The yields of wholesale cuts from carcasses of Aberdeen-Angus crosses fattened on grass and in yards

1959 ◽  
Vol 53 (1) ◽  
pp. 64-77 ◽  
Author(s):  
G. Harrington ◽  
R. W. Pomeroy
Keyword(s):  
The Other ◽  
Advanced Stage ◽  
Stage Of Development

1. Both sides of sixty-eight carcasses of Aberdeen-Angus cross steers and heifers were broken down into wholesale joints by the same butcher using a modification of the London and Home Counties style of cutting. Thirty-four of the cattle were fattened on grass in the summer of 1955 and the other thirty-four in yards during the following winter.2. Sides of steer carcasses averaged some 50–60 lb. heavier than those of heifers both in summer and winter, and the yard-fattened cattle gave sides averaging 10–20 lb. heavier than those from grassfattened cattle.3. The cuts along the underline of the animals (brisket and flanks) were increasing in weight at proportionally the greatest rate and the shin and hind-leg cuts at about half this rate, with those along the top of the back intermediate.4. At a side weight of 300 lb., steers were significantly lighter than heifers in the weight of kidney knob, cod fat, thin flank, forequarter flank, loin and rump, whereas they were significantly heavier than heifers in weight of leg, shin, topside, top rump and the neck cuts (clod and sticking). These differences suggested that at this weight of side, heifers were at a more advanced stage of development than steers.

scholarly journals The ontogenetic transformation of the mesosaurid tarsus: a contribution to the origin of the primitive amniotic astragalus

2016 ◽  
Author(s):  
Graciela Piñeiro ◽  
Pablo Núñez Demarco ◽  
Melitta D Meneghel
Keyword(s):  
The Other ◽  
Ossification Center ◽  
Advanced Stage ◽  
Late Permian ◽  
Early Permian ◽  
Stage Of Development ◽  
Tarsal Bones ◽  
Single Bone ◽  
Transformation Series

The hypotheses about the origin of the primitive amniotic tarsus are very speculative. Early studies argued that the origin of the astragalus, one of the largest proximal bones in the tarsus of basal amniotes, was produced by either the fusion of two, three, or even four of the original tarsal bones, the intermedium, the tibiale and the proximal centralia (c4 and c3), or that the intermedium alone transforms into the primitive astragalus. More recent studies have shown that the structure of the tarsus in Captorhinus supports the former hypothesis about a fusion of the intermedium, the tibiale, the proximal centrale (c4) and eventually c3, producing a purportedly multipartite structure of the amniotic astragalus, but the issue remained contentious. Very well preserved tarsi of the Early Permian aquatic amniote Mesosaurus tenuidens Gervais, 1864-1865, which represent the most complete ontogenetic succession known for a basal amniote (the other exceptional one is provided by the Late Permian diapsid Hovasaurus boulei Piveteau, 1926), suggest that there is more than one ossification center for the astragalus and that these fuse during late embryonic stages or maybe early after birth. A non-hatched Mesosaurus in an advanced stage of development shows that the tarsus is represented by a single bone, most probably the astragalus, which seems to be formed by the suturing of three bones, which we interpret as being the intermedium, the tibiale, which could have already integrated the c4 in an earlier stage of the development, and the c3. An amniote-like tarsal structure is observed in very basal Carboniferous and Permian tetrapods such as Proterogyrinus, Gephyrostegus, the diadectids Diadectes and Orobates, some microsaurs like Tuditanus and Pantylus, and possibly Westlothiana, taxa that were all considered as true amniotes in their original descriptions. Therefore, the structure of the amniotic tarsus, including the configuration of the proximal series formed by the astragalus and the calcaneum, typically a pair of enlarged bones, could have been established well before the first recognized amniote walked on Earth. Accordingly, the tarsus of these taxa does not constitute specialized convergences that appeared in unrelated groups, they might be instead, part of a transformation series that involves taxa closely related to the early amniotes as some hypotheses have suggested.

scholarly journals The ontogenetic transformation of the mesosaurid tarsus: a contribution to the origin of the primitive amniotic astragalus

