Prediction of the body composition of live cattle

1972 ◽  
Vol 78 (3) ◽  
pp. 505-508 ◽  
Author(s):  
D. A. Little ◽  
J. G. Morris
Keyword(s):  
Body Composition ◽  
Tritiated Water ◽  
Live Weight ◽  
The Body ◽  
Equilibration Time ◽  
Live Animal ◽  
Free Weight ◽  
The Mean ◽  
Total Body

SUMMARYTwo methods of determining body composition in live cattle have been compared with the composition of the cattle as determined by chemical analysis. Total body water (TBW) was estimated from tritiated water (TOH) dilution, and circulating redcell volume (RCV) estimated from measurements of plasma volume and haematocrit. TBW was very closely related to fat-free weight and fat weight as a percentage of live weight (LW) in eight cattle ranging from 3 to 34% fat. TOH space was more precise than RCV in the estimation of the various chemical fractions of the live animal.TOH injected intravenously equilibrated with ruminal water in 8–10 h; one could be confident that equilibration had occurred 10 h after injection, and equilibration time was not affected by previous restriction of feed and water. The mean biological half life of TOH was 4·2 ± 0·4 days. Equations are presented for the practical determination of the various compartments.

Body composition in lactating sheep and its indirect measurement in the live animal using tritiated water

1979 ◽  
Vol 92 (1) ◽  
pp. 69-81 ◽  
Author(s):  
J. Z. Foot ◽  
E. Skedd ◽  
D. N. McFarlane
Keyword(s):  
Body Composition ◽  
Body Fat ◽  
Standard Error ◽  
Physiological State ◽  
Tritiated Water ◽  
Live Weight ◽  
Body Water ◽  
The Body ◽  
Live Animal ◽  
Total Body

SummaryIn two experiments with female Scottish Blackface or Border Leicester x Scottish Blackface sheep nine or ten animals were slaughtered in mid lactation and the remainder either in November at the time of the subsequent mating (Expt 1) or at weaning (Expt 2).The sheep were infused periodically, including just before slaughter, with 100 μCi tritiated water (TOH) in order to measure total body water by dilution and to estimate body fat using the inverse relationship between the proportions of fat and water in the body. The accuracy of the methods was assessed when the sheep were slaughtered. In the ton lactating Scottish Blackface sheep of Expt 1 fat made up 11.5% of the total body weight with an S.D. of 8·38% whereas the 11 sheep slaughtered at mating were twice as fat (23·2, S.D. 4·01 %). The 25 Border Leicester × Blackface sheep were all thin, whether they were slaughtered in mid lactation (4·4, S.D. 2·56%) or at weaning (3·4, S.D. 2·81%).The standard error of estimate of body water from TOH space in Expt 2 was 1·2 kg c.v. 2·8%) and lower in Expt 1.The precision with which an animal could be weighed was very important in determining the accuracy with which body fat could be predicted from live weight and TOH space. In both experiments the standard error of estimate for body fat in lactating sheep was between 600 and 700 g, compared with 1·3–2·7 kg when body fat was predicted from live weight alone. These estimates were sufficiently accurate to be of value in following changes in body composition in live animals as their nutritional and physiological state alters and for comparing animals in groups where the average fatness is greater and the range wider than in the sheep used in Expt 2.

Changes in the body composition and efficiency of mature sheep during loss and regain of live weight

1969 ◽  
Vol 72 (1) ◽  
pp. 139-147 ◽  
Author(s):  
D. M. Keenan ◽  
W. R. McManus ◽  
M. Freer
Keyword(s):  
Weight Loss ◽  
Body Composition ◽  
Tritiated Water ◽  
Live Weight ◽  
The Body ◽  
Energy Deficit ◽  
Regression Equations ◽  
Original Weight ◽  
Total Body ◽  
Body Energy

