What Is a Tachistoscope? Historical Explorations of an Instrument

1998 ◽  
Vol 11 (1) ◽  
pp. 23-50 ◽  
Author(s):  
Ruth Benschop
Keyword(s):  
Detailed Analysis ◽  
Experimental Psychology ◽  
Early History ◽  
Scientific Instruments ◽  
Historical Sources ◽  
The Family ◽  
Family Resemblances ◽  
History Of ◽  
Historical Accounts ◽  
Psychological Instruments

The ArgumentThis essay addresses the historiographical question of how to study scientific instruments and the connections between them without rigidly determining the boundaries of the object under historical scrutiny beforehand. To do this, I will explore an episode in the early history of the tachistoscope — defined, among other things, as an instrument for the brief exposure of visual stimuli in experimental psychology. After looking at the tachistoscope described by physiologist Volkmann in 1859, I will turn to the gravity chronometer, constructed by Cattell at Wundt's Leipzig institute of psychology in the 1880s. Taking Wittgenstein's notion of family resemblances as a methodological suggestion to travel from one member to another to find out just how members relate to one another, I will investigate part of the family to which both the tachistoscope and the gravity chronometer turn out to belong. A detailed analysis of these instruments, using both historical sources and historical accounts of psychological instruments, may demonstrate that the instrument is not a standard package that, if well applied, will simply secure good results. Each package needs to be assembled again and again; the particular package that is assembled may differ on different occasions. Thus an alternative is developed to an understanding of instruments as univocally functioning material means.

The Early History of the Family Of Mount Edgcumbe

1877 ◽  
Vol 33 (1) ◽  
pp. 15-22
Author(s):  
Mount Edgcumbe
Keyword(s):  
Early History ◽  
The Family ◽  
History Of

EARLY HISTORY OF THE FAMILY

2011 ◽  
pp. 21-40
Author(s):  
Mona Caird
Keyword(s):  
Early History ◽  
The Family ◽  
History Of

A Renaissance victory for the dual Alessandro

Paleobiology ◽  
2002 ◽  
Vol 28 (3) ◽  
pp. 304-307
Author(s):  
Stephen Jay Gould
Keyword(s):  
Early History ◽  
Galileo Galilei ◽  
The Family ◽  
History Of

Kepler famously remarked of his great Florentine friend that he could never keep sufficiently straight a man whose first name so resembled his last: Galileo Galilei. Others have labored under (or benefited from) this duality, and this third essay of my series tells a tale of the most obscure, yet highly significant, character that I have ever encountered from the early history of our science: the Neapolitan scholar (1461–1523) who called himself Alessandro ab Alessandro, or Alexander de Alexander, or Alessandro degli Alessandro—all meaning (roughly) Alexander from the family of Alexander.

scholarly journals Ghost in the Shell - Collection of Old Scientific Instruments of Laboratory for Experimental Psychology

ACTA IMEKO ◽  
2018 ◽  
Vol 7 (3) ◽  
pp. 117
Author(s):  
Oliver Toskovic
Keyword(s):  
World War I ◽  
Experimental Psychology ◽  
Scientific Discipline ◽  
Scientific Instruments ◽  
World War ◽  
Psychology Laboratory ◽  
Wilhelm Wundt ◽  
The World ◽  
History Of ◽  
Kingdom Of Yugoslavia

Creating of Collection of old scientific instruments of Laboratory for experimental psychology, Faculty of philosophy, University of Belgrade is an attempt to preserve a part of history of science in Serbia. There are around 100 instruments in Collection, which mostly came to Belgrade within German war reparations to Kingdom of Yugoslavia, after the World War I. Most of the instruments were made in workshop of E. Zimmermann, precise mechanic of the first psychology laboratory in the world, founded in 1879 by Wilhelm Wundt in Leipzig. They can be grouped on those aimed for examining visual and auditory perception, memory and learning, kimography and ergography and those designed for investigating emotions. Together with books and journals from 19th and beginning of 20th century, instruments create an ensemble based on which it is possible to reconstruct one psychological laboratory from the very beginning of development this scientific discipline.

