Rising CO2 in the field does not offset warming or drought constraints on leaf growth of a C3 forage

2020 ◽  
Vol 56 (2) ◽  
pp. 265-279
Author(s):  
L. H. G. de Camargo-Bortolin ◽  
E. Habermann ◽  
P. Vicente ◽  
A. Barboza ◽  
M. Groppo ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Adverse Effects ◽  
Leaf Growth ◽  
Combined Treatment ◽  
Canopy Temperature ◽  
Atmospheric Conditions ◽  
Palisade Parenchyma ◽  
Free Air ◽  
Heat Event ◽  
Leaf Tissues ◽  
Shoot Mortality

AbstractThe regrowth of a C3 forage Stylosanthes capitata in a rain-fed field provided the weekly data collection in the southeast of Brazil during a heat event in autumn. A system named Trop-T-FACE simulated the free-air carbon dioxide enrichment and the enhanced temperature in four climatic regimes: current atmospheric conditions (Control), CO2 enrichment (600 ppm, eC), warming (2 °C above ambient canopy temperature, eT), and a combination of eC + eT. The area and biomass of foliage per shoot decreased, and the number of flowers per shoot and flowered ramification increased under single eC treatment besides the increment in palisade parenchyma of leaves. Increased investment in flowering in eC occurred notably when the soil water content was higher than 0.30 m3 m–3. Single eT treatment also impaired the area or biomass of foliage production per shoot, raised the shoot mortality, and promoted the increment of the spongy leaf parenchyma. There was some mitigation of the adverse effects of foliage production of eT or eC in eC + eT, but under this combined treatment, the shoot mortality also increased. Changes in leaf tissues under eC or eT or some mitigation of adverse effects in eC + eT did not offset the constraints on leaf growth per shoot. The harmful impact on foliage production by eC, eT, or eC + eT under rain-fed conditions indicated no advantages for feeding the livestock with the C3 forage S. capitata in expected climate change under field conditions.

scholarly journals Efficacy and Safety of a Combination of Shenmai Injection plus Chemotherapy for the Treatment of Lung Cancer: A Meta-Analysis

2021 ◽  
Vol 2021 ◽  
pp. 1-13
Author(s):  
Guo-wei Qin ◽  
Tong-tong Xu ◽  
Xiang-wei Lv ◽  
Shi-min Jiang ◽  
Ke-jia Zhang ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Quality Of Life ◽  
Lung Cancer ◽  
Adverse Effects ◽  
Meta Analysis ◽  
Combined Treatment ◽  
Efficacy And Safety ◽  
Short Term ◽  
Shenmai Injection ◽  
Term Efficacy

Objective. To perform a systematic evaluation of the efficacy and safety of combined treatment of Shenmai injection and chemotherapy for lung cancer. Methods. A literature search for randomized controlled trials (RCTs) describing the treatment of lung cancer by Shenmai injection and chemotherapy or chemotherapy alone was performed using the PubMed, Cochrane Library, China National Knowledge Infrastructure (CNKI), Value In Paper (VIP), China BioMed, and Wanfang databases. The databases were searched for entries published before September 1, 2019. Results. Thirty-seven RCTs, comprising a total of 2808 cases, were included in the present meta-analysis. Of these, 1428 cases were treated by Shenmai injection plus chemotherapy, and 1380 cases were treated only by chemotherapy. The results of meta-analysis showed that the combined treatment (Shenmai injection plus chemotherapy) increased the short-term efficacy of treatment (relative risk [RR] = 1.183, 95% confidence interval [CI] = 1.043–1.343, P < 0.01 ) and improved patients’ quality of life (RR = 1.514, 95%CI = 1.211–1.891, P < 0.01 ) compared with chemotherapy alone. With regard to the adverse effects, the combined treatment markedly reduced the incidence of white blood cell (WBC) reduction (RR = 0.846, 95%CI = 0.760–0.941, P < 0.01 ), platelet reduction (RR = 0.462, 95% CI = 0.330–0.649, P < 0.01 ), and hemoglobin reduction (RR = 0.462, 95% CI = 0.330–0.649, P < 0.01 ) and alleviated drug-induced liver injury (RR = 0.677, 95%CI = 0.463–0.990, P < 0.05 ). However, it did not offer a significant protective effect (RR = 0.725, 95%CI = 0.358–1.468, P < 0.05 ). The effect of the combined treatment on the occurrence of vomiting was considerable (RR = 0.889, 95%CI = 0.794–0.996, P < 0.05 ), and the combined treatment markedly increased the immunity of patients with lung cancer. Conclusion. The combined treatment of Shenmai injection plus chemotherapy enhanced the short-term efficacy of chemotherapy, improved the patient quality of life, alleviated the adverse effects of chemotherapeutics, and increased the patient immunity. These results should be confirmed by large-scale, high-quality RCTs.

