The effect of ground water-level on the performance and yield of some common crops

1953 ◽  
Vol 43 (1) ◽  
pp. 95-104 ◽  
Author(s):  
H. H. Nicholson ◽  
D. H. Firth
Keyword(s):  
Ground Water ◽  
Water Level ◽  
Growth And Development ◽  
Peat Soil ◽  
Water Levels ◽  
Ground Water Level ◽  
Seasonal Incidence ◽  
Water Conditions ◽  
Weed Infestation

1. Observations made on growing a series of crops in rotation over a range of static ground water-levels in a Fen peat soil are recorded.2. The crops used show differences in their reaction to ground water conditions, and the seasonal incidence of rain has an overriding influence on their performance.3. The effects of ground water-level may operate directly on the growth and development of a crop or may influence it indirectly through factors such as weed infestation, difficulties of cultivation, or the incidence of disease.

The effect of ground water-level on the yield of some common crops on a fen peat soil

1958 ◽  
Vol 50 (3) ◽  
pp. 243-252 ◽  
Author(s):  
H. H. Nicholson ◽  
D. H. Firth
Keyword(s):  
Ground Water ◽  
Water Level ◽  
Peat Soil ◽  
Good Condition ◽  
High Water ◽  
Water Levels ◽  
Ground Water Level ◽  
Potential Evaporation ◽  
Soil Moisture Deficit ◽  
Moisture Deficit

An account is given of a field experiment in the control of ground water-level in a Fen peat soil, together with its results on the yields of crops in a six-course rotation.The seasonal variations in rainfall are presented in terms of potential evaporation and soil moisture deficit. The effect of the water-level on the moistness of the soil above it is indicated. Even in a wet summer, drying was perceptible within 18–20 in. of the ground water-level between successive falls of rain.The fluctuations of the ground water-levels are discussed. Those of the high water-levels were chiefly due to individual incidences of rain causing rises short in duration, but sufficient in the case of water-levels within 20 in. of the surface to cause total waterlogging and surface ponding. Those of the deep water-levels were most influenced by evaporation, with steady and persistent falls during any rain-free period.The deterioration of the physical condition of the soil over high water-levels is shown in the result of sieving tests. In 6 years the loss of tilth over waterlevels within 20 in. of the surface was very marked and was discernible over those as low as 30 in.The possibilities of effectively using high ground water-levels occasionally in soils in good condition are shown by the results with celery and potatoes.

An experiment in the control of the ground water-level in a fen peat soil

1951 ◽  
Vol 41 (1-2) ◽  
pp. 149-162 ◽  
Author(s):  
H. H. Nicholson ◽  
G. Alderman ◽  
D. H. Firth
Keyword(s):  
Ground Water ◽  
Water Level ◽  
Large Scale ◽  
Field Experiments ◽  
Peat Soil ◽  
Climatic Conditions ◽  
Ground Water Level ◽  
Effective Control ◽  
Soil Conditions ◽  
Local Soil

1. The methods of investigation of the effect of ground water-level on crop growth, together with tho field installations in use, are discussed.2. Direct field experiments are handicapped by the difficulties of achieving close control on a sufficiently large scale, due to considerable variations of surface level and depth of peat within individual fields and to rapid fluctuations in rainfall and evaporation. Many recorded experiments are associated with climatic conditions of substantial precipitation during the growing season.3. Seasonal fluctuations of ground water-level in Fen peat soils in England, in natural and agricultural conditions, are described.4. The local soil conditions are outlined and the implications of profile variations are discussed.5. The effective control of ground water-level on a field scale requires deep and commodious ditches and frequent large underdrains to ensure the movement of water underground with sufficient freedom to give rapid compensatory adjustment for marked disturbances of ground water-level following the incidence of heavy rain or excessive evaporation.6. A working installation for a field experiment in ordinary farming conditions is described and the measure of control attained is indicated.

Improving Methodology for High-Resolution Reconstruction of Sea-Level Rise and Neotectonics by Paleoecological Analysis and AMS 14C Dating of Basal Peats

1998 ◽  
Vol 49 (1) ◽  
pp. 72-85 ◽  
Author(s):  
Torbjörn E. Törnqvist ◽  
Mark H.M. van Ree ◽  
Ron van 't Veer ◽  
Bas van Geel
Keyword(s):  
High Resolution ◽  
Ground Water ◽  
Sea Level Rise ◽  
Water Level ◽  
Sea Level ◽  
Small Sample ◽  
Water Levels ◽  
Ground Water Level ◽  
Specific Level ◽  
High Resolution Reconstruction

