Comparison of direct drilling, reduced cultivation and ploughing on the growth of cereals: 3. Winter wheat and spring barley on a calcareous clay

1979 ◽  
Vol 93 (2) ◽  
pp. 391-401 ◽  
Author(s):  
F. B. Ellis ◽  
J. G. Elliott ◽  
F. Pollard ◽  
R. Q. Cannell ◽  
B. T. Barnes
Keyword(s):  
Moisture Content ◽  
Winter Wheat ◽  
Clay Soil ◽  
Spring Barley ◽  
The Other ◽  
Root Penetration ◽  
Uncultivated Soil ◽  
Direct Drilling ◽  
Uncultivated Land ◽  
Resistance To Penetration

SUMMARYMouldboard ploughing, deep and shallow tined cultivation followed by conventional seed-bed preparation, and direct drilling were compared from 1972 to 1976 on a calcareous clay soil in two experiments, one on winter wheat and the other on spring barley.At sowing the moisture content, bulk density and resistance to penetration in the surface layer of soil of uncultivated land were all greater than in soil that had been ploughed or cultivated deeply. Below 10 cm moisture content was less and root penetration was greater in the uncultivated soil. In all years winter wheat established and yielded well following direct drilling and shallow cultivation. In two dry autumns wheat establishment following ploughing was slower and less complete than with direct drilling, and in 1 year the yield was less. Spring barley established and yielded well without consistent differences in all years with all treatments.

The effects of direct drilling, shallow cultivation and ploughing on some soil physical properties in a long-term experiment on spring barley

1985 ◽  
Vol 104 (1) ◽  
pp. 125-133 ◽  
Author(s):  
K. Chaney ◽  
D. R. Hodgson ◽  
M. A. Braim
Keyword(s):  
Spring Barley ◽  
The Other ◽  
Clay Loam ◽  
Average Value ◽  
Structural Problems ◽  
Physical Measurements ◽  
Long Term Experiment ◽  
Direct Drilling ◽  
Air Capacity

SummaryPhysical measurements were made on the soil of a long-term cultivation experiment comparing direct drilling, tine cultivation and mouldboard ploughing for spring barley to investigate possible reasons for differences in yield. The soil was a typical argillio brown earth, approximately 90 cm of sandy clay loam topsoil and clay loam subsoil overlying magnesian limestone. For the three periods 1971–4, 1975–7 and 1978–80 the mean grain yields were marginally lower after direct drilling than after shallow cultivation or ploughing. There was an average decline in yield of 1·33 t/ha from the first to the last period, the decline being greater for direct drilling than the other two tillage systems. Although the surface horizon (0–5 cm) of direct-drilled soil had a higher content of organic matter than the ploughed, this did not increase the stability of the aggregates. Slaking tests had shown the soil to be inherently unstable and likely to suffer from structural problems. After the first 3 years bulk density of direct-drilled soil (0–15 cm) increased markedly to ca. l·5 g/cm8 and then remained relatively stable. In the ploughed soil, density increased steadily over the period to an average value of co. 1·45 g/cm8. Tine cultivation to 7–8 cm reduced cone resistance values in the surface compared with direct-drilled soil but below 15 cm there were no significant differences. Ploughing gave significantly lower values than direct drilling to a depth of 30 cm. Measurements of pore sizes in direct-drilled and ploughed soil were highly variable with few significant differences. Mean air capacity values (1978–80) tended to be lower in direct-drilled than in ploughed topsoil particularly for plots direct drilled after 7 years of deep tine cultivation. A limited number of root measurements in 1978 and 1980 showed that the length of root per unit of ground area was much less after direct drilling than after ploughing. Shallow cultivation, surprisingly, gave most root with a greater proportion of the root system below 20 cm than in the other two treatments. The classification of this soil according to its suitability for direct drilling cereals is discussed.

Interactions of Straw Disposal Methods and Direct Drilling or Cultivations on Winter Wheat (Triticum aestivum) grown on a Clay Soil

1999 ◽  
Vol 73 (3) ◽  
pp. 297-309 ◽  
Author(s):  
D.G. Christian ◽  
E.T.G. Bacon ◽  
D. Brockie ◽  
D. Glen ◽  
R.J. Gutteridge ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Triticum Aestivum ◽  
Winter Wheat ◽  
Clay Soil ◽  
Direct Drilling

Cultivation systems for spring barley with special reference to direct drilling (1971–1974)

1977 ◽  
Vol 88 (3) ◽  
pp. 631-644 ◽  
Author(s):  
D. R. Hodgson ◽  
J. R. Proud ◽  
S. Browne
Keyword(s):  
Spring Barley ◽  
Available Phosphorus ◽  
Net Energy ◽  
Concentration Gradients ◽  
Cultivation Systems ◽  
Top Soil ◽  
Uncultivated Soil ◽  
Direct Drilling ◽  
Second Year ◽  
Phosphorus And Potassium