SUMMARYThe body composition of eight Merino wethers was estimated from the tritiated water (TOH) space and live weight at intervals during a cross-over experiment in which they were fed to either maintain a uniform live weight (about 34 kg) or to lose and, later, recover live weight over a 17-week period. The diet was a pelleted mixture of lucerne and wheat.The multiple regression equations used for these estimates were established from the chemical analysis of 24 sheep, including six from the cross-over experiment, which were killed at intervals during these two feeding regimens. The inclusion of TOH space in addition to live weight in the regression equations decreased the standard error of the estimates of body water, fat and energy by two-thirds. Correction of TOH space and live weight for gut water did not increase the precision of the equations.Shoop which ate, during the first 4 weeks of the experiment, one-third of the amount of food required to maintain their original live weight, lost 16% of their weight and 30% of their total body energy. This weight loss consisted of 45% water, 39% fat and 13% protein. It appeared that tissue was mobilized inefficiently to meet a sudden energy deficit.When food was offered ad lib. to these sheep after they had maintained a liveweight deficit of about 11 kg for 8 weeks, they regained their weight in 5 weeks but only 75% of their energy deficit. This was due to the high content of water (60%) and low content of fat (23%) in the regained tissue.The sheep that lost weight and then recovered it were, over-all, about 86% as efficient in their use of food to maintain body energy and produce wool as the sheep that maintained their original weight.

Effect of gender, body composition, and equilibration time on the 2H-to-18O dilution space ratio

2006 ◽  
Vol 263 (6) ◽  
pp. E1119-E1124 ◽  
Author(s):  
M. I. Goran ◽  
E. T. Poehlman ◽  
K. S. Nair ◽  
E. Danforth
Keyword(s):  
Body Composition ◽  
Bioelectrical Impedance ◽  
Gender Effect ◽  
The Body ◽  
Equilibration Time ◽  
Doubly Labeled Water ◽  
Sources Of Variation ◽  
Chemical Availability ◽  
The Mean ◽  
Space Ratio

Physiological sources of variation in the 2H-to-18O dilution space ratio (DSR) were examined in 34 males and 20 females (4-78 yr; 14.7-143.2 kg; 1.8-61.0% body fat). Dilution spaces were obtained by time 0 extrapolation of isotope washout over 10-14 days, and body composition was obtained by underwater weight (adults) or bioelectrical impedance (children). The mean DSR was 1.050 +/- 0.015 (range 1.029-1.111), significantly higher (P < 0.001) than the traditionally assumed value of 1.029 based on exchange over 4 h. Use of the value 1.029 causes a systematic 8% overestimate of energy expenditure from doubly labeled water, relative to use of the value 1.05. The DSR was not related to body composition or age but was significantly higher (P < 0.05) in males (1.052 +/- 0.016) than in females (1.044 +/- 0.012). This gender effect was not explained by differences in the number of exchangeable hydrogens in the body. We conclude 1) variation in the 2H-to-18O DSR is not explained by body composition but is influenced by the chemical availability of exchangeable hydrogens to undergo exchange; 2) because the DSR is not easily predicted, use of the observed dilution spaces are recommended; 3) if a fixed DSR is used, values of 1.044 and 1.052 are recommended in females and males, respectively.

scholarly journals The prediction of body composition in poultry by estimation in vivo of total body water with tritiated water and deuterium oxide

1988 ◽  
Vol 59 (1) ◽  
pp. 109-124 ◽  
Author(s):  
R. J. Johnson ◽  
D. J. Farrell
Keyword(s):  
Body Composition ◽  
Isotope Dilution ◽  
Total Body Water ◽  
Deuterium Oxide ◽  
Tritiated Water ◽  
Live Weight ◽  
Body Water ◽  
Regression Equations ◽  
Total Body

1. Birds (n169) which varied in age, live weight, nutritional history, physiological state and genotype were slaughtered and analysed for total body water. Before slaughter, birds were injected with the water isotopes tritiated water (TOH) or deuterium oxide (D2O), or both, to determine TOH space or D2O space, or both, as estimates of total body water in vivo.2. At the mean total body water of all birds determined by desiccation, of 1096·4 (SD 424·1) g, TOH space and D2O space overestimated total body water by 10·4 and 8·5 % respectively. The difference between the isotopes was significant (P< 0·05).3. Based on recovery of isotope it was postulated that the main reason for the observed overestimation of total body water in vivo was incomplete recovery of isotope due to the vacuum sublimation technique. The mean recovery (%) of added isotope to whole blood after vacuum sublimation was 93·0 (SD 2·6) and 92·4 (SD 5·5) of the theoretical concentrations of TOH and D2O respectively.4. Nevertheless, accurate prediction of total body water was obtained from regression equations which included live weight and isotope-dilution space. Values required logarithmic (base 10) transformation before derivation of linear and multiple linear regression equations, and the precision of prediction was determined by the residual standard deviation (RSD).5. Total body water could be predicted with nearly equal accuracy from live weight or isotope-dilution space (RSD 0·025 and 0·020 respectively). Prediction of carcass protein was more accurate from live weight (RSD 0·033) than from TOH space (RSD 0·036), and inclusion of both variables resulted in only a marginal decrease in RSD to 0·031.6. The prediction of carcass fat and energy was markedly improved by the inclusion of isotope-dilution space in conjunction with live weight compared with live weight alone.7. The relations show the developmental nature of body composition of domestic fowl given diets adequate in nutrients. The prediction equations demonstrate the precision possible for studies in which estimates of body composition in poultry are required without slaughter.

