The effect of ground water-level upon productivity and composition of fenland grass

1951 ◽  
Vol 41 (3) ◽  
pp. 191-202 ◽  
Author(s):  
A. Eden ◽  
G. Alderman ◽  
C. J. L. Baker ◽  
H. H. Nicholson ◽  
D. H. Firth
Keyword(s):  
Ground Water ◽  
Water Level ◽  
Ground Surface ◽  
High Water ◽  
Water Levels ◽  
Italian Ryegrass ◽  
The Other ◽  
Ground Water Level ◽  
High Water Level ◽  
Below Ground

1. Studies were made of the effects of varying ground water-levels upon the productivity and composition of Italian Ryegrass grown on a calcareous light peat in the Fenland area. Six cuts were taken throughout the season at 3 to 4-weekly intervals.2. High ground water-level (approximately 15in. below ground surface) had a very deleterious effect on the total yield of fresh grass and of dry matter. Yields were little more than half of those obtained at medium and low water-levels (24 and 38 in. below ground surface, respectively).3. High water-level apparently interfered with nitrogen metabolism in the soil, and considerably lower percentages of crude protein were found in the grass growing on the high water-level plots than at the other levels. On the other hand, the percentage of crude fibre remained fairly constant for all levels of ground water.4. High water-level also had a depressing effect on the percentage of potassium, magnesium and chlorine in the grass. It had no obvious effect upon the calcium and phosphorus levels in the plants. The silica content of the grass rose steadily as the season advanced, this being most marked on the high water-level plots.5. Physical examination of typical plants showed the effect of the various ground water-levels upon the development of the root systems, with consequent effect upon the chemical composition of the grass.6. The composition of hay and aftermath showed similar changes to those reported for the green herbage.7. The findings are discussed in relation to grassdrying policies in Fenland areas.

The effect of ground water-level upon productivity and composition of fenland grass (II)

1953 ◽  
Vol 43 (3) ◽  
pp. 265-274 ◽  
Author(s):  
H. H. Nicholson ◽  
D. H. Firth ◽  
A. Eden ◽  
G. Alderman ◽  
C. J. L. Baker ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Ground Water ◽  
Water Level ◽  
Peat Soil ◽  
Ground Surface ◽  
Nutrient Status ◽  
High Water ◽  
Water Levels ◽  
Italian Ryegrass ◽  
High Water Level ◽  
Below Ground

1. Further studies were carried out during 1950 on the effects of different ground water-levels upon the productivity and composition of Italian ryegrass grown on a calcareous light peat soil. The season was an unusually wet one, in contrast with the dry season experienced in 1949.2. Seven successive cuts were taken during the season from each of two crops of ryegrass, one following a crop of marrow-stem kale, and the other a crop of celery. Different amounts of a general compound fertilizer had been applied.3. Generally, the findings confirmed those of the previous year's investigation. High ground waterlevel (approximately 18 in. below ground surface) had a deleterious effect upon the yield and quality of ryegrass as reflected by its protein content, compared with the medium and low water-levels (23 and 30 in. below ground surface, respectively).4. The high water-level also had a depressing effect upon the percentage of potassium and magnesium in the grass, but had no consistent effect upon calcium and phosphorus. The silica content rose steadily in all cases as the season advanced, as occurred in the previous year.5. Residual manuring effects were well marked in the crop following celery. The total yields of dry matter from the medium and low water-levels considerably exceeded those of similar plots following kale, and the protein contents were also appreciably higher. This demonstrates the advantages of a high soil nutrient status, under conditions of suitable water-levels, for a crop of fenland grass.6. A high water-level inhibited growth and quality, irrespective of the nutrient status of the soil.

The effect of ground water-level on the yield of some common crops on a fen peat soil

1958 ◽  
Vol 50 (3) ◽  
pp. 243-252 ◽  
Author(s):  
H. H. Nicholson ◽  
D. H. Firth
Keyword(s):  
Ground Water ◽  
Water Level ◽  
Peat Soil ◽  
Good Condition ◽  
High Water ◽  
Water Levels ◽  
Ground Water Level ◽  
Potential Evaporation ◽  
Soil Moisture Deficit ◽  
Moisture Deficit

An account is given of a field experiment in the control of ground water-level in a Fen peat soil, together with its results on the yields of crops in a six-course rotation.The seasonal variations in rainfall are presented in terms of potential evaporation and soil moisture deficit. The effect of the water-level on the moistness of the soil above it is indicated. Even in a wet summer, drying was perceptible within 18–20 in. of the ground water-level between successive falls of rain.The fluctuations of the ground water-levels are discussed. Those of the high water-levels were chiefly due to individual incidences of rain causing rises short in duration, but sufficient in the case of water-levels within 20 in. of the surface to cause total waterlogging and surface ponding. Those of the deep water-levels were most influenced by evaporation, with steady and persistent falls during any rain-free period.The deterioration of the physical condition of the soil over high water-levels is shown in the result of sieving tests. In 6 years the loss of tilth over waterlevels within 20 in. of the surface was very marked and was discernible over those as low as 30 in.The possibilities of effectively using high ground water-levels occasionally in soils in good condition are shown by the results with celery and potatoes.

