scholarly journals Responses of young cucumber plants to root and shoot temperatures.

1983 ◽  
Vol 31 (1) ◽  
pp. 47-61
Author(s):  
A. Kleinendorst ◽  
B.W. Veen
Keyword(s):  
Leaf Growth ◽  
Dry Weight ◽  
Relative Effect ◽  
Fruit Weight ◽  
Stem Growth ◽  
Root Temperature ◽  
Low Light ◽  
Relative Growth ◽  
Positive Effect ◽  
Leaf Dry Weight

Young cucumber plants were grown at all combinations of three shoot and three root temperatures (12, 18 and 24 degrees C). Growth and development of vegetative parts and fruits were studied after a temperature treatment of 14 days or 28 days. Shoot temperature has a positive effect on the rate of leaf development, while the rate of leaf initiation is influenced to a minor degree. There is only a small effect of root temperature on the rate of leaf appearance. The number of fruits is increased with increasing shoot and root temperature, the shoot temperature being more important than the root temperature. The total fruit fresh weight also increases with increasing shoot temperature; at 24 degrees C shoot temperature, the fruit weight shows an optimum at 18 degrees C root temperature. Distribution of dry matter is also dependent on root temperature and to a greater extent on shoot temperature. A shoot temperature of 18 degrees C is optimal for root growth, while 24 degrees C shoot or root temperature is sub-optimal for shoot growth. Increase in shoot temperature has a stronger positive effect on stem growth than on leaf dry weight. The relative effect of root temperature on stem growth equals that on leaf growth. Growth analysis shows that increase in relative growth rate at higher shoot and root temperatures under low light conditions is achieved by increasing the specific leaf area. This adaptation to changes in shoot or root temperature occurs within 14 days. ADDITIONAL ABSTRACT: Cucumber plants (cvs Farbio and Sandra, both F1 hybrids) were grown at 12, 18 and 24 deg C shoot and root temperatures in all combinations. The number of fruits was increased with increasing shoot and root temperature, the shoot temperature being the more important. Total fruit fresh weight also increased with rising shoot temperature. At 24 deg shoot temperature, however, fruit weight was optimum with 18 deg root temperature. Also, at 24 deg shoot temperature, the lower the root temperature the more fruits were present at a given leaf number. A shoot temperature of 18 deg was optimal for root growth but 24 deg shoot or root temperature was still suboptimal for shoot growth. An increase in shoot temperature had a stronger positive effect on stem growth than on leaf dry weight. The relative effect of root temperature on stem growth was equal to that on leaf growth. Growth analysis showed that leaves became thinner at higher temperatures. This adaptation to changes in shoot or root temperature occurred within 14 days. Cvs showing the highest specific leaf area at the desired temperature seem to be the best qualified to give the optimal relative growth rate at the low light intensities prevailing in early spring. (Abstract retrieved from CAB Abstracts by CABI’s permission)

INTERACTIONS ENTRE LES TEMPERATURES RACINAIRES ET NOCTURNES SUR LE DEVELOPPEMENT FOLIAIRE ET LA CAPACITE PHOTOSYNTHETIQUE DE PLANTS DE TOMATE CV. VENDOR

1985 ◽  
Vol 65 (1) ◽  
pp. 185-192 ◽  
Author(s):  
ANDRÉ GOSSELIN ◽  
MARC-J. TRUDEL
Keyword(s):  
Air Temperature ◽  
Leaf Growth ◽  
Dry Weight ◽  
Negative Effects ◽  
Root Temperature ◽  
Tomato Plants ◽  
Air Temperatures ◽  
Plant Photosynthesis ◽  
Leaf Dry Weight ◽  
Capacité Photosynthétique

Six-week-old tomato plants (Lycopersicon esculentum Mill. ’Vendor’) were maintained at five root temperatures (12, 18, 24, 30 or 36 °C) and five night air temperatures (8, 12, 16, 20 or 24 °C) for a period of 4 wk. Increase in root temperature partly offset the negative effects of low night air temperature on leaf dry weight and leaf area. Our results showed that higher root temperatures (30 °C) are required at low night air temperature (8 °C) for optimum plant growth. Lower rates of plant photosynthesis at low root and/or night air temperatures resulted mainly from reduced leaf growth and expansion, but also from a decrease in the photosynthetic capacity of the leaves. Our results suggest combining split-night temperature and soil warming techniques to improve the productivity of tomato plants and to reduce greenhouse heating costs.Key words: Tomato substrate, temperature, photosynthesis, growth

Growth, Nodulation and Nitrogen Fixation in Stylosanthes: Effect of Different Root Temperatures at two Shoot Temperatures

