POLITENESS AND THE INTERPRETATION OF THE BRITISH EIGHTEENTH CENTURY

2002 ◽  
Vol 45 (4) ◽  
pp. 869-898 ◽  
Author(s):  
LAWRENCE E. KLEIN
Keyword(s):  
Eighteenth Century ◽  
The Body ◽  
Personal Accomplishment ◽  
Important Place ◽  
The Arts ◽  
Polite Society ◽  
Wide Range ◽  
Semantic Associations ◽  
Eighteenth Century Britain ◽  
British Culture

Politeness has assumed an important place in recent interpretations of eighteenth-century Britain by historians and historically minded scholars in other fields. The use of politeness as an analytic category has relied on varying assessments of the eighteenth-century semantic associations of the term, which included attentiveness to form, sociability, improvement, worldliness, and gentility. Scholars have used politeness in one or more of these senses to characterize distinctive aspects of eighteenth-century British culture: the comportment of the body in isolation and in social interaction; the material equipment of everyday life; the changing configurations and uses of domestic and public spaces; skills and aptitudes that both constituted personal accomplishment and shaped larger cultural enterprises such as religion, learning, the arts, and science; and important aspects of associational and institutional life. Thus, eighteenth-century Britain was polite in that a wide range of quite different activities have been identified as bearing the stamp of the eighteenth-century meanings of ‘politeness’. Furthermore, what made eighteenth-century Britain a polite society was not its horizontal division between polite and non-polite persons but rather the wide access of a range of persons to activities and competencies that contemporaries considered ‘polite’.

Some aspects of hemostasis in the tactics of the ophthalmologist. Literature review

2021 ◽  
pp. 265-270
Author(s):  
O.M. Stanishevskaya ◽  
◽  
M.A. Safronova ◽  
G.V. Bratko ◽  
I.Y. Efremova ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Open Angle Glaucoma ◽  
Vascular Diseases ◽  
Laboratory Diagnosis ◽  
The Body ◽  
Vascular Pathology ◽  
Treatment Result ◽  
Important Place ◽  
Correct Orientation ◽  
Pathological Conditions ◽  
Wide Range

Disorders of hemostasis occupy an important place in the structure of vascular diseases and are one of the most frequent pathological conditions encountered in practical medicine. The hemostasis system is naturally the most vulnerable system of the body. Violations of its balance are found in a wide variety of physiological and pathological conditions of the body. It is not uncommon for the first debut of decompensation to lead to an ophthalmologist. In the practice of an ophthalmologist, there are diseases when it is necessary to pay close attention to thrombophilic conditions. Changes in the hemostatic system, affect a wide range of vascular diseases of the eyeball. Recognition of the type of thrombophilia and its timely laboratory diagnosis in patients with vascular diseases of the retina and optic nerve are important in achieving the best treatment results. Multidisciplinary approach to the treatment of vascular diseases of the eyeball and modern diagnostics, including the study of hemostasis, is necessary and relevant to achieve the best clinical and functional treatment result. Timely and correct orientation of patients in vascular pathology is extremely important due to the fact that concomitant systemic pathology can aggravate the course of the disease, therefore, the choice of treatment tactics for this category of patients should be carried out in conjunction with a therapist, cardiologist, hematologist and endocrinologist. Key words: hemostasis, thrombosis CVS, diabet, primary open-angle glaucoma thrombodynamica, cardiovascular pathology.

‘The traveller of taste, … the naturalist, and the antiquary’

2020 ◽  
pp. 16-49
Author(s):  
Simon Bainbridge
Keyword(s):  
Eighteenth Century ◽  
Scientific Research ◽  
Large Section ◽  
Late Eighteenth Century ◽  
Wide Range ◽  
Late Eighteenth ◽  
Eighteenth Century Britain ◽  
Leisure Pursuit

This chapter traces mountaineering’s evolution from one-off ascents, usually undertaken for a specific utilitarian purpose, into a leisure pursuit participated in by an increasingly large section of society. It examines how the practice of climbing developed out of three cultures that were well established in late eighteenth-century Britain: scientific research, antiquarianism, and picturesque travel. Investigating a wide range of writing from these three cultures (with key texts including Horace Bénédict de Saussure’s Voyages dans les Alpes, Thomas Pennant’s Journey to Snowdon, and Thomas West’s A Guide to the Lakes), the chapter shows how the summit became appreciated for the role it played in these pursuits, as an elevated viewing station, an observatory, a source of scientific specimens, and even as an outdoor laboratory.