scholarly journals Elevated CO2 and warming change the nutrient status and use efficiency of Panicum maximum Jacq

2019 ◽  
Author(s):  
Juliana Mariano Carvalho ◽  
Renato de Mello Prado ◽  
Rafael Ferreira Barreto ◽  
Eduardo Habermann ◽  
Roberto Botelho Ferraz Branco ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Ambient Temperature ◽  
Nutrient Use Efficiency ◽  
Combined Treatment ◽  
Nutrient Status ◽  
Nutrient Content ◽  
Panicum Maximum ◽  
Nutritional Requirement ◽  
Tropical Pastures ◽  
Free Air ◽  
Use Efficiency

AbstractPanicum maximum Jacq. ‘Mombaça’ (guinea grass) is a C4 forage grass widely used in tropical pastures for cattle feeding. In this study, we evaluated the isolated and combined effects of warming and elevated CO2 concentration [CO2] during summer on the nutrient content, nutrient accumulation, nutrient use efficiency and growth of P. maximum under field conditions with adequate water supply. The temperature and [CO2] in the field were controlled by temperature free-air controlled enhancement and free-air CO2 enrichment systems, respectively. We tested two levels of canopy temperature: ambient temperature and 2°C above ambient temperature, as well as two levels of atmospheric [CO2]: ambient [CO2] (aCO2) and 200 ppm above ambient CO2 (eCO2). The experiment was established in a completely randomised design with four replications, in a 2×2 factorial scheme. After the pasture establishment, plants were exposed to the treatments for 30 days, with evaluations at 9, 16, 23 and 30 days after the treatments started. Results were dependent on the time of the evaluation, but in the last evaluation (beginning of the grazing), contents of N, K, Mg and S did not change as a function of treatments, P decreased as a function of warming, in [aCO2] and [eCO2], and Ca increased under [eCO2] combined with warming. There was an increase in root dry mass under warming treatment. Combined treatment increased N, Ca and S accumulation without a corresponding increase in the use efficiency of these same nutrients, indicating that the fertiliser dose should increase in the next decades due to human-induced climate change. Our short-term results suggest that the combination of high [CO2] and temperature will increase P. maximum productivity and that the nutritional requirement for N, Ca and S will increase.

scholarly journals Elevated CO2 ameliorate the negative effects of high temperature on groundnut (Arachis hypogaea)- Studies under free-air temperature elevation

2021 ◽  
Vol 21 (4) ◽  
pp. 411-419
Author(s):  
M. Vanaja ◽  
P. Sathish ◽  
N. Jyothi Lakshmi ◽  
G. Vijay Kumar ◽  
P. Vagheera ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
High Temperature ◽  
Arachis Hypogaea ◽  
Canopy Temperature ◽  
Growth And Yield ◽  
Reproductive Capacity ◽  
Superior Performance ◽  
Temperature Elevation ◽  
Negative Effects ◽  
Cell Membrane Stability ◽  
Free Air