2016 ◽  
Author(s):  
Graciela Piñeiro ◽  
Pablo Núñez Demarco ◽  
Melitta D Meneghel
Keyword(s):  
The Other ◽  
Ossification Center ◽  
Advanced Stage ◽  
Late Permian ◽  
Early Permian ◽  
Stage Of Development ◽  
Tarsal Bones ◽  
Single Bone ◽  
Transformation Series

The hypotheses about the origin of the primitive amniotic tarsus are very speculative. Early studies argued that the origin of the astragalus, one of the largest proximal bones in the tarsus of basal amniotes, was produced by either the fusion of two, three, or even four of the original tarsal bones, the intermedium, the tibiale and the proximal centralia (c4 and c3), or that the intermedium alone transforms into the primitive astragalus. More recent studies have shown that the structure of the tarsus in Captorhinus supports the former hypothesis about a fusion of the intermedium, the tibiale, the proximal centrale (c4) and eventually c3, producing a purportedly multipartite structure of the amniotic astragalus, but the issue remained contentious. Very well preserved tarsi of the Early Permian aquatic amniote Mesosaurus tenuidens Gervais, 1864-1865, which represent the most complete ontogenetic succession known for a basal amniote (the other exceptional one is provided by the Late Permian diapsid Hovasaurus boulei Piveteau, 1926), suggest that there is more than one ossification center for the astragalus and that these fuse during late embryonic stages or maybe early after birth. A non-hatched Mesosaurus in an advanced stage of development shows that the tarsus is represented by a single bone, most probably the astragalus, which seems to be formed by the suturing of three bones, which we interpret as being the intermedium, the tibiale, which could have already integrated the c4 in an earlier stage of the development, and the c3. An amniote-like tarsal structure is observed in very basal Carboniferous and Permian tetrapods such as Proterogyrinus, Gephyrostegus, the diadectids Diadectes and Orobates, some microsaurs like Tuditanus and Pantylus, and possibly Westlothiana, taxa that were all considered as true amniotes in their original descriptions. Therefore, the structure of the amniotic tarsus, including the configuration of the proximal series formed by the astragalus and the calcaneum, typically a pair of enlarged bones, could have been established well before the first recognized amniote walked on Earth. Accordingly, the tarsus of these taxa does not constitute specialized convergences that appeared in unrelated groups, they might be instead, part of a transformation series that involves taxa closely related to the early amniotes as some hypotheses have suggested.

scholarly journals III. The menstruation and ovulation of macacus rhesus, with observations on the changes undergone by the discharged follicle.—Part II

1897 ◽  
Vol 188 ◽  
pp. 135-166 ◽  
Keyword(s):  
Menstrual Cycle ◽  
In Utero ◽  
The Other ◽  
Advanced Stage ◽  
Stage Of Development ◽  
Stage 1

The greater part of the material wherewith the work detailed in this paper was done, was obtained during my stay in Calcutta during the early part of 1891, and I am greatly indebted to the Committee of Management of the Calcutta Zoological Gardens, and especially to Professor D. D. Cunningham, F. R. S., both for assistance in getting the animals required and for facilities placed at my disposal for carrying on my work in that country. Two hundred female Macacus rhesus were gent to me from Muttra and thirty from Benares. A very large proportion of these either had embryos in an advanced stage of development in utero, or had recently borne young; of the remainder many had not yet reached the age of puberty, and when all doubtful cases were excluded, seventeen specimens alone remained which could be used for the purpose of investigating the phenomena of menstruation. Five of these were referable to Stage 1, the resting or intermenstrual stage, and the other twelve to various stages of the menstrual cycle.

scholarly journals The ontogenetic transformation of the mesosaurid tarsus: a contribution to the origin of the primitive amniotic astragalus

PeerJ ◽  
2016 ◽  
Vol 4 ◽  
pp. e2036 ◽  
Author(s):  
Graciela Piñeiro ◽  
Pablo Núñez Demarco ◽  
Melitta D. Meneghel
Keyword(s):  
The Other ◽  
Ossification Center ◽  
Advanced Stage ◽  
Late Permian ◽  
Early Permian ◽  
Stage Of Development ◽  
Tarsal Bones ◽  
Single Bone ◽  
Transformation Series