Liberty, Manners, and Politeness in Early Eighteenth-Century England

1989 ◽  
Vol 32 (3) ◽  
pp. 583-605 ◽  
Author(s):  
Lawrence E. Klein
Keyword(s):  
Eighteenth Century ◽  
Fifteenth Century ◽  
Middle Ages ◽  
English Language ◽  
Ancient Greece ◽  
Ancient Rome ◽  
Polite Society ◽  
Wide Range ◽  
Aesthetic Standard ◽  
Early Eighteenth Century

In the early eighteenth century, the language of politeness became a major fixture of English discourse. Centring on the term ‘politeness’ and consisting of a vocabulary of key words (such as ‘refinement’, ‘manners’, ‘character’, ‘breeding’, and ‘civility’) and a range of qualifying attributes (‘free’, ‘easy’, ‘natural’, ‘graceful’, and many others), the language was used to make a wide range of objects intelligible. Though the word ‘polite’ had been in the English language from at least the fifteenth century, denoting the state of being polished or neat in quite literal and concrete ways, the term entered on its significant career only in the mid-seventeenth century, when it began to convey the meanings of studied social behaviour of the sort inspired by and associated with princely courts. However, in the late seventeenth and early eighteenth century, ‘politeness’ grew to cover a range of meanings, considerably freed from the initial association with courts. Several broad categories of usage of the term ‘polite’ are indicative: as a behavioural and moral standard for members of an elite (e.g. ‘polite gentlemen’, ‘polite ladies’, ‘polite society’, ‘polite conversation’); as an aesthetic standard for many kinds of human artifacts and products (e.g. ‘polite arts’, ‘polite towns’, ‘polite learning’, ‘polite buildings’); and as a way of generalizing about and characterizing society and culture (‘polite age’, ‘polite nation’, ‘polite people’). In the latter usage, ‘politeness’ was frequently deployed retrospectively as an attribute of classical civilizations. ‘Politeness’ helped recast the renaissance model of history, in which modernity was separated from its true ancestor, the ancient world, by the vast dark gulf of the middle ages: the ‘politest’ nations were ancient Greece and ancient Rome; the ‘politest’ ages, the spells of Hellenic and Roman creativity.

Smell in Eighteenth-Century England

2019 ◽  
Author(s):  
William Tullett
Keyword(s):  
Eighteenth Century ◽  
Scientific Knowledge ◽  
The Body ◽  
The Past ◽  
Wide Range ◽  
History Of ◽  
The Senses ◽  
The Relationship ◽  
Methodological Ground

In England during the period between the 1670s and the 1820s a transformation took place in how smell and the senses were viewed. This book traces that transformation. The role of smell in creating medical and scientific knowledge came under intense scrutiny and the equation of smell with disease was actively questioned. Yet a new interest in smell’s emotive and idiosyncratic dimensions offered odours a new power in the sociable spaces of eighteenth-century England. Using a wide range of sources from diaries, letters, and sanitary records to satirical prints, consumer objects, and magazines, William Tullett traces how individuals and communities perceived the smells around them. From paint and perfume to onions and farts, this book highlights the smells that were good for eighteenth-century writers to think with. In doing so, the study challenges a popular, influential, and often cited narrative. Smell in Eighteenth-Century England is not a tale of the medicalization and deodorization of English olfactory culture. Instead, the book demonstrates that it was a new recognition of smell’s asocial-sociability, its capacity to create atmospheres of uncomfortable intimacy, that transformed the relationship between the senses and society. To trace this shift, the book also breaks new methodological ground. Smell in Eighteenth-Century England makes the case for new ways of thinking about the history of the senses, experience, and the body. Understanding the way past peoples perceived their world involves tracing processes of habituation, sensitization, and attention. These processes help explain which odours entered the archive and why they did so. They force us to recognise that the past was, for those who lived there, not just a place of unmitigated stench

