Growth, Nodulation and Nitrogen Fixation in Stylosanthes: Effect of Different Root Temperatures at two Shoot Temperatures

1989 ◽  
Vol 25 (4) ◽  
pp. 447-460 ◽  
Author(s):  
R. A. Date ◽  
D. Ratcliff
Keyword(s):  
Nitrogen Fixation ◽  
Dry Matter ◽  
Maximum Yield ◽  
Dry Weight ◽  
Strong Interactions ◽  
Root Temperature ◽  
Relative Growth ◽  
Stylosanthes Hamata ◽  
Nitrogen Yields ◽  
Controlled Environments

SUMMARYNodulated plants of Stylosanthes hamata, S. guianensis, S. humilis, S. scabra and S. fruticosa were grown in controlled environments with varied root and shoot temperatures. Measurement of dry matter and nitrogen content suggested that shoot temperature may be more important than root temperature in controlling growth and nitrogen fixation. There were strong interactions with variety. A fall in relative growth rate with increase in shoot temperature was least for S. guianensis and greatest for S. hamata and S. scabra. The optimum root temperature for growth and nitrogen fixation was approximately 30°C. Ninety percent maximum yield was achieved between root temperatures of 15–36°C for growth and 23–34°C for nitrogen fixation but varied with variety. Nitrogen fixation was more sensitive than dry weight to root temperature. The pattern of response of percentage nitrogen and nitrogen fixation efficiency reflected those for dry weight and nitrogen yields. Shoot to root ratios decreased toward the optimum root temperature then increased at the highest temperature. The reaction of varieties to root and shoot temperatures may be an important factor in determining their suitability for new regions.

Growth, Nodulation and Nitrogen Fixation in Stylosanthes: Effect of Different Day/Night Root Temperatures

1989 ◽  
Vol 25 (4) ◽  
pp. 461-472 ◽  
Author(s):  
R. A. Date
Keyword(s):  
Nitrogen Fixation ◽  
Nitrogen Content ◽  
Constant Temperature ◽  
Dry Matter ◽  
Dry Weight ◽  
Strong Interactions ◽  
Controlled Environment ◽  
Harvest Time ◽  
Root Temperature ◽  
Lower Range

SUMMARYNodulated plants of six varieties of Stylosanthes were grown at a constant temperature of 30°C for 21 days in a controlled environment and then for a further 21 days at a range of day/night root temperatures. Dry matter and nitrogen content of S. hamata cv. Verano and CPI40264A were measured after growth at day/night root temperatures of 30/30, 40/30, 50/30, 60/30 and 60/35°C. Similarly, growth and nitrogen content were measured for Verano, CPI40264A, S. gvianensis cv. Oxley and cv. Cook, S. humilis cv. Lawson and S. scabra cv. Seca after growth at root temperatures of 25/20, 25/25, 30/25, 30/30, 35/30 and 40/30°C. There were strong interactions of root temperature with variety and harvest time (31 and 42 days) but all varieties grew well even at the highest temperatures (50–60°C) provided they were supplied with nitrogen. Symbiotically dependent plants of S. hamata cv. Verano were more tolerant of high root temperatures and maintained better growth and nitrogen fixation at 40/30°C than those of CPI40264A, especially after the 31 day harvest. All six varieties responded similarly, but to differing extents, to the lower range of root temperatures. Nitrogen fixation was more severely affected than dry weight by high root temperature.

Effects of Root Temperature on the Growth and Nitrogen Fixation of Trifolium semipilosum and Trifolium repens

1986 ◽  
Vol 22 (2) ◽  
pp. 133-147 ◽  
Author(s):  
R. A. Date ◽  
R. J. Roughley
Keyword(s):  
Nitrogen Fixation ◽  
Nitrogen Content ◽  
Dry Matter ◽  
Dry Weight ◽  
Root Systems ◽  
Root Temperature ◽  
Short Term ◽  
Weight Yield ◽  
Short Term Exposure ◽  
Diurnal Temperatures

SUMMARYChanges in plant dry weight and nitrogen content of Trifolium semipilosum cv. Safari and T. repens cv. Grasslands Huia were monitored when the root systems of effectively nodulated 28-day-old plants were exposed to a range of constant and diurnal temperatures for 21 days. Nitrogen fixation was more sensitive to high root temperatures than was dry weight accumulation, and T. semipilosum was relatively more tolerant of high root temperatures than T. repens for both dry weight and nitrogen content. The optimum temperatures for dry weight yield and nitrogen fixation (≡nitrogen content) were similar (21–23°C) for both species.Our data suggest that growth and nitrogen fixation in T. semipilosum are more tolerant of short-term exposure to increase in root temperature than in T. repens. In addition, both species accumulated more dry matter and fixed more nitrogen when night temperatures were reduced from either 30 or 35°C to 25°C. The increase was greater with T. semipilosum and may be a major factor in its adaptation to the humid subtropics and cooler (elevated) tropics.

