentum ad hominem (argument against person), argumentum ad verecundiam (appeal to authority), and argumentum ad populum (appeal to popularity or bandwagon). These three fallacies are traditionally considered as examples of a broader category called ignoratio elenchi. Secondly, we show how people who commit these fallacies rely on information about other human beings in their reasoning. That is, they do not follow certain logical procedures that eventually lead them to correct conclusions. But they simply make use of others as social characters. For example, being an authority, being an expert, being part of a class, etc., become the substitutes for more direct evidence to support a certain claim or to make an argument more appealing.


Author(s):  
Rosalinda Gámez Gastélum

El objetivo de este artículo es analizar las estrategias discursivas de los candidatos a la Presidencia de la República en las elecciones de 2018 en México, con el objetivo de identificar los efectos de los mensajes en los potenciales electores. La investigación utiliza metodología cualitativa a partir de un análisis del discurso de los tres candidatos durante los debates presidenciales En ese sentido, se detectó que la palabra más utilizada por Andrés Manuel López Obrador es corrupción; por José Antonio Meade progreso y miedo y por José Antonio Anaya cambio. Respecto a la estrategia de los discursos, se detectó que la más usada es la ad baculum (promoviendo el miedo) en contra de AMLO (por parte de Meade y Anaya), pero que no tuvo efectos importantes en el electorado, debido a que era mayor el hartazgo al régimen político y la corrupción. Por su parte, Andrés Manuel López Obrador la estrategia que más usa es el ad populum, la cual logró buena aceptación. El trabajo de campo se realizó a partir de un estudio de gabinete de análisis del discurso y en el caso de los spots se utilizaron grupos de enfoques de estudiantes universitarios, para detectar que spots tenían más impacto y por qué (se trabajó con una muestra de 9 spots de los tres principales candidatos). En ese sentido, se encontró que los estudiantes universitarios tienden a identificarse más con el mensaje de Andrés Manuel López Obrador, destacando el spot en donde llama \"marranos y cochinos\" a la mafia del poder (un 85 %) . En segundo lugar, se identifican con Ricardo Anaya por sus propuestas de cambio y por considerar sus propuestas de política pública innovadora (12 %). En tercer lugar (sólo un 3 %) se identificó con José Antonio Meade del PRI y menos del 1 % con \"El Bronco\".


2019 ◽  
Author(s):  
Bunga Riris Devania Prinalova

Dalam materi yang penulis ambil yaitu membahas tentang kesesatan dan materi di dalamnnya, namun penulis tidak membahas lengkap tentang berbagai macam kesesatan. Penulis hanya menulis beberapa diantaranya yaitu Argumentum ad hominem,argumentum ad baculum, argumentum ad misericordiam, arguentum ada auctoritatis dan kesesatan non causa pro causa.Penulis mencoba menerapkan kesesatan tersebut dalam kehidupan, dan penulis mengangkat kasus yang sedang terjadi di sekitarnya untuk di masukkan kedalam sebuah materi tersebut. Hasilnnya penulis mampu memasukkan beberapa peristiwa tersebut kedalam beberapa kesestan.Dalam kasus yang di angkat oleh penulis menceritakan kisah seorang remaja yang telah mengalami peristiwa yang bisa di katakana miris untuk seumuran remaja tersebut. Sebab remaja yang di bahas dalam kasus yang dibahas oleh penulis sudah masuk kedalam pergaulan bebas yang mengakibatkan kerugian bagi dirinya sendiri dan juga orang-orang di sekitanya.Melihat kasus yang telah di bahas sebaik kasus dapat dicegah sebelum kejadian, remaja berinisial MSI tersebut sangat melanggar etika dan dapat menjadi pelajaran bagi kita semua bahawa memperhatikan anak itu sangat penting.


2020 ◽  
Vol 43 ◽  
Author(s):  
Myrthe Faber

Abstract Gilead et al. state that abstraction supports mental travel, and that mental travel critically relies on abstraction. I propose an important addition to this theoretical framework, namely that mental travel might also support abstraction. Specifically, I argue that spontaneous mental travel (mind wandering), much like data augmentation in machine learning, provides variability in mental content and context necessary for abstraction.


2016 ◽  
Vol 224 (2) ◽  
pp. 102-111 ◽  
Author(s):  
Carsten M. Klingner ◽  
Stefan Brodoehl ◽  
Gerd F. Volk ◽  
Orlando Guntinas-Lichius ◽  
Otto W. Witte

Abstract. This paper reviews adaptive and maladaptive mechanisms of cortical plasticity in patients suffering from peripheral facial palsy. As the peripheral facial nerve is a pure motor nerve, a facial nerve lesion is causing an exclusive deefferentation without deafferentation. We focus on the question of how the investigation of pure deefferentation adds to our current understanding of brain plasticity which derives from studies on learning and studies on brain lesions. The importance of efference and afference as drivers for cortical plasticity is discussed in addition to the crossmodal influence of different competitive sensory inputs. We make the attempt to integrate the experimental findings of the effects of pure deefferentation within the theoretical framework of cortical responses and predictive coding. We show that the available experimental data can be explained within this theoretical framework which also clarifies the necessity for maladaptive plasticity. Finally, we propose rehabilitation approaches for directing cortical reorganization in the appropriate direction and highlight some challenging questions that are yet unexplored in the field.


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