The Eighteenth-Century Ballet-Pantomime and Modern Mime

2009 ◽  
Vol 25 (1) ◽  
pp. 22-43
Author(s):  
Edward Nye
Keyword(s):  
Nineteenth Century ◽  
Eighteenth Century ◽  
French Literature ◽  
The Body ◽  
Early Nineteenth Century ◽  
Literary Aesthetics ◽  
The Arts ◽  
Compare And Contrast ◽  
Lincoln College ◽  
As If

Histories of mime largely overlook one of the most remarkable theatrical phenomena of the eighteenth and early nineteenth century: the ballet-pantomime. In contrast, it is widely discussed in dance history circles, as if there were a tacit understanding that only one half of this hyphenated art mattered: the ballet rather than the pantomime. This article explores the mime component of the ballet-pantomime in order to compare and contrast it with modern mime, especially Etienne Decroux's principles and practices. Through the works of Noverre particularly (since Decroux declares himself an admirer), but with reference also to other famous and less famous eighteenth-century choreographers and dancers, Edward Nye discusses five aspects of mime: use of the body, mime and dance, mime and language, objective and subjective mime, and pedagogy. He finds differences as well as similarities between modern and eighteenth-century mime, but overall argues that there is no reason to exclude the ballet-pantomime from histories of mime. Edward Nye is Fellow of Lincoln College, Oxford, and University Lecturer in French. He has published on seventeenth- and eighteenth-century subjects in French literature and the arts, notably Literary and Linguistic Theories in Eighteenth-Century France (OUP, 2000), and on the literary aesthetics of sports writing, in A Bicyclette (Les Belles Lettres, 2000), and of dance, in Danse et littérature; sur quel pied danser? (ed., Rodopi, 2003).

James Spilman, F. R. S. (1680-1763), and Anglo-Russian commerce

1994 ◽  
Vol 48 (1) ◽  
pp. 17-29 ◽  
Keyword(s):  
Eighteenth Century ◽  
Royal Society ◽  
Russian Empire ◽  
The Body ◽  
Trading Partner ◽  
Literature And Science ◽  
Isaac Newton ◽  
Arts And Sciences ◽  
The Arts ◽  
Chief Physician

On 25 October 1714 the President of the Royal Society addressed the following letter to Peter the Great’s chief lieutenant: Isaac Newton greets the most powerful and honourable Mr Alexander Menshikov, Prince of the Roman and Russian Empire, Lord of Oranienburg, Chief Councillor of his Caesarian Majesty, Master of the Horse, Ruler of the Conquered Provinces, Knight of the Order of the Elephant, of the White and Black Eagle, etc. Whereas it has long been known to the Royal Society that your Emperor his Caesarian Majesty, has furthered very great advances in the arts and sciences in his Kingdom, and that he has been particularly aided by your administration not only in military and civil affairs, but also in the dissemination of literature and science, we were all filled with the greatest joy when the English merchants informed us that Your Excellency (out of his high courtesy, singular regard for the sciences, and lover of our nation) designs to join the body of our Society. At that time we had concluded our meetings until the summer and autumn seasons should be past, as is our custom. But hearing of this we at once assembled, so that by our votes we might elect Your Excellency, which we unanimously did. And now, as soon as it is possible to renew our postponed meetings, we have confirmed the election by a diploma under our common Seal. The Society, however, has instructed its Secretary that when he has sent the Diploma off to you, he should advise you of the election. Farewell. Menshikov was elected a Fellow of the Society on 29 July 1714, as the result of a letter written on 25 June by two English merchants at St. Petersburg, James Spilman and Henry Hodgkin, his trading partner, to Samuel Shepherd, an influential London merchant, intimating that the Prince sought election. This paper endeavours to explain how a Russia Company merchant, who was not himself elected a Fellow of the Royal Society until 1734, came to engineer the election to the Society of Russia’s second most powerful figure - despite the fact that Menshikov could neither read nor write. At the same time it will illustrate the close links between science and commerce in the first two decades of the eighteenth century and the significance of Spilman’s associations with Robert Erskine, F.R.S., Peter the Great’s chief physician.