Estimation of body water and fat in cattle using tritiated water space and live weight with particular reference to the influence of breed

1983 ◽  
Vol 101 (2) ◽  
pp. 257-264 ◽  
Author(s):  
P. R. N. Chigaru ◽  
D. H. Holness
Keyword(s):  
Body Fat ◽  
Total Body Water ◽  
Tritiated Water ◽  
Live Weight ◽  
Close Relation ◽  
Body Water ◽  
The Body ◽  
Metabolizable Energy ◽  
Complete Diet ◽  
Total Body

SUMMARYThe body composition of 18 each of Mashona, Afrikaner and Hereford heifers was measured at the beginning and after 16 and 32 weeks of the experiment. The heifers not slaughtered at the beginning of the experiment were fed a complete diet containing 132 g crude protein and 12·0 MJ metabolizable energy/kg dry matter. Before slaughter, the animals were deprived of food and water for 24 h. Each animal was infused with 1 mCi of tritiated water (TOH) in order to measure total body water (TBW) and to estimate body fat.The growth rate of the three breeds of heifers was similar despite differences in age and initial live weight. Both TBW and fat proportions, however, differed significantly (P < 0·01) between slaughter stages for each breed and between breeds at each slaughter stage. At the first, second and final slaughter stages the proportions of TBW were: 68·0, 59·4 and 54·5% for Mashona; 70·;5, 64·3 and 58·3% for Afrikaner and 65·3, 57·6 and 46·2% for Hereford heifers respectively. The corresponding proportions of body fat were: 10·2, 18·4 and 24·2% for Mashona; 6·6, 12·0 and 20·0% for Afrikaner and 13·7, 20·8 and 25·8% for Hereford heifers respectively.There was a close relation between empty body weight and live weight at slaughter which was not influenced by breed. Both TBW and fat were estimated more accurately when TOH space and live weight were used jointly. However, the slopes of the prediction equations for each breed were significantly different (P < 0·05) in the case of both total body water and fat. It was necessary to use separate equations for each breed in order to predict either body water or fat. The significance of these findings for the estimation of body fat in live cattle is discussed.

scholarly journals Nitrogen balance studies with the milk-fed lamb

1967 ◽  
Vol 21 (2) ◽  
pp. 275-287 ◽  
Author(s):  
D. M. Walker ◽  
L. J. Cook ◽  
K. T. Jagusch
Keyword(s):  
Body Composition ◽  
Weight Gain ◽  
Live Weight ◽  
The Body ◽  
Feeding Frequency ◽  
N Retention ◽  
Live Weight Gain ◽  
Total Body Composition ◽  
Total Body ◽  
Different Levels

1. Thirty-three cross-bred lambs were given reconstituted dried whole cow's milk from 1 week of age at different levels of intake and at different frequencies of feeding.2. Feeding frequency had no effect on live-weight gain, N retention or total body composition.3. Lambs given two feeds daily had significantly heavier abomasums than pair-fed lambs given six feeds daily.4. The weights of fat, protein (N x 6.25) and water in the body were closely related to empty body weight; body composition (% of empty body) was not significantly affected by the level of milk intake or by the rate of growth.5. Live-weight gain was closely related to energy intake (r = +0.99) and to N retention (r = +0.97). A live-weight gain of 100 g was associated with an intake of 511 kcal and a N retention of 2.28 g N.