The hypotheses about the origin of the primitive amniotic tarsus are very speculative. Early studies argued that the origin of the astragalus, one of the largest proximal bones in the tarsus of basal amniotes, was produced by either the fusion of two, three, or even four of the original tarsal bones, the intermedium, the tibiale and the proximal centralia (c4 and c3), or that the intermedium alone transforms into the primitive astragalus. More recent studies have shown that the structure of the tarsus inCaptorhinussupports the former hypothesis about a fusion of the intermedium, the tibiale, the proximal centrale (c4) and eventually c3, producing a purportedly multipartite structure of the amniotic astragalus, but the issue remained contentious. Very well preserved tarsi of the Early Permian aquatic amnioteMesosaurus tenuidensGervais, 1864–1865, which represent the most complete ontogenetic succession known for a basal amniote (the other exceptional one is provided by the Late Permian diapsidHovasaurus bouleiPiveteau, 1926), suggest that there is more than one ossification center for the astragalus and that these fuse during late embryonic stages or maybe early after birth. A non-hatchedMesosaurusin an advanced stage of development shows that the tarsus is represented by a single bone, most probably the astragalus, which seems to be formed by the suturing of three bones, here interpreted as being the intermedium, the tibiale, probably already integrated to the c4 in an earlier stage of the development, and the c3. An amniote-like tarsal structure is observed in very basal Carboniferous and Permian tetrapods such asProterogyrinus, Gephyrostegus, the diadectidsDiadectesandOrobates, some microsaurs likeTuditanusandPantylusand possiblyWestlothiana, taxa that were all considered as true amniotes in their original descriptions. Therefore, the structure of the amniotic tarsus, including the configuration of the proximal series formed by the astragalus and the calcaneum, typically a pair of enlarged bones, could have been established well before the first recognized amniote walked on Earth. Accordingly, the tarsus of these taxa does not constitute specialized convergences that appeared in unrelated groups, they might be instead, part of a transformation series that involves taxa closely related to the early amniotes as some hypotheses have suggested.

scholarly journals The ontogenetic transformation of the mesosaurid tarsus: a contribution to the origin of the primitive amniotic astragalus

2016 ◽  
Author(s):  
Graciela Piñeiro ◽  
Pablo Núñez Demarco ◽  
Melitta D Meneghel
Keyword(s):  
The Other ◽  
Ossification Center ◽  
Advanced Stage ◽  
Late Permian ◽  
Early Permian ◽  
Stage Of Development ◽  
Tarsal Bones ◽  
Single Bone ◽  
Transformation Series

The hypotheses about the origin of the primitive amniotic tarsus are very speculative. Early studies argued that the origin of the astragalus, one of the largest proximal bones in the tarsus of basal amniotes, was produced by either the fusion of two, three, or even four of the original tarsal bones, the intermedium, the tibiale and the proximal centralia (c4 and c3), or that the intermedium alone transforms into the primitive astragalus. More recent studies have shown that the structure of the tarsus in Captorhinus supports the former hypothesis about a fusion of the intermedium, the tibiale, the proximal centrale (c4) and eventually c3, producing a purportedly multipartite structure of the amniotic astragalus, but the issue remained contentious. Very well preserved tarsi of the Early Permian aquatic amniote Mesosaurus tenuidens Gervais, 1864-1865, which represent the most complete ontogenetic succession known for a basal amniote (the other exceptional one is provided by the Late Permian diapsid Hovasaurus boulei Piveteau, 1926), suggest that there is more than one ossification center for the astragalus and that these fuse during late embryonic stages or maybe early after birth. A non-hatched Mesosaurus in an advanced stage of development shows that the tarsus is represented by a single bone, most probably the astragalus, which seems to be formed by the suturing of three bones, which we interpret as being the intermedium, the tibiale, which could have already integrated the c4 in an earlier stage of the development, and the c3. An amniote-like tarsal structure is observed in very basal Carboniferous and Permian tetrapods such as Proterogyrinus, Gephyrostegus, the diadectids Diadectes and Orobates, some microsaurs like Tuditanus and Pantylus, and possibly Westlothiana, taxa that were all considered as true amniotes in their original descriptions. Therefore, the structure of the amniotic tarsus, including the configuration of the proximal series formed by the astragalus and the calcaneum, typically a pair of enlarged bones, could have been established well before the first recognized amniote walked on Earth. Accordingly, the tarsus of these taxa does not constitute specialized convergences that appeared in unrelated groups, they might be instead, part of a transformation series that involves taxa closely related to the early amniotes as some hypotheses have suggested.