scholarly journals Reviews: The Study of History: A Bibliographical Guide, the English Idea of History from Coleridge to Collingwood, the Changing Face of English Local History, Arthur and the English: The Arthurian Legend in Medieval English Life and Literature, Enacting Gender on the English Renaissance Stage, Shakespeare's Feminine Endings, Writing the English Republic: Poetry, Rhetoric and Politics 1627–1660, New Stories for Old: Biblical Patterns in the Novel, Catholicism and Anti-Catholicism in Early Modern English Texts, Primogeniture and Entail in England: A Survey of Their History and Representation in Literature, the English Civil War Through the Restoration in Fiction: An Annotated Bibliography, Diana, Self-Interest, and British National Identity, Dryden and the Traces of Classical Rome, between the Ancients and the Moderns: Baroque Culture in Restoration England, Bacchus in Romantic England: Writers and Drink, 1780–1830, Misogynous Economies: The Business of Literature in Eighteenth-Century Britain, the House of Forgery in Eighteenth-Century Britain, the Clothes That Wear Us, An Oxford Companion to the Romantic Age: British Culture, 1776–1832, Domestic Space: Reading the Nineteenth-Century Interior, Victorians in Theory: From Derrida to Browning, the Age of Virtue: British Culture from the Restoration to Romanticism, Woeful Afflictions: Disability and Sentimentality in Victorian America, Women Writers of the First World War: An Annotated Bibliography, the Pub in Literature, British Industrial Fictions, the Insatiability of Human Wants: Economics and Aesthetics in Market SocietyRichardsonR. C., The Study of History: A Bibliographical Guide , 2nd ed., Manchester University Press, 2000, pp. xiv + 140, £40.00.ParkerChristopher, The English Idea of History from Coleridge to Collingwood , Ashgate Publishing, 2000, pp. vii + 244, £45.RichardsonR. C. (ed.), The Changing Face of English Local History , Ashgate, 2000, pp. viii + 218, £45.00.BarronW. R. J. (ed.), Arthur and the English: The Arthurian Legend in Medieval English Life and Literature , University of Wales Press, 1999, pp. 398, £35.00.ComensoliViviana and RussellAnne (eds), Enacting Gender on the English Renaissance Stage , University of Illinois Press, 1999, pp. 270, £18.95; SaundersEve Rachel, Gender and Literacy on Stage in Early Modern England , Cambridge University Press, 1999, pp. 260, £35.BerryPhilippa, Shakespeare's Feminine Endings , Routledge, 1999, pp. 197, £15.99 pb.; BellIlona, Elizabethan Women and the Poetry of Courtship , Cambridge University Press, 1998, pp. 262, £35.00.NorbrookDavid, Writing the English Republic: Poetry, Rhetoric and Politics 1627–1660 , Cambridge University Press, 1999, pp. xiii + 509, £40.FischHarold, New Stories for Old: Biblical Patterns in the Novel , Macmillan, 1998, pp. x + 236, £42.50; FischHarold, The Biblical Presence in Shakespeare, Milton and Blake , Clarendon Press, 1999, pp. xi + 330, £45.MarottiArthur F. (ed.), Catholicism and Anti-Catholicism in Early Modern English Texts , Macmillan, 1999, pp. xvii + 266, £47.50; ShellAlison, Catholicism, Controversy and the English Literary Imagination, 1558–1660 , Cambridge University Press, 1999, pp. xi + 309, £37.50.JamoussiZouheir, Primogeniture and Entail in England: A Survey of their History and Representation in Literature , Centre de Publication Universitaire, Tunis, 1999, pp. 293, 8 DT.MurphRoxane C., The English Civil War through the Restoration in Fiction: An Annotated Bibliography , Greenwood Press, Westport, CT., 2000, pp. viii + 349, £63.95.HammondPaul, Dryden and the Traces of Classical Rome , Clarendon Press, Oxford, 1999, pp. 305, £45.00.LevineJoseph M., Between the Ancients and the Moderns: Baroque Culture in Restoration England , Yale University Press, 1999, pp. xiv + 279, £27.50.TaylorAnya, Bacchus in Romantic England: Writers and Drink, 1780–1830 , Macmillan, 1999, pp. xi + 264, £47.50.MandellLaura, Misogynous Economies: The Business of Literature in Eighteenth-century Britain , University of Kentucky, 1999, pp. x + 228, $42.00.BainesPaul, The House of Forgery in Eighteenth-century Britain , Ashgate, 1999, pp. viii + 195, £47.50.MunnsJessica and RichardsPenny (eds), The Clothes that Wear Us , Newark, University of Delaware Press, 1999, pp. 362, £37.McCalmanIain (ed.), An Oxford Companion to the Romantic Age: British Culture, 1776–1832 , Oxford University Press, 1999, p. xii + 780, £85.BrydenInga and FloydJanet (eds), Domestic Space: Reading the Nineteenth-century Interior , Manchester University Press, 1999, pp. xii + 219, £40.00; KiddAlan and NichollsDavid (eds), Gender, Civic Culture and Consumerism: Middle-class Identity in Britain 1800–1940 , Manchester University Press, 1999, pp. xiv + 223, £46.00, pb. £14.99.SchadJohn Victorians in Theory: From Derrida to Browning , Manchester University Press, 1999, pp. x + 180, £40.MorseDavid, The Age of Virtue: British Culture from the Restoration to Romanticism , Macmillan, 2000, pp. viii + 330, £45.KlagesMary, Woeful Afflictions: Disability and Sentimentality in Victorian America , University of Pennsylvania Press, 1999, pp. 211, $36.50.OudittSharon, Women Writers of the First World War: An Annotated Bibliography , Routledge, 2000, pp. 230, £75; TyleeClaire with TurnerElaine and CardinalAgnes (eds), War Plays by Women: An International Anthology , Routledge, 2000, pp. 225, £16.99 pb.TaylorJohn A., Diana, Self-Interest, and British National Identity , Praeger, 2000, pp. 169, £44.95.EarnshawSteven, The Pub in Literature , Manchester University Press, 2000, pp. x + 294, £45 and £15.99 pb.KlausH. Gustav and KnightS. (eds), British Industrial Fictions , University of Wales Press, 2000, pp. viii + 212, £14.99 pb.; BalchJack S., Lamps at High Noon , University of Illinois Press, 2000, pp. xl + 404, $19.45 pb.; ConroyJack, A World to Win , University of Illinois Press, 2000, pp. xxxv + 348, $17.95 pb.GagnierRegenia, The Insatiability of Human Wants: Economics and Aesthetics in Market Society , University of Chicago Press, 2000, pp. 352, £10.50 pb.