SUMMARYFive cultivation systems for spring-sown barley were tested on a clay to sandy-clay loam for 4 years and their cumulative effects on soil and crop measured. Four primary cultivations in the autumn, shallow (7·5 cm), medium (15 cm) and deep (23 cm) tine cultivation and mouldboard ploughing (23 cm deep) followed in spring by secondary cultivations and sowing, were compared with direct drilling seed into uncultivated soil after controlling weeds with herbicides. At the same rates of seed and fertilizer for all systems, direct drilling and shallow cultivation yielded significantly less grain than deeper tillage in the second year only; over 4 years the differences in mean yield were small and non-significant. In terms of crop output per unit of implement net energy (estimated) direct drilling was eight times more efficient than ploughing.Direct drilling and shallow cultivation caused concentration gradients of ‘available’ phosphorus and potassium to form in the top soil. Soil strength and to a lesser extent bulk density were greater without than with cultivation but these changes had only a relatively small effect on root distribution in the profile. In untilled soil the proportion of the root system was less in the surface 2·5–12·5 cm and greater in the 12·5–32·5 cm horizon than in shallow or deep tilled soil.Mean nitrogen uptake by the crop in the third and fourth seasons was least in direct - drilled barley probably due to lower rates of mineralization of soil nitrogen in compacted than tilled soil. It was deduced that for spring barley the ‘yield plateau’ was the same for each system but that optimal rates of nitrogen would be higher for crops in untilled than tilled soils.

The growth and yield of winter wheat following 10 years of continuous ploughing, shallow-tine cultivation or direct drilling on a non-calcareous clay soil

1987 ◽  
Vol 108 (2) ◽  
pp. 335-340 ◽  
Author(s):  
Sarah M. Ayling ◽  
E. Bacon ◽  
D. G. Christian ◽  
M. J. Goss
Keyword(s):  
Adverse Effects ◽  
Winter Wheat ◽  
Grain Yield ◽  
Clay Soil ◽  
Growth And Yield ◽  
Wheat Growth ◽  
Straw Yield ◽  
Direct Drilling

SummaryThe growth and grain yield of winter wheat were measured in plots which had been direct drilled, mouldboard ploughed or shallow-tine cultivated for 10 consecutive years. The experiment was carried out on a non-calcareous clay soil prone to winter waterlogging. In 1985 the crop grew well on all cultivations and grain yield, average 7–2 t/ha, was similar in all treatments and no adverse effects on wheat growth or on grain and straw yield were observed.

Review of experiments on reduced cultivation and direct drilling in the United Kingdom, 1957–1974

1975 ◽  
Vol 8 (1_suppl) ◽  
pp. 216-220 ◽  
Author(s):  
D B Davies ◽  
R Q Cannell
Keyword(s):  
United Kingdom ◽  
Winter Wheat ◽  
Oilseed Rape ◽  
Experimental Work ◽  
Spring Barley ◽  
The United Kingdom ◽  
Yield Difference ◽  
Commercially Important ◽  
Direct Drilling

In early experiments, before 1970, average yields of winter wheat and spring barley after direct drilling or shallow cultivation were less than after ploughing, but, in later experiments, there was little yield difference compared with ploughing. Direct drilling of forage brassicae and oilseed rape has become commercially important in the United Kingdom without much experimental work.

Comparison of direct drilling, reduced cultivation and ploughing on the growth of cereals

1981 ◽  
Vol 97 (3) ◽  
pp. 677-684 ◽  
Author(s):  
F. Pollard ◽  
J. G. Elliott ◽  
F. B. Ellis ◽  
B. T. Barnes
Keyword(s):  
Population Density ◽  
Winter Wheat ◽  
Spring Barley ◽  
Winter Mortality ◽  
Primary Tillage ◽  
Tillage System ◽  
Loam Soil ◽  
The Mean ◽  
Direct Drilling ◽  
Barley Population

SUMMARYThe results are reported of two experiments made on a silt loam soil over chalk on downland in southern England. Three primary tillage treatments (ploughing, deep or shallow tine cultivation) were compared with direct drilling for their effects on the growth of spring barley during the years 1969–74 and winter wheat during 1974–8.No significant differences in barley population density or early growth were recorded. In the first 2 years more grain was produced on the shallow tined and direct-drilled plots than on those that were ploughed, but the differences did not persist into subsequent years. The mean yield of each treatment over the 4 years did not differ.Significant differences in population density and winter mortality of wheat occurred but these were not consistently associated with differences in yield. In this crop also the mean yields of the cultivation treatments over the 4 years were not significantly different.It is concluded that choice of primary tillage system on this chalk downland soil was not a significant factor in the production of either spring barley or winter wheat.

