MAPPING CONFLICT: HETERARCHY AND ACCOUNTABILITY IN THE ANCIENT CAPITAL OF BUGANDA

AbstractMultiple, overlapping, and competing forms of authority contributed to the highly centralized Buganda kingdom. Their enduring salience, commonly considered characteristic of heterarchy, challenges our understanding of the early history of the kingdom. A map that specifies the location of 292 chiefs and authority figures in the capital reveals not only the critical importance of multiple forms of authority but also the development of those forms over several centuries. The allocation of space in the capital and other historical sources indicate that compromise and co-optation characterized the practice of power in the ancient kingdom: the king was surrounded, literally and figuratively, by others who curbed his authority.

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THE EARLY HISTORY OF THE CELLO IN NAPLES: GIOVANNI BONONCINI, ROCCO GRECO AND GAETANO FRANCONE IN A FORGOTTEN MANUSCRIPT COLLECTION

Eighteenth Century Music ◽

10.1017/s1478570620000457 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 18 (1) ◽

pp. 65-97

Author(s):

GUIDO OLIVIERI

Keyword(s):

Eighteenth Century ◽

Seventeenth Century ◽

Early History ◽

Early Years ◽

Critical Importance ◽

History Of ◽

New Evidence ◽

The City

ABSTRACTThe analysis of a forgotten source sheds light on the early history of the cello in seventeenth-century Naples. The manuscript MS 2-D-13, held in the library of the Montecassino Abbey, dates from around 1699 and contains two unknown cello sonatas by Giovanni Bononcini, together with passacaglias, sonatas for two ‘violas’ and elaborations over antiphons by Gaetano Francone and Rocco Greco, two prominent string performers and teachers in Naples. A study of this remarkable source helps to clarify the nomenclature of the bass violins in use in the city and offers new evidence on the practice of continuo realization at the cello, as well as on the connections with partimento practice. This collection is thus of critical importance for a discussion of the technical achievements and developments of the cello repertory in Naples before the emergence of the celebrated generation of Neapolitan cello virtuosi in the early years of the eighteenth century.

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VARIETY OF SCIENTIFIC CONCLUSIONS ON THE ETHNOGENESIS OF THE КHITAN PEOPLE

Journal of look to the past ◽

10.26739/2181-9599-2021-2-12 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 4 (2) ◽

pp. 93-100

Author(s):

Jakhongir Y. Ergashev ◽

◽

Jasur L. Latipov

Keyword(s):

Middle Ages ◽

Far East ◽

Early History ◽

East China ◽

Historical Sources ◽

The Far East ◽

Political Events ◽

Scientific Analysis ◽

History Of ◽

Liao Empire

The article scientifically examines the origins of the Khitan tribes in the early Middle Ages and various views on this issue in historical sources. It also discusses the early history of the Khitan people and the factors of socio-political events that took place in the Far East at that time. The article also provides a scientific analysis of the scientific considerations put forward by various scientists. This article also contains anthropological, linguistic and other evidence of the origin of the Khitan tribes.Index Terms: migration of peoples, Far East, China, ethnogenesis, Chinese, Liao Empire, Karahitai, eight tribes, three kingdoms of Korea, ethnonym “Tsidan”, chronicles, Sunnu tribal union, Xianbin tribal union, Yuwen, Kumosi, mujun, struggle, Sun dynasty, historian Wuyang Xu, Siberian Mongoloid race, Muslim historians

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Conversion, Identity, and Memory in Iranian-Jewish Historiography: The Jews of Mashhad

International Journal of Middle East Studies ◽

10.1017/s0020743821000039 ◽

2021 ◽

pp. 1-17

Author(s):

Ariane Sadjed

Keyword(s):

Religious Identity ◽

General Trend ◽

Academic Research ◽

Muslim World ◽

Multiple Forms ◽

Historical Sources ◽

Unique Case ◽

Long Period ◽

Jewish Historiography ◽

History Of

Abstract The paper discusses the narratives of Jews from Mashhad, who were forced to convert to Islam in 1839. The community narrative as well as academic research is dominated by a modern understanding of religious identity and religious boundaries that fail to account for the diversity of practices among the community of converts, including multiple forms of religious belonging, and the switching of identities according to time and place. Based on historical sources and interviews with descendants from the Mashhadi community, the paper traces how a particular narrative of the history of the Jews from Mashhad prevailed and which significance this narrative entails for Mashhadi community and identity until today. While the Jews from Mashhad are a rather unique case among Iranian Jews–due to the long period in which they lived as converts–their pattern of memory building reflects a general trend among Jews from the Muslim world to assimilate to modern ideas of being Jewish.