2001 ◽  
Vol 10 (2) ◽  
pp. 84-119
Author(s):  
Paul Hyland ◽  
R. C. Richardson ◽  
Ivan Roots ◽  
Elizabeth Truax ◽  
Stevie Simkin ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Eighteenth Century ◽  
Early Modern ◽  
Local History ◽  
Annotated Bibliography ◽  
Arthurian Legend ◽  
University Of Illinois ◽  
Cambridge University ◽  
Eighteenth Century Britain ◽  
Restoration England ◽  
British Culture

Genius under Observation

2014 ◽  
Author(s):  
Ann Jefferson
Keyword(s):  
Nineteenth Century ◽  
Eighteenth Century ◽  
Medical Science ◽  
The Body ◽  
Mental Functioning ◽  
The Arts ◽  
The Mind ◽  
Broad Consensus

This chapter details the emergence of a new medicine of the mind in France. The philosophical component of the new medicine was based in large part on the principles of eighteenth-century sensualist philosophy. This tradition held out to the practitioners of mental medicine the presumption of a connection between the body and the mind, which had particular importance for their growing interest in genius. The broad consensus that had existed in the eighteenth century between aesthetics and a philosophy of the mind is mostly lost in the nineteenth century as two opposing models of mental functioning emerge. The powers of observation widely attributed to genius in the eighteenth century were now claimed as the prerogative of (medical) science, and contrasted with imagination, which was predominantly associated with genius and the arts.

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