Seedling growth of summer-dormant and non-dormant ryegrasses in relation to temperature

1969 ◽  
Vol 20 (3) ◽  
pp. 417 ◽  
Author(s):  
JH Silsbury
Keyword(s):  
Dry Matter ◽  
Growth Curves ◽  
Dry Weight ◽  
Detailed Examination ◽  
Dry Matter Production ◽  
Controlled Environment ◽  
Lolium Rigidum ◽  
Relative Growth ◽  
Lolium Perenne L ◽  
Matter Production

Lolium rigidum Gaud. and a summer-dormant and a non-dormant form of Lolium perenne L. were grown as seedling plants for 32 days in controlled environment cabinets at constant temperatures of either 10, 20, or 30°C and in all cases with a 16-hr photoperiod at a light intensity of 3600 lm ft-2. Sampling at 4-day intervals permitted the detailed examination of dry matter growth curves. Differences in total dry matter production were related to initial differences in seedling dry weight, and the general responses to temperature were similar for each ryegrass. Total dry matter production was greatest at 20°C and lowest at 10°. A temperature of 30° did not induce dormancy in the summer-dormant ryegrass but did depress growth. Relative growth rate fell with time at each temperature.

The response of a birdwood grass - Townsville lucerne pasture to phosphate fertilizers at Katherine, N.T

1965 ◽  
Vol 5 (17) ◽  
pp. 120 ◽  
Author(s):  
MJT Norman
Keyword(s):  
Dry Matter ◽  
Rock Phosphate ◽  
Maximum Yield ◽  
Experimental Period ◽  
Phosphate Fertilizers ◽  
Virgin Land ◽  
Christmas Island ◽  
Nitrogen Yields ◽  
Forage Yields

In an experiment at Katherine, N.T., the response of birdwood grass-Townsville lucerne (Cenchrus setigerus Vahl and Stylosanthes hurnilis H.B.K.) pasture sown on virgin land to levels of superphosphate and Christmas Island rock phosphate dust and to levels of superphosphate subsequently applied annually for three years was measured. There were no significant interactions between initial and annual applications. Initial applications of 2 and 4 cwt an acre superphosphate both gave higher forage yields of dry matter and nitrogen than 2 and 4 cwt an acre rock phosphate over the experimental period. Phosphorus yield of forage was a function of rate rather than of type of fertilizer. Annual superphosphate applications up to 1 cwt an acre increased the dry matter and nitrogen yields of the grass, but not those of the legume, and increased the phosphorus yield of both. The higher proportion of grass at high superphosphate levels was interpreted as a difference in responsiveness of the two species. A regime of 2 cwt an acre superphosphate initially and 1/2 cwt an acre annually produced 90 per cent of what was considered to be the maximum yield.

Plant nutrition studies on some yellow and red earth soils in northern Cape York Peninsula. 2. Phosphorus: plant response and soil retention

1976 ◽  
Vol 16 (81) ◽  
pp. 542 ◽  
Author(s):  
WH Winter ◽  
GP Gillman
Keyword(s):  
Dry Matter ◽  
Maximum Yield ◽  
Yield Response ◽  
First Year ◽  
Yield Data ◽  
The Third ◽  
Nitrogen Yields ◽  
P Rate ◽  
Northern Cape ◽  
Cape York

The response of a Stylosanthes guyanensislBrachiaria decumbens pasture to phosphorus on a yellow earth soil in northern Cape York Peninsula was studied over three years. Establishment rates of 0 to 130 kg ha-1 P were used followed by various combinations of 0 or 20 kg ha-1 P in the next two years. With comparisons made at the same cumulative P rate the dry matter and nitrogen yields were not affected by timing of application but P yield was increased in the third year when P was freshly applied. The dry matter yield response was modified by the botanical composition of the pasture. In the first year the pasture was 90-95 per cent legume and 110 kg ha-1 P was required to give 90 per cent of the presumed maximum yield whereas in the third year when the legume content was lower, (increasing from 10 to 40 per cent with P rate) this requirement had been reduced to about 90 kg ha-1 P. The third year P yield data were used to show that the value of applied P declined by about 70 per cent each year. After three years all the applied P was recovered in the 0-60 cm zone and the distribution was not affected by timing of application. In the 0-10 cm zone the acid extractable P increased from 0 with no P applied to 40 p.p.m. with 150 kg ha-1 P applied.