“The Temple of the Incredulous”: Ottoman Sultanic Mosques and the Principle of Legality

2019 ◽  
Vol 36 (1) ◽  
pp. 179-207
Author(s):  
Samet Budak
Keyword(s):  
Nineteenth Century ◽  
Sixteenth Century ◽  
Cultural Memory ◽  
Holy War ◽  
Historical Sources ◽  
History Of ◽  
Historical Accounts ◽  
Principle Of Legality ◽  
The Temple ◽  
As If

Abstract This article traces the history of an Ottoman legal custom related to the construction of sultanic (imperial) mosques. According to conventional narratives, the victory over non-Muslims was the essential requisite for constructing a sultanic mosque. Only after having emerged victorious should a sultan use the funds resulting from holy war to build his own mosque. This article argues that this custom emerged only after the late sixteenth century in tandem with rising complaints about the Ottoman decline and with the ḳānūn-consciousness of the Ottoman elite, although historical accounts present it as if it existed from the beginning of Ottoman rule. It rapidly gained importance, so much so that the Sultan Ahmed Mosque was dubbed “the unbeliever’s mosque” by contemporary ulema. After having examined details of the custom’s canonization, the article deals with how it left its imprint in construction activities (struggles and workarounds), historical sources, literature, and cultural memory, up to the nineteenth century.

FAMILY MEMORY OF THE RUSSIA’S CITIZENS IN THE CONTEXT OF ACTUAL SOCIAL CHALLENGES

2021 ◽  
Vol 11 (5) ◽  
pp. 13-26
Author(s):  
RAISA BARASH ◽  
Keyword(s):  
Historical Knowledge ◽  
Historical Sources ◽  
State Identity ◽  
Author Study ◽  
Social Challenges ◽  
Demographic Groups ◽  
The Family ◽  
History Of ◽  
The Veil ◽  
Key Events

Applying to the sociological data, the author examines the Russians’ perception of the family memory as a source of historical knowledge and proves that the memory about relatives and friends who have become participants and witnesses of the state’s key events seriously “feeds” the emotional citizens’ attitude towards symbols of the state identity and national pride. The actuality of the article is determinated by the global development of digital communication that seriously influences on the interest towards the reconstruction of family history and allows persons today to lift the veil of secrecy over the history of many families. Contemporary internet resources give wide opportunities for many modernized citizens to receive objective historical knowledge about their families. The purpose of this article is to study the specifics of the preservation and reproduction of family memory by the Russia’s citizens. In order to achieve this goal the author implement some research tasks. The author study as the place of the family memory among a number of various historical sources as the demand for family historical knowledge that the persons from different socio-demographic groups has. The special attention is paid to the study of the social media mechanisms that are using in order to reconstruct and reproduce the family memory.

scholarly journals Instruments and relics

2018 ◽  
Vol 31 (3) ◽  
pp. 469-485
Author(s):  
Rebekah Higgitt
Keyword(s):  
Nineteenth Century ◽  
Royal Society ◽  
Early History ◽  
Scientific Instruments ◽  
Self Presentation ◽  
History Of ◽  
Royal Society Of London

Abstract Despite the age and prestige of the Royal Society of London, the history of its collections of scientific instruments and apparatus has largely been one of accidental accumulation and neglect. This article tracks their movements and the processes by which objects came to be recognized as possessing value beyond reuse or sale. From at least the mid-nineteenth century, the few surviving objects with links to the society’s early history and its most illustrious Fellows came to be termed ‘relics’, were treated with suitable reverence, put on display and made part of the society’s public self-presentation. If the more quotidian objects survived into the later 1800s, when their potential as objects for collection, research, display, reproduction and loan began to be appreciated, they are likely to have survived to the present day.

scholarly journals Charles Galton Darwin, 1887-1962

1963 ◽  
Vol 9 ◽  
pp. 69-85 ◽  
Keyword(s):  
Prime Numbers ◽  
Early History ◽  
The Other ◽  
The Moon ◽  
Great Scientist ◽  
Postgraduate Students ◽  
The Family ◽  
History Of ◽  
Lord Kelvin ◽  
Erasmus Darwin