The Application of UX Research in New Energy Vehicle Innovation

2019 ◽  
Vol 1 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Menghan TAO ◽  
Ning XIAO ◽  
Xingfu ZHAO ◽  
Wenbin LIU
Keyword(s):  
Early Stage ◽  
Rapid Expansion ◽  
The Other ◽  
Innovative Product ◽  
Stage Of Development ◽  
New Energy ◽  
New Energy Vehicle ◽  
The One ◽  
New Energy Vehicles ◽  
Degree Of Innovation

New energy vehicles(NEV) as a new thing for sustainable development, in China, on the one hand has faced the rapid expansion of the market; the other hand, for the new NEV users, the current NEVs cannot keep up with the degree of innovation. This paper demonstrates the reasons for the existence of this systematic challenge, and puts forward the method of UX research which is different from the traditional petrol vehicles research in the early stage of development, which studies from the user's essence level, to form the innovative product programs which meet the needs of users and being real attractive.

scholarly journals Bilateral Sturge Weber Syndrome- a rare case report

2013 ◽  
Vol 5 (1) ◽  
pp. 129-132 ◽  
Author(s):  
P Singh ◽  
S Singh
Keyword(s):  
Case Report ◽  
Rare Case ◽  
Unusual Case ◽  
The Other ◽  
Advanced Stage ◽  
Weber Syndrome ◽  
Rare Case Report ◽  
The Face ◽  
Bilateral Condition ◽  
Sturge Weber Syndrome

Background: Sturge-Weber syndrome is a rare congenital neuro- oculo- cutaneous disorder. Objective: To report a very rare unusual case of bilateral manifestation of Sturge Weber syndrome. Case: We report an unusual case of a 17-year-old female with advanced stage of bilateral glaucoma associated with facial nevus extending to the other half of the face as well and bilateral intracranial calcification. Conclusion: Sturge -Weber syndrome can manifest as a bilateral condition. Nepal J Ophthalmol 2013; 5(9):129-132 DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.3126/nepjoph.v5i1.7841

scholarly journals Note on a Leptocephalus Stage of the Conger

1920 ◽  
Vol 12 (2) ◽  
pp. 249-252 ◽  
Author(s):  
E. Ford
Keyword(s):  
The Body ◽  
Advanced Stage ◽  
Young Fish ◽  
Dorsal Fin ◽  
Close Resemblance ◽  
Stage Of Development ◽  
Fin Rays ◽  
Glass Aquarium

On September 17th, 1919, a specimen of Leptocephalus Congri vulgaris (L. Morrisii) was captured in “bottom” haul No. 69 of the young fish trawl in locality Eddystone bearing S. by W. (magnetic) 1½ miles, over a depth of 31 fathoms. It was alive and active when taken, measuring between 115 and 120 mm. in length, and has been kept alive up to the present date in a glass aquarium under circulation. It was at a fairly advanced stage of development, intermediate between those exhibited in Figs. 2 and 3, Pl. I of Schmidt (1), the dorsal fin commencing slightly farther back than in Fig. 3, and the median row of pigment spots along either side of the body not extending forward beyond about 1 cm. in front of the commencement of the dorsal fin. There is a close resemblance also to the specimen figured by Fulton (2), with the exception that, as just pointed out, the median row of pigment along the body on either side does not reach forward quite to the head, and in addition the pigment spots at the base of the dorsal fin rays are only two or three in number, situated at the extreme posterior end of the fin.Since the date of capture, observations 'have been made periodically and certain measurements taken as accurately as possible, but on account of the movements of the fish the latter could only be obtained approximately.