1989 ◽  
Vol 25 (4) ◽  
pp. 447-460 ◽  
Author(s):  
R. A. Date ◽  
D. Ratcliff
Keyword(s):  
Nitrogen Fixation ◽  
Dry Matter ◽  
Maximum Yield ◽  
Dry Weight ◽  
Strong Interactions ◽  
Root Temperature ◽  
Relative Growth ◽  
Stylosanthes Hamata ◽  
Nitrogen Yields ◽  
Controlled Environments

SUMMARYNodulated plants of Stylosanthes hamata, S. guianensis, S. humilis, S. scabra and S. fruticosa were grown in controlled environments with varied root and shoot temperatures. Measurement of dry matter and nitrogen content suggested that shoot temperature may be more important than root temperature in controlling growth and nitrogen fixation. There were strong interactions with variety. A fall in relative growth rate with increase in shoot temperature was least for S. guianensis and greatest for S. hamata and S. scabra. The optimum root temperature for growth and nitrogen fixation was approximately 30°C. Ninety percent maximum yield was achieved between root temperatures of 15–36°C for growth and 23–34°C for nitrogen fixation but varied with variety. Nitrogen fixation was more sensitive than dry weight to root temperature. The pattern of response of percentage nitrogen and nitrogen fixation efficiency reflected those for dry weight and nitrogen yields. Shoot to root ratios decreased toward the optimum root temperature then increased at the highest temperature. The reaction of varieties to root and shoot temperatures may be an important factor in determining their suitability for new regions.

scholarly journals Growth Analysis of Wheat Using Machine Vision: Opportunities and Challenges

Sensors ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 20 (22) ◽  
pp. 6501
Author(s):  
Mohammad Ajlouni ◽  
Audrey Kruse ◽  
Jorge A. Condori-Apfata ◽  
Maria Valderrama Valencia ◽  
Chris Hoagland ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Growth Rate ◽  
Machine Vision ◽  
Leaf Area ◽  
Relative Growth Rate ◽  
Growth Analysis ◽  
Growth Parameters ◽  
Dry Weight ◽  
Projected Area ◽  
Relative Growth ◽  
Leaf Dry Weight

Crop growth analysis is used for the assessment of crop yield potential and stress tolerance. Capturing continuous plant growth has been a goal since the early 20th century; however, this requires a large number of replicates and multiple destructive measurements. The use of machine vision techniques holds promise as a fast, reliable, and non-destructive method to analyze crop growth based on surrogates for plant traits and growth parameters. We used machine vision to infer plant size along with destructive measurements at multiple time points to analyze growth parameters of spring wheat genotypes. We measured side-projected area by machine vision and RGB imaging. Three traits, i.e., biomass (BIO), leaf dry weight (LDW), and leaf area (LA), were measured using low-throughput techniques. However, RGB imaging was used to produce side projected area (SPA) as the high throughput trait. Significant effects of time point and genotype on BIO, LDW, LA, and SPA were observed. SPA was a robust predictor of leaf area, leaf dry weight, and biomass. Relative growth rate estimated using SPA was a robust predictor of the relative growth rate measured using biomass and leaf dry weight. Large numbers of entries can be assessed by this method for genetic mapping projects to produce a continuous growth curve with fewer replicates.

scholarly journals SPUR PRUNING `DELICIOUS' APPLE TREES

HortScience ◽  
1990 ◽  
Vol 25 (9) ◽  
pp. 1102c-1102
Author(s):  
Richard Marini
Keyword(s):  
Leaf Area ◽  
Dry Weight ◽  
Fruit Weight ◽  
Apple Trees ◽  
Weight Yield ◽  
Spur Length ◽  
Leaf Dry Weight ◽  
All Treatment

Twenty-eight-year-old `Starkrimson Delicious' trees were spur pruned in 1986 and 1987 and/or treated with BA + GA4+7 in 1986 in an attempt to improve spur growth and fruit weight. Yield, fruit weight, and spur quality characters were recorded for 1986-1989. All treatment combinations failed to improve yield or fruit weight. Although spur-pruning improved spur length, spur bud diameter, leaf area per spur and leaf dry weight per spur, fruit weight was not improved. BA + GA4+7 reduced yield and fruit weight, and increased the number of pygmy fruit in 1986, but had little effect on fruiting for the three years after treatment.

scholarly journals Growth, Yield, and Fruit Weight of Spur-bound `Delicious' Apple Trees following Spur-pruning and BA Plus GA4+7 Application