scholarly journals Internal Proportions of The Body Composition in Members of the Female National Tennis Team of Poland

2018 ◽  
Vol 2 (73) ◽  
Author(s):  
Marina Jagiello ◽  
Wladislaw Jagiello
Keyword(s):  
Body Composition ◽  
Body Size ◽  
Body Mass ◽  
Body Height ◽  
The Body ◽  
Control Group ◽  
Tennis Players ◽  
National Team ◽  
The Mean ◽  
Total Body

Contemporary anthropological research confirms the fact that body composition is one of the basic elements differentiating athletes from persons not practising sport. Among athletes representing various branches of sport there are also significant differences in their body composition. Internal proportions of the body composition of an athlete, or a selected group of athletes, is an especially important yet little researched issue of sports anthropology. This problem is still topical in sports games, especially in tennis. Therefore, the aim of the study was to determine internal proportions of the body composition of female tennis players from the Polish national team in comparison to persons who do not practice sport professionally. The study involved female athletes of the Polish national tennis team (n = 10). The study was carried out in a training camp from 28 September to 9 October 2002 in Zakopane — Centre of Sports Preparation. Athletes’ age was 16—20 (18.1 ± 1.4) years, and the training experience 8—12 years (10.5 ± 1.8). The mean body height for the group members was 171.9 ± 6.7 cm and the mean body mass 59.7 ± 6.3 kg. The results of research by Piechaczek et al. (1996) constituted the reference point for the results of measurements of Polish tennis representatives. The authors studied 153 female students of Warsaw Technical University aged 20.2 ± 1.09 years. They were randomly chosen students of the first and the second year of various departments at this university. The mean body height of the students was 166.2 ± 6.2 cm and the mean body mass 57.4 ± 7.72 kg. Anthropometric measurements were taken using standard instruments (Drozdowski, 1998). The analysis involved 11 somatic features which determined three so-called factors of body composition: length (m1), stoutness (m2) and obesity (m3). The assessment of proportions of the body composition was made by means of Perkal’s natural indices (1953) with Milicerowa’s modifications (1956). We determined the following: composition factors (m), index of total body size (M), internal proportions of the body composition, evenness of composition, the code of internal proportions; also the assessment of internal proportions of the body composition within each of the factors.Taking into consideration the mean values of the studied somatic features in the control group and the comparative group we found differences in their body composition. The representatives of the Polish national tennis team showed substantially longer upper and lower limbs, and the body height was greater. They also had much greater forearm perimeter and shorter pelvic width. As to the total body size, the tennis players slightly exceeded the students (M = 0.24). The total body size (M) resulted from high values of length features (m1 = 1.01), low ones of stoutness (m2 = –0.39) and medium ones of obesity (m3 = 0.1). The value of the intragroup variability index (harmony of composition) amounted to 1.4 and the code of internal proportions of tennis players’ body composition — to 6—2—4. The proportions of internal features of the stoutness index (natural indices of features within a factor) showed the advantage of the forearm perimeter (1.62) and elbow width (0.36). The knee width (–1.30) and pelvic width (–0.60) were disproportionate to the total value of this factor. The input of features characterizing the length factor was relatively proportional.Keywords: tennis, training, body composition, internal proportions.

Effect of gender, body composition, and equilibration time on the 2H-to-18O dilution space ratio

1992 ◽  
Vol 263 (6) ◽  
pp. E1119-E1124 ◽  
Author(s):  
M. I. Goran ◽  
E. T. Poehlman ◽  
K. S. Nair ◽  
E. Danforth
Keyword(s):  
Body Composition ◽  
Bioelectrical Impedance ◽  
Gender Effect ◽  
The Body ◽  
Equilibration Time ◽  
Doubly Labeled Water ◽  
Sources Of Variation ◽  
Chemical Availability ◽  
The Mean ◽  
Space Ratio