Occurrence of Septoria species on cereals in Finland in 1971—1973

1975 ◽  
Vol 47 (3) ◽  
pp. 218-244
Author(s):  
Kaiho Mäkelä
Keyword(s):  
Winter Wheat ◽  
Spring Wheat ◽  
Fusarium Species ◽  
Spring Barley ◽  
Common Species ◽  
The Other ◽  
Septoria Tritici ◽  
Winter Rye ◽  
Hordeum Vulgare L ◽  
Perfect Stage

This study was carried out on Septoria species found on cereals: spring and winter wheat (Triticum aestivum L.), spring barley (Hordeum vulgare L.), winter rye (Secale cereale L.) and oats (Avena sativa L.). The objective was to ascertain their distribution and general significance in Finland. The results were obtained from samples of cereals gathered in 2 040 fields all over the country during the growing season 1971-1973. The fungi in all the samples were examined by microscope and cultures and inoculation tests were used as well in laboratory. One of the Septoria species was found to occur on all the cereals, being most commonly on wheat and two-rowed barley, moderately common on winter rye, very rare on six rowed barley and only sporadic on oats. Septoria species were observed to occur most commonly in the southwestern and southern parts of the country, whereas they were very rare in the middle parts of the country and Ostrobothnia. The imperfect stages of the fungi (Septoria) occurred dominantly, whereas at all times the perfect stages (Leptosphaeria) were found only occasionally. The following Septoria species were found to occur on cereals: Septoria nodorum (Berk.) Berk. & Br. was found to occur as the most common species on spring and winter wheat and was moderately common on two-rowed barley. The fungus was found on wheat in 60—70 per cent, and on barley, in about 40 per cent of the localities and for both cereals in 1/3 of the fields that were studied. On the other hand the fungus was found to be very rare on six-rowed barley and winter rye in 610 per cent of the localities and only 2—4 per cent of the fields studied. Also in the inoculation tests it was found that S. nodorum isolates, which originated from different cereals, infected not only their own host but all the other cereals with the exception of oats. The perfect stage, Leptosphaeria nodorum Müller was found only a few times on spring wheat, spring barley and winter rye. Septoria avenue Frank f. sp. triticea T. Johanson was found to be the most common on two-rowed barley in about 45 percent of the localities and in about 1/3 of the fields studied; on wheat in about 35—40 per cent of the localities and in nearly 1/4of the fields studied. The perfect stage of the fungus, Leptosphaeria avenaria Weber f. sp. triticea T. Johnson was found only a few times on spring wheat and barley. S. avenae Frank f. sp. avenae Shaw was found to occur only occasionally on oats in nearly 10 per cent of the localities and only in 3 per cent of the fields studied. The perfect stage of the fungus, L. avenaria Weber f. sp. avenaria Shaw was found a few times also on oats. Septoria tritici. Rob. ex Desm. was found to occur only on winter wheat in about 1/2 of the localities and in about 40 per cent of the fields studied. The fungus was found only in the spring (May to early June). It sometimes attacked fields in great profusion. In the inoculation tests it was found that the S. triticis' isolate originated from rye weakly infected not only rye but also spring wheat and winter rye. Septoria secalis Prill. & Delacr. was found to occur only on winter rye, being moderately common in 1/2 of the localities and in about ¼ of the fields studied. On the basis of this study not much can be said about the magnitude or economic importance of the damages caused by the Septoria species. In addition to Septoria species, several other parasitic fungi such as Helminthosporium-, Puccinia-, Fusarium-species and Erysiphe graminis DC. were observed to grow at the same time on the leaves of cereals.

Direct drilling and ploughing: their effects on the distribution of extractable phosphorus and potassium, and of roots, in the upper horizons of two clay soils under winter wheat and spring barley

1980 ◽  
Vol 94 (2) ◽  
pp. 411-423 ◽  
Author(s):  
M. C. Drew ◽  
L. R. Saker
Keyword(s):  
Winter Wheat ◽  
Spring Barley ◽  
Growth And Yield ◽  
Land Area ◽  
Top Soil ◽  
Direct Drilling ◽  
Second Year ◽  
Extractable Phosphorus ◽  
Phosphorus And Potassium ◽  
Made In

SummaryA study was made in the unusually dry 1975–6 season of the distribution of extractable phosphorus and potassium, and of roots, in the top soil in the second year of direct drilling on a Denchworth series clay (with winter wheat), and in the fourth consecutive year of direct drilling on an Evesham series clay (with spring barley). With both soils there were greater accumulations of phosphorus and potassium in the upper 5 cm with direct drilling compared with ploughing. In the Denchworth soil there were smaller concentrations of phosphorus at all depths below 5 cm with direct drilling and in the Evesham soil this depleted zone was located between 10 and 15 cm depth. There was little extractable phosphorus at depths below 20–30 cm.Measurements of the overall change in concentration of extractable nutrients at each depth between the beginning and end of the season suggested that there may have been contrasting patterns of depletion with cultivation treatments. Depletion was greater between 2·5 and 5·0 cm with direct drilling, and for spring barley on Evesham soil this coincided with the zone in which roots were most abundant. For potassium, there was an increase in the concentration in the 0–2·5 cm zone, apparently due to potassium loss from the maturing crops. At harvest, the total depletion of phosphorus from all zones between 0 and 50 cm depth was appreciably less than data (Cannell & Graham, 1979) on the content of phosphorus in the crop per unit land area, indicating that release from non-extractable reserves in the soil had occurred.Despite the exceptionally dry summer of 1976, crop growth and yield were not adversely affected by the tendency for extractable phosphorus and potassium, as well as roots, to concentrate in the upper layers where desiccation could occur most readily. Possible reasons for this, as well as factors that may contribute to the observed patterns of distribution of nutrients and roots, are discussed.

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