The effect of sodium on potassium nutrition and ionic relations in Rhodes grass

1974 ◽  
Vol 25 (3) ◽  
pp. 407 ◽  
Author(s):  
FW Smith
Keyword(s):  
Dry Matter ◽  
Potassium Concentration ◽  
Maximum Yield ◽  
Dry Weight ◽  
Maximum Growth ◽  
Major Elements ◽  
Potassium Nutrition ◽  
Rhodes Grass ◽  
Pot Trials ◽  
Chloris Gayana

The effects of sodium on the response of Rhodes grass (Chloris gayana) to potassium have been studied in pot trials. The amount of potassium required to achieve maximum growth was progressively reduced as the level of sodium application was increased from 0 to 400 mg per pot. The concentration of potassium in the tops of plants growing at 95% of maximum yield was also progressively reduced from 2.7% in plants not fertilized with sodium to 0.5% in plants receiving 400 mg sodium per pot. It is concluded that such interactions between the levels of major elements preclude the use of a 'critical potassium level' for diagnosing potassium deficiency in Rhodes grass. An alternative diagnostic scheme which takes account of interactions between some of the major elements is suggested. This scheme requires that plants would be adequately supplied with potassium if two criteria were met simultaneously: the potassium concentration was above the minimum specifically required (0.5% of the dry matter for Rhodes grass) and the cation-anion balance was above a minimum level characteristic for that particular species (800 m-equiv./kg dry weight for Rhodes grass).

scholarly journals Physical Environment and Symbiotic Nitrogen Fixation II. Root Temperature Effects on the Relative Nitrogen Assimilation Rate

1965 ◽  
Vol 18 (2) ◽  
pp. 295 ◽  
Author(s):  
AH Gibson
Keyword(s):  
Nitrogen Fixation ◽  
Physical Environment ◽  
Temperature Effects ◽  
Nitrogen Assimilation ◽  
Symbiotic Nitrogen Fixation ◽  
Trifolium Subterraneum ◽  
Bacterial Strains ◽  
Root Temperature ◽  
Relative Growth ◽  
Relative Growth Rates

Nitrogen fixation by six varieties of Trifolium subterraneum L., each inoculated with a number of strains of Rhizobium trifolii, was examined over a range of root temperatures. Significant differences in the rate of nodule establishment and early nitrogen fixation were found between varieties, and between bacterial strains. In order to minimize the effect of such differences, relative nitrogen assimilation rates (RN) and relative growth rates (R w) were used to compare the different legume-bacteria associations.

scholarly journals Physical Environment and Symbiotic Nitrogen Fixation VI. Nitrogen Retention Within the Nodules of Trifolium Subterraneum L

1969 ◽  
Vol 22 (4) ◽  
pp. 829 ◽  
Author(s):  
AH Gibson
Keyword(s):  
Nitrogen Fixation ◽  
Physical Environment ◽  
Effective Strain ◽  
Nitrogen Retention ◽  
Trifolium Subterraneum ◽  
Dry Weight ◽  
Root Temperature ◽  
Protein Nitrogen ◽  
The Difference ◽  
Nodule Tissue

The effect of bacterial strain and root temperature on the retention of nitrogen in the root system of Trifolium Bubterraneum plants was re-examined. The root systems of plants nodulated by the moderately effective Rhizobium trifolii strain NA30 possessed a higher percentage nitrogen than those nodulated by the fully effective strain TAl, although the number of nodules formed by each strain was similar. The difference was due to a greater weight of nodule tissue on the NA30-nodulated plants, and also to a higher percentage nitrogen in the NA30 nodules; this latter effect was due to a higher concentration of non-protein nitrogen. The overall effect of these differences was to reduce the amount of nitrogen translocated to the shoots of the NA30 plants, in both absolute terms and as a proportion of the total amount of nitrogen fixed. Another difference between the two strains was the rate of nitrogen fixation per unit (dry weight or leghaemoglobin content) of nodule tissue.

scholarly journals The growth analysis of soybean cultivars on the application of banana pseudo-stem bokashi in Samas Coastal Land, Yogyakarta