1991 ◽  
Vol 116 (3) ◽  
pp. 454-459 ◽  
Author(s):  
Richard P. Marini ◽  
Donald Sowers
Keyword(s):  
Leaf Area ◽  
Vegetative Growth ◽  
Fruit Size ◽  
Growth Yield ◽  
Dry Weight ◽  
Fruit Weight ◽  
Apple Trees ◽  
Spur Length ◽  
Leaf Dry Weight ◽  
All Treatment

Twenty-eight-year-old `Starkrimson Delicious' and 10-year-old `Fullred Delicious' apple (Malus domestics Borkh.) trees were spur-pruned in 1986 and 1987 and/or treated with 500 mg BA + GA4+7/liter in 1986 in an attempt to improve spur growth and increase fruit weight. All treatment combinations generally failed to improve yield or fruit size. BA + GA4+7 reduced yield and fruit weight and increased the number of pygmy fruit in 1986, but had little effect on fruiting or vegetative growth for 3 years after treatment. Spur-pruning reduced spur density in 1986 and 1987 and increased yield, but not fruit weight, in 1987. Although spur-pruning improved spur length, spur bud diameter, leaf area per spur, and leaf dry weight per spur, fruit weight was not improved. Chemical names used: N-(phenylmethyl)-1H -purine-6-amine [benzyladenine (BA)]; gibberellin (GA4+7).

Phosphorus restriction: control of transplant growth

2000 ◽  
Vol 80 (4) ◽  
pp. 875-877 ◽  
Author(s):  
A. Liptay ◽  
P. Sikkema
Keyword(s):  
Root Growth ◽  
Nutrient Solution ◽  
Seedling Growth ◽  
Leaf Growth ◽  
Field Performance ◽  
Dry Weight ◽  
Differential Growth ◽  
Reduced Height ◽  
Complete Nutrient Solution ◽  
Leaf Dry Weight

Control of tomato (Lycopersicon esculentum Mill.) seedling growth and height during production in the greenhouse is critical for efficient subsequent transplanting and acceptable field performance. Height can be reduced by P fertilisation. Eliminating P from nutrient solutions severely restricted growth. When fed a 10 mg P L−1 in the nutrient solution, seedlings were 11 cm tall after 49 d of growth, but only 3 cm tall without P. Intermediate P reduced height within this range. Transplanting was simulated after 49 d of seedling production by transferring the transplants to a temperature-controlled root chamber in larger volume cells plus fertilisation with a complete nutrient solution. Transplant growth with a complete nutrient solution caused differential growth according to the prior P feeding regime. New root growth in the various treatments was dependent on root growth during the transplant stage. However, shoot growth differed greatly among the P levels. Seedlings grown without any P during transplant production grew very slowly with only a 25% increase in leaf growth after 9 d. With the 2 mg L−1 feeding during transplant production of leaf dry weight increased over 200% during the 9-d period. In conclusion, seedling growth restriction can be achieved by P deprivation; the amount of P deprivation, however, affects subsequent seedling growth. Key words: Phosphorus, nutrients, tomato, transplant.

scholarly journals Azadirachta Indica A. Juss: Wood Ash Affects Seedling Growth of Mung Bean Vigna Radiata L.

2020 ◽  
Vol 2 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Sadaf Arshad ◽  
Muhammad Zafar Iqbal ◽  
Muhammad Shafiq ◽  
Mohammad Athar Tariq ◽  
Muhammad Kabir ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Seedling Growth ◽  
Vigna Radiata ◽  
Mung Bean ◽  
Leaf Growth ◽  
Dry Weight ◽  
Wood Ash ◽  
Toxic Effects ◽  
Shoot Dry Weight ◽  
Total Plant ◽  
Leaf Dry Weight

The burning of the wood ash is causing an environmental pollution related issue. The excess concentration of wood ash in the environment normally influenced on plant growth and development. This paper presents the effects of neem wood ash (Azadirachta inidca A. Juss.) on germination and seedling growth performance of mung bean (Vigna radiata L.) crop plants. Overall, the data reveals significant (p<0.05) effects of neem wood ash on the different growth variable of mung bean. The treatment of 4-20% neem wood ash significantly (p<0.05) affected shoot length of mung bean as compared to control. Neem wood ash treatment at all concentration produced fewer toxic effects on root and leaf growth of mung bean. The neem wood ash treatment at 20% also produced significantly (p<0.05) toxic effects on root and leaf dry weight of mung bean. Whereas, neem wood ash treatment at all level did produce any significant effects on shoot dry weight, total plant dry weight and leaf area ratio of mung bean.