Charles Galton Darwin, born 19 December 1887, was the eldest son of Sir George Darwin, F.R.S., Plumian Professor of Astronomy at Cambridge, whose best known work was on the early history of the moon. His mother, whose maiden name was Maud du Puy, was an American lady. A grandson of the great scientist whose first name he bore, two of Darwin’s uncles were Fellows of the Society and his ancestors included Erasmus Darwin, author of the Loves of the plants in verse, as well as of more conventional scientific writings, and the first Josiah Wedgwood. Among his cousins was Francis Galton who with Lord Kelvin was his godfather. The life of his family when he was a child has been recorded by his elder sister Gwen Raverat in her admirable Period piece which describes inimitably their life interwoven with that of the other Darwin families then in Cambridge and to a lesser extent with a few other Cambridge children. One of the latter recalls Charles as ‘a big cheerful energetic boy, humorous and scornful of nonsense’. He impressed his young contemporaries by discussing prime numbers and electricity with his father, he is also remembered as being pursued furiously by a sister round the garden with a fork! Newnham Grange, which since Charles’s death is to become Darwin College for postgraduate students, is a charming but rather rambling house on the banks of the branch of the Cam leading from Newnham Mill. There are bridges across from the garden leading to two islands; with a boat and a canoe and a tree house, it made an ideal home for a young and energetic family. Until he was about 10 years old, when his grandmother died, the family spent some time each year at Down House

scholarly journals A személynevek Anonymus Gesta Hungarorumának angol és román fordításaiban

2020 ◽  
Vol 42 ◽  
pp. 47-65
Author(s):  
Gyopárka F. Bátori
Keyword(s):  
Data Collection ◽  
Small Group ◽  
Detailed Analysis ◽  
Early History ◽  
Comprehensive Understanding ◽  
Valuable Source ◽  
Personal Names ◽  
History Of ◽  
History Of Europe

The Gesta Hungarorum is a valuable source of the early history of Europe and Hungary. As a result, several translations in addition to the Hungarian have been published: Romanian, German, Slovak, Polish, Catalan, English, Russian, etc. While some questions regarding the translation of the personal names used by Anonymous are predictable, a comprehensive understanding can only be reached through a complete comparison of all data. Thus, data collection is the first step of research. The current study examines the use of personal names in the English and Romanian translations. Aspects connected to translation are systematised based on the various levels of their context. A detailed analysis of the data brings new aspects to the fore that highlight questions connected not only to the text of the Gesta itself but translation in general. Thus this study is useful not only to a small group of scholars but any who face challenges in the translation of names.

scholarly journals Families and the 1951 New Zealand waterfront lockout

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
◽  
Grace Millar
Keyword(s):  
New Zealand ◽  
Oral History ◽  
Social History ◽  
Survival Strategies ◽  
Active Involvement ◽  
The Family ◽  
Material State ◽  
History Of ◽  
And Gender ◽  
Historical Accounts

<p>From February to July 1951, 8,000 New Zealand watersider workers were locked-out and 7,000 miners, seamen and freezing workers went on strike in support. These workers and those who were dependent on their income, had to survive without wages for five months. The dispute was a family event as well as an industrial event. The men were fathers, husbands, brothers and sons, and their lack of wages affected the family that they lived with and their wider kin networks. The thesis examines families in order to write a gendered social history of the 1951 waterfront dispute.  The discussion starts by exploring the relationship between waterfront work and watersiders' families before the lockout. Then it turns to examine the material support that families received and the survival strategies used during the dispute. It examines the decisions union branches made about relief and other activities through the lens of gender and explores the implications of those decisions for family members. The subsequent chapters examine the dispute's end and long-term costs on families. The study draws on a mixture of union material, state archives and oral sources. The defeat of the union has meant that union material has largely survived in personal collections, but the state's active involvement in the dispute generated significant records. The oral history of 1951 is rich; this thesis draws on over fifty existing oral history interviews with people involved in the dispute, and twenty interviews completed for this project.  The thesis both complicates and confirms existing understandings of 1950s New Zealand. It complicates the idea of a prosperous conformist society, while confirming and deepening our understanding of the role of the family and gender relationships in the period. It argues that union branches put considerable effort into maintaining the gender order during the dispute and set up relief as a simulacrum of the breadwinner wage. Centring workers' families opens the dispute outwards to the communities they were part of. Compared to previous historical accounts, the thesis describes a messier and less contained 1951 waterfront dispute. This study shows that homes were a site of the dispute. The domestic work of ensuring that a family managed without wages was largely women's and was as much part of the dispute as collective union work, which was often organised to exclude women. The thesis argues that homes and families were the sharp edges of the 1951 waterfront dispute, the site of both its costs and crises.</p>

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