scholarly journals Bearing Capacity Investigation of Silty Sandy Soil Layer Using Kunzelstab Test

2016 ◽  
Vol 6 (1) ◽  
pp. 57-61
Author(s):  
C. Kererat
Keyword(s):  
Ground Water ◽  
Bearing Capacity ◽  
Water Level ◽  
Sandy Soil ◽  
Cone Angle ◽  
Soil Layer ◽  
Ground Surface ◽  
Water Levels ◽  
Ground Water Level ◽  
Dry Soil

Abstract This study presents the effect of the 3 apex angles of cone and water levels on the bearing capacity of silty sandy soil (SM) layer by interpreting results from Kunzelstab test. The SM soil layer was prepared in the testing tank and it was used as the representative of sandy soil for some area in Thailand. As the results, the cone angle increase, a number of blows increase and the adjusted factors of the blows from the apex angles of 60° and 180 º to be that of the apex angle of 90º (control) were 1.118 and 0.878, respectively. The obtained correlation between the blows and the internal friction angles of SM soil can be used for calculating the soil bearing capacity which lowers the ground surface of 0.6 m. The soil bearing capacity of SM soil below ground water level decreases 70 to 75 percent (average values from testing results) comparing to that of dry soil. Moreover, the bearing capacity of SM soil above the water level up to 0.6 m decreases 25 to 30 percent (average values from testing results) comparing to that of dry soil at the same depth. Silty sandy soil layer was found determined to have lower bearing capacity due to higher ground water level. Therefore, the calculation of the soil bearing capacity in silty sandy soil layer should be considered the effect of ground water level.

Water Movement Rule and Quality Assessment of Overflow in the Zhenjiang Neijiang

2014 ◽  
Vol 1010-1012 ◽  
pp. 821-825
Author(s):  
Song Mei Wang ◽  
Chun Du Wu ◽  
Jin Yu Chu ◽  
Qing Jie Xie
Keyword(s):  
Waste Water ◽  
Correlation Analysis ◽  
Quality Assessment ◽  
Water Level ◽  
Water Movement ◽  
Pollution Index ◽  
Water Quality Assessment ◽  
High Water ◽  
Water Levels ◽  
High Water Level

We perform a study of the waste water from overflow in the Zhenjiang Neijiang . Determine content of COD、NH3-N、TP which changing along the distance at different water levels . Based on the SPSS14.0 correlation analysis , single factor pollution index and the comprehensive pollution index we study water movement rule and quality assessment. The results showed that : At low water level COD、NH3-N、TP decrease alleviation, the whole datum are high; at high water level COD、NH3-N、TP decrease greatly between 0~7m,but decrease alleviation between 7~200m. (2) Only the content of NH3-N (0~7m ) has significant differences (p<0.05),the other content all has not significant differences (p>0.05), the waste water from overflow was seriously polluted so that the wetland can not purify it adequately. (3)Based on the Vwater quality grade standard, at low water level the content of COD、NH3-N、TP(0~200m ) are all beyond standard; at high water level the content of COD、NH3-N、TP(80~200m ) are all beyond standard; the order of the potential ecological rick is: NH3-N>TP>COD. The study on the datum could offer a favorable plan for purifying the waste water from overflow in the Zhenjiang Neijiang. Keyword: overflow; water movement rule; correlation analysis; water quality assessment

scholarly journals Causes of the Transboundary Lake Khanka Extreme High Water Level

2016 ◽  
pp. 62
Author(s):  
Keyword(s):  
Water Level ◽  
Lake Level ◽  
High Water ◽  
Water Levels ◽  
Anthropogenic Factors ◽  
Economic Activities ◽  
Republic Of China ◽  
High Water Level ◽  
Level Regime ◽  
Lake Khanka

Reasons of the extremely high water level in Lake Khanka (it was 0.5 m higher the historical maximum over the past years) have been revealed within the frameworks of the carried out exploration. The lake capacity characteristics alteration due to the natural and anthropogenic factors’ impact has been assessed. We have considered the factors that form the Lake Khanka level regime, i.e. natural: atmosphere circulation, atmospheric perspiration, river inflow to the lake, evaporation from the lake surface, and outflow; anthropogenic: economic activities on the catchment on Russian and Chinese territories (hydro/melioration and the runoff transfer). The passage capacity of the Sungachi River, the only outflow from the lake, has been analyzed in details at different water levels in Lake Khanka. The paper is based on summing up and analysis of information on the lake hydro/meteorological regime and economic activities on its catchment, as well as reference literature. As a result of the study the authors for the first time has identified the main reason of the abnormal rise of the Kanka level. It was found that the significant transformation of the lake level regime occurred due to the Mulinkhe Rivers runoff transfer to Lake Malaya Khanka from the People’s Republic of China. A forecast of the lake level for 2016 taking into consideration different scenarios of the basin moistening has been given. In connection with the forecasted rise of the water level in Lake Khanka in the nearest future we propose a number of measures aimed to minimize inevitable damage to the Russian party.

