wheat growth
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Geoderma ◽  
2022 ◽  
Vol 409 ◽  
pp. 115598
Author(s):  
Yujia Luo ◽  
H. Pieter J. van Veelen ◽  
Siyu Chen ◽  
Valentina Sechi ◽  
Annemiek ter Heijne ◽  
...  

2022 ◽  
Vol 12 ◽  
Author(s):  
Dongqing Yang ◽  
Jihao Zhao ◽  
Chen Bi ◽  
Liuyin Li ◽  
Zhenlin Wang

Wheat growth and nitrogen (N) uptake gradually decrease in response to high NH4+/NO3– ratio. However, the mechanisms underlying the response of wheat seedling roots to changes in NH4+/NO3– ratio remain unclear. In this study, we investigated wheat growth, transcriptome, and proteome profiles of roots in response to increasing NH4+/NO3– ratios (Na: 100/0; Nr1: 75/25, Nr2: 50/50, Nr3: 25/75, and Nn: 0/100). High NH4+/NO3– ratio significantly reduced leaf relative chlorophyll content, Fv/Fm, and ΦII values. Both total root length and specific root length decreased with increasing NH4+/NO3– ratios. Moreover, the rise in NH4+/NO3– ratio significantly promoted O2– production. Furthermore, transcriptome sequencing and tandem mass tag-based quantitative proteome analyses identified 14,376 differentially expressed genes (DEGs) and 1,819 differentially expressed proteins (DEPs). The Kyoto Encyclopedia of Genes and Genomes (KEGG) pathway enrichment analysis indicated that glutathione metabolism and phenylpropanoid biosynthesis were the main two shared enriched pathways across ratio comparisons. Upregulated DEGs and DEPs involving glutathione S-transferases may contribute to the prevention of oxidative stress. An increment in the NH4+/NO3– ratio induced the expression of genes and proteins involved in lignin biosynthesis, which increased root lignin content. Additionally, phylogenetic tree analysis showed that both A0A3B6NPP6 and A0A3B6LM09 belong to the cinnamyl-alcohol dehydrogenase subfamily. Fifteen downregulated DEGs were identified as high-affinity nitrate transporters or nitrate transporters. Upregulated TraesCS3D02G344800 and TraesCS3A02G350800 were involved in ammonium transport. Downregulated A0A3B6Q9B3 is involved in nitrate transport, whereas A0A3B6PQS3 is a ferredoxin-nitrite reductase. This may explain why an increase in the NH4+/NO3– ratio significantly reduced root NO3–-N content but increased NH4+-N content. Overall, these results demonstrated that increasing the NH4+/NO3– ratio at the seedling stage induced the accumulation of reactive oxygen species, which in turn enhanced root glutathione metabolism and lignification, thereby resulting in increased root oxidative tolerance at the cost of reducing nitrate transport and utilization, which reduced leaf photosynthetic capacity and, ultimately, plant biomass accumulation.


Sensors ◽  
2022 ◽  
Vol 22 (2) ◽  
pp. 549
Author(s):  
Xiaoyu Song ◽  
Guijun Yang ◽  
Xingang Xu ◽  
Dongyan Zhang ◽  
Chenghai Yang ◽  
...  

A better understanding of wheat nitrogen status is important for improving N fertilizer management in precision farming. In this study, four different sensors were evaluated for their ability to estimate winter wheat nitrogen. A Gaussian process regression (GPR) method with the sequential backward feature removal (SBBR) routine was used to identify the best combinations of vegetation indices (VIs) sensitive to wheat N indicators for different sensors. Wheat leaf N concentration (LNC), plant N concentration (PNC), and the nutrition index (NNI) were estimated by the VIs through parametric regression (PR), multivariable linear regression (MLR), and Gaussian process regression (GPR). The study results reveal that the optical fluorescence sensor provides more accurate estimates of winter wheat N status at a low-canopy coverage condition. The Dualex Nitrogen Balance Index (NBI) is the best leaf-level indicator for wheat LNC, PNC and NNI at the early wheat growth stage. At the early growth stage, Multiplex indices are the best canopy-level indicators for LNC, PNC, and NNI. At the late growth stage, ASD VIs provide accurate estimates for wheat N indicators. This study also reveals that the GPR with SBBR analysis method provides more accurate estimates of winter wheat LNC, PNC, and NNI, with the best VI combinations for these sensors across the different winter wheat growth stages, compared with the MLR and PR methods.


Author(s):  
Mohammad Kheiri ◽  
Reza Deihimfard ◽  
Jafar Kambouzia ◽  
Saghi Movahhed Moghaddam ◽  
Sajjad Rahimi-Moghaddam ◽  
...  

Author(s):  
Willian Yuiti Takahashi ◽  
Carolina Weigert Galvão ◽  
Salomé Urrea‐Valencia ◽  
Daniel Ruiz Potma Gonçalves ◽  
Daiane Hyeda ◽  
...  