Helicopter All-Weather Operation—Equipment for the Transport Role

1968 ◽  
Vol 72 (687) ◽  
pp. 229-238
Author(s):  
M. C. Curties
Keyword(s):  
Real Problem ◽  
Advanced Stage ◽  
Guidance And Control ◽  
Stage Of Development ◽  
Basic Work ◽  
And Control

The theme of this lecture on Helicopter All-Weather Operation is a discussion of the equipment requirements for the helicopter in the transport role. I have to say at the outset and possibly somewhat provocatively, that I believe that there are no real problem areas left, as far as the equipment means are concerned, between us and the realisation of a good all-weather capability in a transport helicopter. By this I mean that virtually all the basic work has been done in the main fields of guidance and control. Much of the equipment is already produced or in an advanced stage of development and most of that outstanding has already been defined and the feasibility of meeting the requirements examined. Thus, I believe, all that is required is a determination to achieve all-weather operation and to set in hand the processes of procuring the equipment. This means that the requirement has to be firmly stated and the price paid to meet it. It is idle to think that an all-weather capability can be achieved without an adequate equipment standard. However, it is reasonable to expect that its achievement should cost no more in the transport helicopter than for an equivalent standard in the transport aeroplane.

scholarly journals FURTHER STUDIES ON THE ETIOLOGICAL RÔLE OF VIBRIO FETUS

1920 ◽  
Vol 32 (6) ◽  
pp. 683-689 ◽  
Author(s):  
Theobald Smith ◽  
Ralph B. Little ◽  
Marian S. Taylor
Keyword(s):  
Guinea Pig ◽  
Blood Serum ◽  
Placental Tissue ◽  
Infectious Agent ◽  
The Other ◽  
Advanced Stage ◽  
Young Stock ◽  
Tentative Hypothesis ◽  
Agglutination Titer ◽  
Rule Out

The data bearing on these three cases are quite sufficient to rule out Bacillus abortus as the agent. Not only the cultures and guinea pig tests of fetal tissues and contents of the digestive tract, but also the agglutination and guinea pig tests of the milk, were negative. The same is true of the agglutination tests of the blood serum. Only in one case was the placenta obtained in part. The stained films and the sections from various regions showed no abortion bacilli. Guinea pig tests of placental tissue were negative for Bacillus abortus. On the other hand) minute organisms resembling vibrios were detected in the cytoplasm of endothelial cells within capillaries in the edematous subchorionic tissue. Subsequently the agglutination titer of the blood serum of one of these cases rose to a level indicating infection with Bacillus abortus during the second pregnancy. The peculiar distribution of abortions due to Vibrio fetus among older cows and heifers in this herd, resulting at first in cases among older cows and latterly passing to young stock, may be explained by certain occurrences in the herd itself. It may be assumed that the infection was originally brought in by purchased cows. The young stock is kept segregated from these in a special barn, and when 6 months old it is pastured on outlying farms until returned in an advanced stage of pregnancy. The heifers during the first pregnancy were thus kept away from vibrio carriers until after the first calf was born. In June and July, 1919, 55 older cows, purchased and native, were placed on the young stock pasture. The three cases of abortion in heifers due to Vibrio fetus occurred October 24, November 9, and December 2, 1919. The age and condition of the fetuses accord very well with the assumption that Vibrio fetus was introduced among the young stock in June or July of the same year. The information gathered thus far concerning vibrionic abortion in this herd enables us to formulate a tentative hypothesis subject to modification with increasing knowledge of this type of infectious abortion. The infectious agent was probably introduced by purchased cows in 1917 or earlier. It gained a certain headway up to 1919, then the number of cases declined so that between May, 1919, and May, 1920, only the above three cases in heifers, and one case of mixed infection with Bacillus abortus in an older cow, were detected. During the same period cases due to Bacillus abortus continued undiminished. The greater resistance of Bacillus abortus manifested in cultures as compared with Vibrio fetus is thus reflected in its behavior in nature. The temporary dying out of the infection indicates that natural immunization of a herd to Vibrio fetus proceeds quite rapidly. Another outbreak may be expected when the immunity of the herd has declined in the absence of the infecting agent and the latter is reintroduced from without, or it may reappear at any time when a vibrio of higher virulence is brought in.

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