2021 ◽  
Vol 6 (1) ◽  
pp. 28
Author(s):  
Khavid Faozi ◽  
Prapto Yudono ◽  
Didik Indradewa ◽  
Azwar Ma'as
Keyword(s):  
Dry Matter ◽  
Block Design ◽  
Dry Weight ◽  
Sandy Land ◽  
Relative Growth ◽  
Soybean Cultivars ◽  
Shoot Dry Weight ◽  
Cultivation Technology ◽  
Net Assimilation ◽  
Coastal Land

A coastal sandy land is a potential land used for soybean cultivation. The success in developing soybeans in coastal sandy land depends on the suitability of cultivars used and the cultivation technology applied. Therefore, this study aimed to analyze the growth of twelve soybean cultivars in coastal sandy land as affected by the application of banana pseudo-stem bokashi. The experiment was carried out in factorial randomized complete block design with three replications. The treatment factors consisted of rates of bokashi (0, 20, 40, and 60 ton.ha-1) and 12 soybean cultivars (Anjasmoro, Argomulyo, Burangrang, Demas 1, Dena 1, Devon 1, Gamasugen 1, Gema, Gepak Ijo, Grobogan, Kaba, and Slamet). The net assimilation rate, relative growth rate, and root and shoot dry weight were affected by the bokashi rates, with varying responses according to the soybean cultivar. Demas 1 cultivar was the most adaptive cultivar in coastal sandy land based on its ability to accumulate dry matter of plants. The accumulation of dry matter of roots and shoots increased with bokashi application and the optimum rate were 42.83 ton.ha-1 and 45.56 ton.ha-1, respectively.

scholarly journals Responses of young cucumber plants to root and shoot temperatures.

1983 ◽  
Vol 31 (1) ◽  
pp. 47-61
Author(s):  
A. Kleinendorst ◽  
B.W. Veen
Keyword(s):  
Leaf Growth ◽  
Dry Weight ◽  
Relative Effect ◽  
Fruit Weight ◽  
Stem Growth ◽  
Root Temperature ◽  
Low Light ◽  
Relative Growth ◽  
Positive Effect ◽  
Leaf Dry Weight

Young cucumber plants were grown at all combinations of three shoot and three root temperatures (12, 18 and 24 degrees C). Growth and development of vegetative parts and fruits were studied after a temperature treatment of 14 days or 28 days. Shoot temperature has a positive effect on the rate of leaf development, while the rate of leaf initiation is influenced to a minor degree. There is only a small effect of root temperature on the rate of leaf appearance. The number of fruits is increased with increasing shoot and root temperature, the shoot temperature being more important than the root temperature. The total fruit fresh weight also increases with increasing shoot temperature; at 24 degrees C shoot temperature, the fruit weight shows an optimum at 18 degrees C root temperature. Distribution of dry matter is also dependent on root temperature and to a greater extent on shoot temperature. A shoot temperature of 18 degrees C is optimal for root growth, while 24 degrees C shoot or root temperature is sub-optimal for shoot growth. Increase in shoot temperature has a stronger positive effect on stem growth than on leaf dry weight. The relative effect of root temperature on stem growth equals that on leaf growth. Growth analysis shows that increase in relative growth rate at higher shoot and root temperatures under low light conditions is achieved by increasing the specific leaf area. This adaptation to changes in shoot or root temperature occurs within 14 days. ADDITIONAL ABSTRACT: Cucumber plants (cvs Farbio and Sandra, both F1 hybrids) were grown at 12, 18 and 24 deg C shoot and root temperatures in all combinations. The number of fruits was increased with increasing shoot and root temperature, the shoot temperature being the more important. Total fruit fresh weight also increased with rising shoot temperature. At 24 deg shoot temperature, however, fruit weight was optimum with 18 deg root temperature. Also, at 24 deg shoot temperature, the lower the root temperature the more fruits were present at a given leaf number. A shoot temperature of 18 deg was optimal for root growth but 24 deg shoot or root temperature was still suboptimal for shoot growth. An increase in shoot temperature had a stronger positive effect on stem growth than on leaf dry weight. The relative effect of root temperature on stem growth was equal to that on leaf growth. Growth analysis showed that leaves became thinner at higher temperatures. This adaptation to changes in shoot or root temperature occurred within 14 days. Cvs showing the highest specific leaf area at the desired temperature seem to be the best qualified to give the optimal relative growth rate at the low light intensities prevailing in early spring. (Abstract retrieved from CAB Abstracts by CABI’s permission)

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