Four groundnut (Arachis hypogaea L.) genotypes- Narayani, Dharani, K-6 and K-9 were assessed for growth and yield responses at elevated temperature of 3.0 ± 0.5°C above ambient canopy temperature (eT) and its interaction with elevated CO of 550 ± 50ppm (eT+eCO ) under Free Air 2 2 Temperature Elevation (FATE) facility. The study revealed that eT significantly decreased photosynthetic rate (A ) of all groundnut genotypes whereas eT+eCO condition ameliorated the ill effects of eT. The net 2 impact of eT on A was higher than transpiration rate (Tr) and this reflected in decreased WUE with all net genotypes. WUE improved significantly at eT+eCO with increased A and decreased Tr. Increase in 2 net canopy temperature (eT) resulted decreased relative water content (RWC), cell membrane stability and increased osmotic potential, Malondialdehyde (MDA) content and accumulation of proline. Elevated CO 2 along with eT (eT+eCO ) facilitated these parameters to recover to that of ambient controls, revealing the 2 ameliorative effect of eCO . Similar responses were recorded for biomass and yield parameters. Among 2 the selected groundnut genotypes, superior performance for seed yield at high temperature of >40°C by K-9 was due to ability to maintain better reproductive capacity and Dharani was responsive to elevated CO even at high temperature, indicating the genotypic variability.

scholarly journals The effects of trans-chalcone and chalcone hydrate on the growth of Babesia andTheileria

2018 ◽  
Author(s):  
Gaber El-Saber Batiha ◽  
Amany Magdy Beshbishy ◽  
Dickson Stuart Tayebwa ◽  
Oluyomi Stephen Adeyemi ◽  
Hazem Shaheen ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Adverse Effects ◽  
Cell Lines ◽  
Combined Treatment ◽  
Transmitted Disease ◽  
Companion Animals ◽  
Diminazene Aceturate ◽  
Imidocarb Dipropionate ◽  
Nih 3T3

AbstractBackgroundChemotherapy is a principle tool for the control and prevention of piroplasmosis. The search for a new chemotherapy against Babesia and Theileria parasites has become increasingly urgent due to the toxic side effects of and developed resistance to the current drugs. Chalcones have attracted much attention due to their diverse biological activities. With the aim to discover new drugs and drug targets, in vitro and in vivo antibabesial activity of trans-chalcone (TC) and chalcone hydrate (CH) alone and combined with diminazene aceturate (DA), clofazimine (CF) and atovaquone (AQ) were investigated.Methodology/Principal findingsThe fluorescence-based assay was used for evaluating the inhibitory effect of TC and CH on five of Babesia and Theileria species, including B. bovis, B. bigemina, B. divergens, B. caballi, and T. equi, the combination with DA, CF, and AQ on in vitro cultures, and on the multiplication of a B. microti–infected mouse model. The cytotoxicity of compounds was tested on Madin– Darby bovine kidney (MDBK), mouse embryonic fibroblast (NIH/3T3), and human foreskin fibroblast (HFF) cell lines. The half maximal inhibitory concentration (IC50) values of TC and CH against B. bovis, B. bigemina, B. divergens, B. caballi, and T. equi were 69.6 ± 2.3, 33.3 ± 1.2, 64.8 ± 2.5, 18.9 ± 1.7, and 14.3 ± 1.6 µM and 138.4 ± 4.4, 60.9 ± 1.1, 82.3 ± 2.3, 27.9 ± 1.2, and 19.2 ± 1.5 µM, respectively. In toxicity assays, TC and CH affected the viability of MDBK, NIH/3T3, and HFF cell lines the with half maximum effective concentration (EC50) values of 293.9 ± 2.9, 434.4 ± 2.7, and 498 ± 3.1 µM and 252.7 ± 1.7, 406.3 ± 9.7, and 466 ± 5.7 µM, respectively. In the mouse experiment, TC reduced the peak parasitemia of B. microti by 71.8% when administered intraperitoneally at 25 mg/kg. Combination therapies of TC–diminazene aceturate and TC–clofazimine were more potent against B. microti infection in mice than their monotherapies.Conclusions/SignificanceIn conclusion, both TC and CH inhibited the growth of Babesia and Theileria in vitro, and TC inhibited the growth of B. microti in vivo. Therefore, TC and CH could be candidates for the treatment of piroplasmosis after further studies.Author summaryProtozoa of the genus Babesia are the second most common blood-borne parasites of mammals after the trypanosomes. Babesia and Theileria are the etiological agents of piroplasmosis, a tick-transmitted disease causing substantial losses of livestock and companion animals worldwide and has recently gained attention as one of the emerging zoonosis in humans. Diminazene aceturate and imidocarb dipropionate are still the first choices for the treatment of animals. However, these drugs cause many adverse effects. Furthermore, they are not approved for human medicine. Therefore, the development of alternative treatment remedies against babesiosis is urgently required. In the present study we evaluated the effects chalcone hydrate (CH) and trans-chalcone (TC), against the growth of four species of Babesia and T. equi. Furthermore, we studied the chemotherapeutic potential of TC on B. microti in mice. The effects of the combined treatment of TC with DA, CF and AQ revealed that TC was found to diminish the adverse effects of these drugs