Author(s):  
Waltraud Scherer-Pongratz ◽  
Peter Christian Endler

Objective: Performing a study on a wheat growth bio assay with a homeopathic dilution of gibberellic acid at different seasons of the year. Methods: Grains of winter wheat (Triticum aestivum, Capo variety) were observed under the influence of extremely diluted gibberellic acid (10-30, 30x). Analogously prepared water was used for control. 15 experiments were performed, 9 in autumn season (5 researchers, 4,440 grains per group), and 6 in winter / spring (4 researchers, with 3,140 grains per group). Results: All 9 autumn experiments showed less stalk growth in the verum group (p > 0.01 in 4 cases, p > 0.05 in 3, trend in 2 cases). Mean stalk lengths (mm) were 46.97 + 20.50 for verum and 50.66 + 19.77 for control at grain level (N = 4,440 per group) and + 3.87 and + 3.38 respectively at dish level (217 cohorts of 20 or 25 grains per treatment group). Verum stalk length (92.72%) was 7.28% smaller than control stalk length (100%). In contrast, no reliable effect was found in experiments performed in winter / spring (less stalk growth in 1 case, no difference in 1, more growth in 3 cases). Overall verum stalk length (103.64%) was 3.64% slightly greater than control stalk length (100%). Data were found to be homogeneous within the control groups as well as within the verum groups. Conclusion: Results suggest that especially in the experiments performed in autumn, there was an influence of gibberellic acid 30x on wheat seedling development. The effect size is small when calculation is done on the basis of grains (d = 0.18) but high when done on the basis of dishes (d = 1.02). In contrast, no reliable effect was found in experiments performed in winter / spring. Further experiments should thus be performed in the autumn season.


Agronomy ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 12 (1) ◽  
pp. 12
Author(s):  
Witold Grzebisz ◽  
Jarosław Potarzycki

The application of magnesium significantly affects the components of the wheat yield and the dry matter partitioning in the grain-filling period (GFP). This hypothesis was tested in 2013, 2014, and 2015. A two-factorial experiment with three rates of magnesium (0, 25, 50 kg ha−1) and four stages of Mg foliar fertilization (without, BBCH 30, 49/50, two-stage) was carried out. Plant material collected at BBCH: 58, 79, 89 was divided into leaves, stems, ears, chaff, and grain. The wheat yield increased by 0.5 and 0.7 t ha−1 in response to the soil and foliar Mg application. The interaction of both systems gave + 0.9 t ha−1. The Mg application affected the grain yield by increasing grain density (GD), wheat biomass at the onset of wheat flowering, durability of leaves in GFP, and share of remobilized dry matter (REQ) in the grain yield. The current photosynthesis accounted for 66% and the REQ for 34%. The soil-applied Mg increased the REQ share in the grain yield to over 50% in 2014 and 2015. The highest yield is possible, but provided a sufficiently high GD, and a balanced share of both assimilate sources in the grain yield during the maturation phase of wheat growth.


2021 ◽  
Vol 11 (40) ◽  
pp. 124-125
Author(s):  
Sonja Hribar-Marko ◽  
Waltraud Scherer-Pongratz ◽  
Harald Lothaller ◽  
Peter Christina Endler

Background: In previous multicentre studies[1,2], the influence of a homeopathic ultra high dilution of gibberellic acid on wheat growth was scrutinized. Data showed that this test dilution slowed down stalk growth when experiments were performed in autumn season. Aim: To test the hypothesis that pre treatment of grains with high concentrations of gibberellic acid will enhance the effect of the ultra high dilution of the plant hormone Methods: Grains of winter wheat (Triticum aestivum) were observed under the influence of extremely diluted gibberellic acid (10-30) prepared by stepwise dilution and agitation according to a protocol derived from homeopathy (“G30x”). Analogously prepared water was used for control (“W30x”). Grains (500 or 1000 per group) were pre treated with (not agitated) gibberellic acid 10-5, 10-4 and 10-3 (“Ge-5, Ge-4, Ge-3”) or with water (“W”) for control prior to treatment with G30x or W30x. Seedlings were allowed to develop under standardized conditions for 7 days; plants were harvested and stalk lengths were measured. Results: With regard to pre treatment, it can be seen that the groups treated with Ge-3 showed most growth, followed by the Ge-4 groups, the Ge-5 groups and the non pre treated W groups. This decline is modulated by the application of G30x and W30x (figure 1). The lower the pre treatment concentration of G, the more marked is a slowing down effect of G30x versus W30x. Conclusion: The hypothesis that pre treatment of grains with high concentrations of gibberellic acid will enhance the effect of G30x had to be rejected. In contrast, G30x slowed down stalk growth in the W group with p < 0.001 but only moderately in the Ge-5 and Ge-4 group and not at all in the Ge-3 group. Keywords: homeopathy, wheat stalk growth, gibberellic acid, high dilution References: [1] Pfleger A., Hofäcker J., Scherer-Pongratz W., Lothaller H., Reich C., Endler P.C. The effect of extremely diluted agitated gibberellic acid (10e-30) on wheat seedling development – a two researcher study. Complementary Therapies in Medicine 2011; 19: 164-169. [2] Endler PC, Matzer W, Reich C, Reischl T, Hartmann AM, Thieves K, Pfleger A, Hofäcker J, Lothaller H, Scherer-Pongratz W. Seasonal variation of the effect of extremely diluted agitated gibberellic acid (10e-30) on wheat stalk growth – a multi researcher study. The Scientific World Journal 2011; 11: 1667-1678.


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