scholarly journals Using White Star (Nymphoides humboldtiana) for lake landscaping

2019 ◽  
Vol 37 (2) ◽  
pp. 133-137
Author(s):  
Carla D Tedesco ◽  
Claudia Petry ◽  
Edson C Bortoluzzi ◽  
Alfredo Castamann
Keyword(s):  
Water Level ◽  
Leaf Area ◽  
Water Depth ◽  
Native Species ◽  
High Water ◽  
Water Levels ◽  
Vegetative Development ◽  
High Water Level ◽  
Number Of Leaves ◽  
White Star

ABSTRACT White Star (Nymphoides humboldtiana), an aquatic-environmental native species of Brazilian flora, was selected in order to be used as ornamental plant in lakes. White Star plants were submitted to two water levels (high water level, up to 30 cm water depth and, low water level until substrate saturation) and two light intensities (full sun and 50% shading) to evaluate vegetative and flowering development. The experimental design was completely randomized, in a subplot scheme, being the water level the main plot and luminosity the subplot. Seven replicates were performed, and the sample unit consisted of one plant. Data related to number of leaves and flowers, length and diameter of petioles and leaf area were submitted to analyze of variance and regression. We observed an increase in number of leaves and flowers in the treatment of high water level in full sun, and an increase of petiole length in high water level with shading. No difference between leaf area of plants grown under full sun and with shading (p<0.05) was observed. At low water level, plants presented lower vegetative development than those grown at high water level, besides the flowering inhibition in shaded condition. These results demonstrated that White Star can be used in ornamental lakes with a water depth of at least 20 cm above the rhizome and exposed to full sun.

Improving Methodology for High-Resolution Reconstruction of Sea-Level Rise and Neotectonics by Paleoecological Analysis and AMS 14C Dating of Basal Peats

1998 ◽  
Vol 49 (1) ◽  
pp. 72-85 ◽  
Author(s):  
Torbjörn E. Törnqvist ◽  
Mark H.M. van Ree ◽  
Ron van 't Veer ◽  
Bas van Geel
Keyword(s):  
High Resolution ◽  
Ground Water ◽  
Sea Level Rise ◽  
Water Level ◽  
Sea Level ◽  
Small Sample ◽  
Water Levels ◽  
Ground Water Level ◽  
Specific Level ◽  
High Resolution Reconstruction

Sea-level research in several submerging coastal regions has traditionally been based on 14C dating of basal peats that overlie a compaction-free substratum and can be related to paleo-(ground)water levels. Provided that an unequivocal relationship between (ground)water level and sea level can be assumed, this approach contains two sources of uncertainty: (1) the paleoenvironmental interpretation of samples is usually based on inherently inaccurate macroscopic descriptions in the field, and (2) 14C ages of bulk peat samples may be erroneous as a result of contamination. Due to the uncertainties in both the altitude and the age—the two crucial sources of evidence necessary to arrive at accurate sea-level curves—sea-level index points are therefore represented by considerable, but typically not quantified, error boxes. Accelerator mass spectrometry (AMS) opens new perspectives for this type of sea-level research, as illustrated by a paleoecological and AMS 14C study of basal peats from a small study area in the Rhine–Meuse Delta (The Netherlands), where previous (conventional) work revealed highly problematic results. A detailed macrofossil analysis has two purposes: (1) an inferred paleoecological succession indicates a relatively accurate level of paludification of the site, and hence rise of the (ground)water level; (2) suitable macrofossils from that specific level are then selected for AMS 14C dating. In spite of very small sample sizes, our results are consistent and indicate that this approach can constitute a step forward in high-resolution reconstruction of sea-level rise. The new results further enable a revision of Holocene (ground)water gradient lines for the Rhine–Meuse Delta. A knickpoint in these gradient lines can be related to the effect of faulting. This approach therefore also has considerable potential to unravel and quantify neotectonic activity in submerging coastal settings.

The effect of ground water-level on the performance and yield of some common crops

1953 ◽  
Vol 43 (1) ◽  
pp. 95-104 ◽  
Author(s):  
H. H. Nicholson ◽  
D. H. Firth
Keyword(s):  
Ground Water ◽  
Water Level ◽  
Growth And Development ◽  
Peat Soil ◽  
Water Levels ◽  
Ground Water Level ◽  
Seasonal Incidence ◽  
Water Conditions ◽  
Weed Infestation

1. Observations made on growing a series of crops in rotation over a range of static ground water-levels in a Fen peat soil are recorded.2. The crops used show differences in their reaction to ground water conditions, and the seasonal incidence of rain has an overriding influence on their performance.3. The effects of ground water-level may operate directly on the growth and development of a crop or may influence it indirectly through factors such as weed infestation, difficulties of cultivation, or the incidence of disease.

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