Noradrenergic Adverse Effects Due to Combined Treatment With Reboxetine and Triiodothyronine

2010 ◽  
Vol 30 (2) ◽  
pp. 211-212 ◽  
Author(s):  
Rena Cooper-Kazaz ◽  
Aviva Cohen ◽  
Bernard Lerer
Keyword(s):  
Adverse Effects ◽  
Combined Treatment

scholarly journals Dietary 2-oxoglutarate prevents bone loss caused by neonatal treatment with maximal dexamethasone dose

2017 ◽  
Vol 242 (7) ◽  
pp. 671-682 ◽  
Author(s):  
Piotr Dobrowolski ◽  
Ewa Tomaszewska ◽  
Siemowit Muszyński ◽  
Tomasz Blicharski ◽  
Stefan G Pierzynowski
Keyword(s):  
Bone Loss ◽  
Adverse Effects ◽  
Bone Structure ◽  
Combined Treatment ◽  
Control Level ◽  
Dietary Supplementation ◽  
Long Bones ◽  
Neonatal Treatment ◽  
Bone Parameters ◽  
Therapeutic Doses

Synthetic glucocorticoids (GCs) are widely used in the variety of dosages for treatment of premature infants with chronic lung disease, respiratory distress syndrome, allergies, asthma, and other inflammatory and autoimmune conditions. Yet, adverse effects such as glucocorticoid-induced osteoporosis and growth retardation are recognized. Conversely, 2-oxoglutarate (2-Ox), a precursor of glutamine, glutamate, and collagen amino acids, exerts protective effects on bone development. Our aim was to elucidate the effect of dietary administered 2-Ox on bone loss caused by neonatal treatment with clinically relevant maximal therapeutic dexamethasone (Dex) dose. Long bones of neonatal female piglets receiving Dex, Dex+2-Ox, or untreated were examined through measurements of mechanical properties, density, mineralization, geometry, histomorphometry, and histology. Selected hormones, bone turnover, and growth markers were also analyzed. Neonatal administration of clinically relevant maximal dose of Dex alone led to over 30% decrease in bone mass and the ultimate strength ( P < 0.001 for all). The length (13 and 7% for femur and humerus, respectively) and other geometrical parameters (13–45%) decreased compared to the control ( P < 0.001 for all). Dex impaired bone growth and caused hormonal imbalance. Dietary 2-Ox prevented Dex influence and vast majority of assessed bone parameters were restored almost to the control level. Piglets receiving 2-Ox had heavier, denser, and stronger bones; higher levels of growth hormone and osteocalcin concentration; and preserved microarchitecture of trabecular bone compared to the Dex group. 2-Ox administered postnatally had a potential to maintain bone structure of animals simultaneously treated with maximal therapeutic doses of Dex, which, in our opinion, may open up a new opportunity in developing combined treatment for children treated with GCs. Impact statement The present study has showed, for the first time, that dietary 2-oxoglutarate (2-Ox) administered postnatally has a potential to improve/maintain bone structure of animals simultaneously treated with maximal therapeutic doses of dexamethasone (Dex). It may open the new direction in searching and developing combined treatment for children treated with glucocorticoids (GCs) since growing group of children is exposed to synthetic GCs and adverse effects such as glucocorticoid-induced osteoporosis and growth retardation are recognized. Currently proposed combined therapies have numerous side effects. Thus, this study proposed a new direction in combined therapies utilizing dietary supplementation with glutamine derivative. Impairment caused by Dex in presented long bones animal model was prevented by dietary supplementation with 2-Ox and vast majority of assessed bone parameters were restored almost to the control level. These results support previous thesis on the regulatory mechanism of nutrient utilization regulated by glutamine derivatives and enrich the nutritional science.