scholarly journals DIFFERENTIAL RESPONSE OF CLONES OF EUCALYPT TO GLYPHOSATE1

2015 ◽  
Vol 39 (1) ◽  
pp. 177-187 ◽  
Author(s):  
Leonardo Bianco de Carvalho ◽  
Pedro Luis da Costa Aguiar Alves ◽  
Flávia Regina da Costa
Keyword(s):  
Growth Rate ◽  
Weed Control ◽  
Leaf Growth ◽  
Eucalyptus Grandis ◽  
Dry Weight ◽  
Growth Patterns ◽  
Assimilation Rate ◽  
Herbicide Application ◽  
Relative Growth ◽  
Net Assimilation

Weed control is commonly performed by the inter-row mechanical weeding associated to intrarow glyphosate directed spraying, causing a risk for drift or accidental herbicide application, that can affect the crop of interest. The objective was to evaluate the response of clones C219, GG100, I144, and I224 of eucalypt (Eucalyptus grandis x E. urophylla) to glyphosate doses of 0, 18, 36, 72, 180, 360, and 720 g of acid equivalent per hectare. The clones showed different growth patterns with regard to height, leaf number, stem dry weight, relative growth rate, net assimilation rate, and relative leaf growth rate. The clones I144 and GG100 were more susceptible to glyphosate, showing the doses required to reduce dry weight by 50% of 113.4 and 119.6 g acid equivalent per hectare, respectively. The clones C219 and I224 were less susceptible to glyphosate, showing the doses required to reduce dry weight by 50% of 237.5 and 313.5 g acid equivalent per hectare, respectively. Eucalyptus clones respond differently to glyphosate exposure, so that among I224, C219, GG100, and I144, the susceptibility to the herbicide is increasing.

LEAF GROWTH IN MARQUIS WHEAT, AS REGULATED BY TEMPERATURE, LIGHT INTENSITY, AND DAYLENGTH

1962 ◽  
Vol 40 (10) ◽  
pp. 1299-1311 ◽  
Author(s):  
D. J. C. Friend ◽  
V. A. Helson ◽  
J. E. Fisher
Keyword(s):  
Light Intensity ◽  
Leaf Growth ◽  
Leaf Shape ◽  
Dry Weight ◽  
Leaf Length ◽  
Continuous Illumination ◽  
Leaf Lamina ◽  
Leaf Initiation ◽  
Total Light ◽  
Leaf Dry Weight

The area of a fully-grown leaf lamina varied according to its position on the stem, and the temperature, light intensity, and photoperiod under which the plant was grown.In continuous illumination, raising the temperature by 5° intervals between 10 and 25 °C, resulted in progressively higher rates of leaf initiation, emergence, and expansion. The length of the lamina increased with each increase in temperature, but the breadth and thickness decreased. The greatest area of individual leaves was formed at 20 °C. Each increase in light intensity over the range 200, 500, 1000, 1750, and 2500 ft-c resulted in higher rates of leaf initiation, emergence, and expansion, and increases in breadth and thickness, but a decrease in length. The greatest area was formed at 1000–1750 ft-c.An increase in daylength from 8 to 24 hours increased leaf length, breadth, and area. This was a photoperiodic effect, unlike the increase in thickness with increased daylength, which was related to the total light energy received.Changes in leaf shape under different environmental conditions were not directly related to changes in leaf dry weight. A control of leaf growth by hormonal mechanisms sensitive to photoperiod seems more probable than does control by internal competition for assimilates among developing leaves.

scholarly journals RELATIVE GROWTH RATE: THE TWO-PHASE CURVE

HortScience ◽  
1990 ◽  
Vol 25 (9) ◽  
pp. 1180a-1180
Author(s):  
Theodore M. DeJong
Keyword(s):  
Growth Rate ◽  
Relative Growth Rate ◽  
Dry Weight ◽  
Fruit Weight ◽  
Fruit Growth ◽  
Phase Curve ◽  
Second Phase ◽  
Two Phase ◽  
Relative Growth ◽  
Physiologically Active Substances

The growth and development patterns of fruit have been studied for many years and it has become traditional to think of peaches as having a double sigmoid pattern with three main stages fruit growth. This concept is primarily based on analyses of fruit absolute growth rates An alternative approach is to express growth on a relative growth rate (RGR) basis which is simply the weight increase perg of fruit weight per day. This analysis applied to dry-weight peach fruit growth results in a two-phase curve that is known mathematically as a Gompertz function. During the first growth phase the RGR decreases logarithmically and during the second phase the RGR remains relatively stable. Expressing fruit growth on a RGR basis is advantageous for fruit growth carbon budget modelling because RGR is directly related to respiration rates and for physiological studies because most analyses for physiologically active substances are expressed on a weight basis. There is obviously not only one “right” way to express fruit growth but it may be instructive to use the RGR approach particularly when studying factors that may be associated with “sink” activity.

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