Physiological sources of variation in the 2H-to-18O dilution space ratio (DSR) were examined in 34 males and 20 females (4-78 yr; 14.7-143.2 kg; 1.8-61.0% body fat). Dilution spaces were obtained by time 0 extrapolation of isotope washout over 10-14 days, and body composition was obtained by underwater weight (adults) or bioelectrical impedance (children). The mean DSR was 1.050 +/- 0.015 (range 1.029-1.111), significantly higher (P < 0.001) than the traditionally assumed value of 1.029 based on exchange over 4 h. Use of the value 1.029 causes a systematic 8% overestimate of energy expenditure from doubly labeled water, relative to use of the value 1.05. The DSR was not related to body composition or age but was significantly higher (P < 0.05) in males (1.052 +/- 0.016) than in females (1.044 +/- 0.012). This gender effect was not explained by differences in the number of exchangeable hydrogens in the body. We conclude 1) variation in the 2H-to-18O DSR is not explained by body composition but is influenced by the chemical availability of exchangeable hydrogens to undergo exchange; 2) because the DSR is not easily predicted, use of the observed dilution spaces are recommended; 3) if a fixed DSR is used, values of 1.044 and 1.052 are recommended in females and males, respectively.

Body Composition Changes During Growth in Young Sockeye (Oncorhynchus nerka) in Fresh Water

1970 ◽  
Vol 27 (5) ◽  
pp. 929-942 ◽  
Author(s):  
T. D. D. Groves
Keyword(s):  
Body Composition ◽  
Body Fat ◽  
Oncorhynchus Nerka ◽  
Fork Length ◽  
Live Weight ◽  
The Body ◽  
Accurate Estimation ◽  
Published Data ◽  
Total Body ◽  
Nutritional Studies

The body composition of young sockeye (Oncorhynchus nerka) in the weight range of 0.5–300 g was investigated to further document changes in body composition with growth, and to develop equations that would allow the estimation of total body composition in this species, either in vitro or in vivo, based on easily measured parameters such as fork length, live weight, and total body water. The major components of the fat-free mass (protein, water, and ash) in nonstarving fish were closely related to each other and to fork length. Body fat tended to increase with size, but was not closely related to the other components of body composition. The following equations were derived, allowing the accurate estimation of total water (W), protein (P), and fat-free dry material (FFDM, consisting of protein and ash) in grams, based on the measurement of either water or fork length (L) in centimeters: W = 0.00571 L3.118, P = 0.204 W 1.038, and FFDM = 1.113 P. Body fat (F) may be estimated as the difference between wet body weight (M) and the lean mass: F = M − (W + FFDM).These equations are similar to, but not identical to, the relations derived for other species of salmon, based on other published data, and to the respective relations reported in the literature for mammals. The applications of these equations to the nutritional evaluation of wild populations and to quantitative nutritional studies on young sockeye are discussed and illustrated.

scholarly journals Measurement of changes in body composition of piglets from birth to 4 kg using quantitative magnetic resonance (QMR)*

2012 ◽  
Vol 55 (1) ◽  
pp. 64-71 ◽  
Author(s):  
A. D. Mitchell ◽  
T. G. Ramsay ◽  
A. M. Scholz
Keyword(s):  
Body Composition ◽  
Magnetic Resonance ◽  
Body Growth ◽  
The Body ◽  
Coefficient Of Determination ◽  
Neonatal Pigs ◽  
Quantitative Magnetic Resonance ◽  
The Mean ◽  
Total Body ◽  
Highly Correlated

Abstract. The purpose of this study was to use quantitative magnetic resonance (QMR) to measure changes in the body composition of piglets during growth from birth to 4 kg body weight. Using QMR, 60 pigs were scanned an average of 5 times starting at 2.7±1.3 days of age (1.95 kg) and finally at 13.1±4.3 days (4.14 kg). Regression analysis revealed that the rates of total body growth and fat and lean deposition were linear throughout this period. Subsequently, a second group of 235 pigs (109 males and 126 females) were scanned twice, first at 2.7±1.2 days of age and then at 13.4±3.1 days of age. The mean (±SD) rate of total body growth was 230±57 g/day. The rates of fat and lean deposition were 40±13 g/day and 191±52 g/day, respectively. The rates of both fat and lean deposition were highly correlated (P<0.001) with total body growth rate (R2=0.81 and 0.93, respectively) and the coefficient of determination between the rates of fat and lean deposition was 0.71 (P<0.001). The results of this study demonstrate that QMR is a useful method for measuring changes in body composition in neonatal pigs. Furthermore, the results indicate that during the period of growth from birth to 4 kg, the rates of both fat and lean deposition are linear and highly correlated with total body growth.

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