Impact of simulated acid rain on microbial respiration, biomass, and metabolic quotient in a mature sugar maple (Acersaccharum) forest floor

1996 ◽  
Vol 26 (8) ◽  
pp. 1446-1453 ◽  
Author(s):  
Chandini M. Thirukkumaran ◽  
Ian K. Morrison
Keyword(s):  
Adverse Effects ◽  
Acid Rain ◽  
Forest Floor ◽  
Sugar Maple ◽  
Microbial Respiration ◽  
Microbial Biomass Carbon ◽  
Combined Treatment ◽  
Simulated Acid Rain ◽  
Experimental Conditions ◽  
Substrate Induced Respiration

Effects of simulated acid rain on forest floor microbiological processes were investigated in an old-growth sugar maple (Acersaccharum Marsh.) woods at Turkey Lakes Watershed, northern Ontario, Canada. Sulphate and NO3− in ambient precipitation received on four replicate plots were augmented with additions of dilute (0.02 N) H2SO4 and HNO3, applied alone and in combination periodically during the growing seasons of 1993 and 1994. The equivalent load of SO42− applied in the present experiment was ca. 6 times that in ambient precipitation in the H2SO4-only treatment and half that in the combined treatment over the study period. In situ soil respiration measured during the summer and fall of 1994 showed no adverse effects of acid treatment. In the laboratory, soil microbial respiration, biomass (as determined by substrate-induced respiration), and microbial biomass carbon: organic carbon (Cmic/Corg ratios were significantly depressed in the L or FH layers of the forest floor when H2SO4 was applied alone or in combination with HNO3. No effects of HNO3 were detected when applied alone. Microbial respiration, substrate-induced respiration, and Cmic/Corg ratios were significantly correlated with forest floor pH. Microbial metabolic quotients (respiration:biomass ratios) were not adversely affected by any of the treatments. The observed deleterious effects of H2SO4 application under experimental conditions suggest the possibility of adverse effects in the field over the long-term.

African Dust-Laden Atmospheric Conditions Activate the Trigeminovascular System

Cephalalgia ◽  
2009 ◽  
Vol 29 (10) ◽  
pp. 1059-1068 ◽  
Author(s):  
H Doganay ◽  
D Akcali ◽  
T Goktaş ◽  
K Çaglar ◽  
D Erbas ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Gamma Ray ◽  
Treatment Strategies ◽  
Saharan Dust ◽  
Atmospheric Conditions ◽  
Trigeminovascular System ◽  
Blood Samples ◽  
Nociceptive Neurons ◽  
Air Stream ◽  
Free Air ◽  
Fos Expression