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Arthur Cayley FRS and the four-colour map problem

Notes and Records the Royal Society journal of the history of science ◽

10.1098/rsnr.2005.0097 ◽

2005 ◽

Vol 59 (3) ◽

pp. 285-304 ◽

Cited By ~ 3

Author(s):

Tony Crilly

Keyword(s):

Detailed Comparison ◽

London Mathematical Society ◽

Early History ◽

Historical Sources ◽

Short Contribution ◽

Great Problem ◽

Geographical Society ◽

History Of ◽

The Subject ◽

Computer Proof

The four-colour map problem (to prove that on any map only four colours are needed to separate countries) is celebrated in mathematics. It resisted the attempts of able mathematicians for over a century and when it was successfully proved in 1976 the ‘computer proof’ was controversial: it did not allow scrutiny in the conventional way. At the height of his influence in 1878, Arthur Cayley had drawn attention to the problem at a meeting of the London Mathematical Society and it was duly ‘announced’ in print. He made a short contribution himself and he encouraged the young A. B. Kempe to publish a paper on the subject. Though ultimately unsuccessful, the work of Cayley and Kempe in the late 1870s brought valuable insights. Using previously unpublished historical sources, of letters and manuscripts, this article attempts to piece together Cayley’s contribution against the backcloth of his other deliberations. Francis Galton is revealed as the ‘go-between’ in suggesting Cayley publish his observations in Proceedings of the Royal Geographical Society . Of particular interest is that Cayley submitted two manuscripts prior to publication. A detailed comparison of these initial and final manuscripts in this article sheds new light on the early history of this great problem.

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The Backbone of Credit: The Institutional Foundations of Colonial America’s Economy of Credit and Collateral

10.23943/princeton/9780691158761.003.0003 ◽

2021 ◽

pp. 38-56

Author(s):

Claire Priest

Keyword(s):

Early History ◽

Simple Solution ◽

Local Institutions ◽

Historical Sources ◽

The Face ◽

History Of ◽

The Common ◽

Appointed Officials ◽

Institutional Foundations

This chapter begins by looking at the role of the common pleas courts in colonial credit relations, followed by an examination of the early history of title recording. Historical sources reveal that in most colonies, the adoption of local public title recording was driven both by concerns over convenience and by concerns about fraudulent conveyances — that is, problems arising from a lack of transparency in the purchase and mortgage markets. Most colonies offered a simple solution: mortgages and deeds could be recorded at the sessions of the common pleas courts. Public authentication of deeds and title recording streamlined the existing English conveyancing practices and allowed for the recording of all forms of property serving as collateral, including, most consequentially, slaves. The chapter also demonstrates how the process of securing property rights made some of the colonial legislatures stronger and more deeply intertwined with local institutions than they were before. Creating and empowering local administrations required the colonial legislatures to assert their authority, at times in the face of countervailing assertions of power by crown-appointed officials.

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What Is a Tachistoscope? Historical Explorations of an Instrument

Science in Context ◽

10.1017/s0269889700002908 ◽

1998 ◽

Vol 11 (1) ◽

pp. 23-50 ◽

Cited By ~ 22

Author(s):

Ruth Benschop

Keyword(s):

Detailed Analysis ◽

Experimental Psychology ◽

Early History ◽

Scientific Instruments ◽

Historical Sources ◽

The Family ◽

Family Resemblances ◽

History Of ◽

Historical Accounts ◽

Psychological Instruments

The ArgumentThis essay addresses the historiographical question of how to study scientific instruments and the connections between them without rigidly determining the boundaries of the object under historical scrutiny beforehand. To do this, I will explore an episode in the early history of the tachistoscope — defined, among other things, as an instrument for the brief exposure of visual stimuli in experimental psychology. After looking at the tachistoscope described by physiologist Volkmann in 1859, I will turn to the gravity chronometer, constructed by Cattell at Wundt's Leipzig institute of psychology in the 1880s. Taking Wittgenstein's notion of family resemblances as a methodological suggestion to travel from one member to another to find out just how members relate to one another, I will investigate part of the family to which both the tachistoscope and the gravity chronometer turn out to belong. A detailed analysis of these instruments, using both historical sources and historical accounts of psychological instruments, may demonstrate that the instrument is not a standard package that, if well applied, will simply secure good results. Each package needs to be assembled again and again; the particular package that is assembled may differ on different occasions. Thus an alternative is developed to an understanding of instruments as univocally functioning material means.

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Some early history of replica techniques for electron microscopy

Proceedings, annual meeting, Electron Microscopy Society of America ◽

10.1017/s0424820100130018 ◽

1992 ◽

Vol 50 (2) ◽

pp. 1076-1077

Author(s):

Robert M. Fisher

Keyword(s):

Thin Film ◽

Electron Microscopy ◽

Optical Microscope ◽

Early History ◽

Bulk Materials ◽

Thin Sections ◽

Transmission Electron ◽

Reflected Light ◽

History Of ◽

Electron Microscopes

By 1940, a half dozen or so commercial or home-built transmission electron microscopes were in use for studies of the ultrastructure of matter. These operated at 30-60 kV and most pioneering microscopists were preoccupied with their search for electron transparent substrates to support dispersions of particulates or bacteria for TEM examination and did not contemplate studies of bulk materials. Metallurgist H. Mahl and other physical scientists, accustomed to examining etched, deformed or machined specimens by reflected light in the optical microscope, were also highly motivated to capitalize on the superior resolution of the electron microscope. Mahl originated several methods of preparing thin oxide or lacquer impressions of surfaces that were transparent in his 50 kV TEM. The utility of replication was recognized immediately and many variations on the theme, including two-step negative-positive replicas, soon appeared. Intense development of replica techniques slowed after 1955 but important advances still occur. The availability of 100 kV instruments, advent of thin film methods for metals and ceramics and microtoming of thin sections for biological specimens largely eliminated any need to resort to replicas.

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