It has been recently noticed that dust originating from deserts can be transported to other continents by the atmosphere and has an adverse effect on public health, such as increased asthma attacks. Dust originating from the Saharan Desert could initiate a series of reactions upon contact with cloud water and results in the formation of reduced iron (Fe2+), oxalate and various basic amino acids. We aimed to evaluate whether the simulation of Saharan dust-containing atmospheric conditions could trigger the trigeminovascular system. Freely moving rats incubated within simulated atmospheric conditions containing (i) Saharan dust, (ii) Co60 gamma ray-treated Saharan dust (sterilized) and (iii) dust-free air, were investigated for the presence of c-fos expression in trigeminal nucleus caudalis (TNC) and for NOx (nitrate+nitrite) levels in blood samples. Atmospheric samples were analysed for microorganisms. Saharan dust-containing atmospheric conditions induced c-fos expression in nociceptive neurons within TNC. The number of c-fos+ neurons in superficial lamina of TNC was significantly higher in the Saharan dust group (32.9 ± 5.3, P = 0.0001) compared with dust-free air (11.02 ± 2.7) or Co60-treated Saharan dust groups (15.01 ± 2.4). An increase in NOx levels was detected in blood samples of rats exposed to Saharan dust-containing atmosphere. This study has revealed an unknown environmental factor as a possible trigger for headache. It is the first time that transport of Saharan dust with the atmospheric air stream has been documented to be able to trigger the trigeminovascular system in animals. Further studies are needed to explore the mechanisms and molecules that mediate the nociceptive effect and to guide new treatment strategies.

Effects of the Herbicide Sethoxydim and the Safener Dichlormid on Lipid Synthesis and Acetyl-CoA Carboxylase Activity of Grain Sorghum

1991 ◽  
Vol 46 (9-10) ◽  
pp. 934-938 ◽  
Author(s):  
Kriton K. Hatzios
Keyword(s):  
Combined Treatment ◽  
Lipid Synthesis ◽  
Grain Sorghum ◽  
Combined Effects ◽  
Total Lipids ◽  
High Concentration ◽  
Acetyl Coa ◽  
Carboxylase Activity ◽  
Leaf Tissues ◽  
Leaf Protoplasts

AbstractThe effects of individual or combined treatment of the cyclohexanedione herbicide sethoxy­dim and the safener dichlormid on total lipid synthesis, protein synthesis and acetyl-CoA car­ boxylase (ACCase, EC 6.4.1.12) activity of grain sorghum [Sorghum bicolor (L.) Moench, var. G 623] were investigated. Sethoxydim and dichlormid were tested at concentrations of 0, 5, 50, and 100 μM each. Sethoxydim applied alone at 50 and 100 μm , inhibited the incorporation of [14C]acetate into total lipids of sorghum leaf protoplasts by more than 50% , following a 4 h incubation. Dichlormid antagonized partially the inhibitory effects of sethoxydim on the in­corporation of acetate into total lipids of sorghum protoplasts only when it was used at 100 μM . Sethoxydim applied alone inhibited the incorporation of [14C]leucine into sorghum leaf protoplasts only at 100 μm. Dichlormid was not inhibitory of this process at any concen­tration. The combined effects of sethoxydim and dichlormid on this process were mainly addi­tive indicating no interactions of the two chemicals. Sethoxydim applied alone at 5 and 50 μM inhibited the activity of ACCase extracted from leaf tissues of grain sorghum seedlings by 58 and 90% , respectively. Addition of the safener dichlormid to the assay medium did not inhibit ACCase activity of sorghum leaves even at the high concentration of 50 μM . The combined effects of sethoxydim and dichlormid on the activity of sorghum ACCase were similar to those observed when sethoxydim was used alone. These results indicate that the protection con­ferred by dichlormid on grain sorghum against sethoxydim injury can not be explained on the basis of an antagonistic interaction of the two chemicals on target metabolic processes (lipid synthesis) or target enzymes (ACCase).

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