Sea-level research in several submerging coastal regions has traditionally been based on 14C dating of basal peats that overlie a compaction-free substratum and can be related to paleo-(ground)water levels. Provided that an unequivocal relationship between (ground)water level and sea level can be assumed, this approach contains two sources of uncertainty: (1) the paleoenvironmental interpretation of samples is usually based on inherently inaccurate macroscopic descriptions in the field, and (2) 14C ages of bulk peat samples may be erroneous as a result of contamination. Due to the uncertainties in both the altitude and the age—the two crucial sources of evidence necessary to arrive at accurate sea-level curves—sea-level index points are therefore represented by considerable, but typically not quantified, error boxes. Accelerator mass spectrometry (AMS) opens new perspectives for this type of sea-level research, as illustrated by a paleoecological and AMS 14C study of basal peats from a small study area in the Rhine–Meuse Delta (The Netherlands), where previous (conventional) work revealed highly problematic results. A detailed macrofossil analysis has two purposes: (1) an inferred paleoecological succession indicates a relatively accurate level of paludification of the site, and hence rise of the (ground)water level; (2) suitable macrofossils from that specific level are then selected for AMS 14C dating. In spite of very small sample sizes, our results are consistent and indicate that this approach can constitute a step forward in high-resolution reconstruction of sea-level rise. The new results further enable a revision of Holocene (ground)water gradient lines for the Rhine–Meuse Delta. A knickpoint in these gradient lines can be related to the effect of faulting. This approach therefore also has considerable potential to unravel and quantify neotectonic activity in submerging coastal settings.

The effect of ground water-level upon productivity and composition of fenland grass

1951 ◽  
Vol 41 (3) ◽  
pp. 191-202 ◽  
Author(s):  
A. Eden ◽  
G. Alderman ◽  
C. J. L. Baker ◽  
H. H. Nicholson ◽  
D. H. Firth
Keyword(s):  
Ground Water ◽  
Water Level ◽  
Ground Surface ◽  
High Water ◽  
Water Levels ◽  
Italian Ryegrass ◽  
The Other ◽  
Ground Water Level ◽  
High Water Level ◽  
Below Ground

1. Studies were made of the effects of varying ground water-levels upon the productivity and composition of Italian Ryegrass grown on a calcareous light peat in the Fenland area. Six cuts were taken throughout the season at 3 to 4-weekly intervals.2. High ground water-level (approximately 15in. below ground surface) had a very deleterious effect on the total yield of fresh grass and of dry matter. Yields were little more than half of those obtained at medium and low water-levels (24 and 38 in. below ground surface, respectively).3. High water-level apparently interfered with nitrogen metabolism in the soil, and considerably lower percentages of crude protein were found in the grass growing on the high water-level plots than at the other levels. On the other hand, the percentage of crude fibre remained fairly constant for all levels of ground water.4. High water-level also had a depressing effect on the percentage of potassium, magnesium and chlorine in the grass. It had no obvious effect upon the calcium and phosphorus levels in the plants. The silica content of the grass rose steadily as the season advanced, this being most marked on the high water-level plots.5. Physical examination of typical plants showed the effect of the various ground water-levels upon the development of the root systems, with consequent effect upon the chemical composition of the grass.6. The composition of hay and aftermath showed similar changes to those reported for the green herbage.7. The findings are discussed in relation to grassdrying policies in Fenland areas.

scholarly journals Ground water as the main factor differentiating the natural vegetion in a landscape phytocomplex ("Grabowy" range in the Kampinos Forest Complex)

2014 ◽  
Vol 51 (2) ◽  
pp. 309-321
Author(s):  
Jan M. Matuszkiewicz
Keyword(s):  
Ground Water ◽  
Water Level ◽  
Plant Communities ◽  
Surface Soil ◽  
Soil Layer ◽  
Ground Water Level ◽  
Water Conditions ◽  
Surface Soil Layer ◽  
Soil Water Conditions ◽  
Main Factor

In the period 1973-1975 the depth of the ground water level and the moisture of the surface soil layer were investigated in various plant communities of the "Grabowy" range in the Kampinos Forest Complex (central Poland). The studies included a fragment of a landscape phytocomplex within which eight types of forest plant communities were distinguished. It was found that the plant communities change parallelly to the differences in the soil-water conditions (ground water level, physical properties and moisture of soils) in space.

The effect of ground water-level upon productivity and composition of fenland grass (II)

1953 ◽  
Vol 43 (3) ◽  
pp. 265-274 ◽  
Author(s):  
H. H. Nicholson ◽  
D. H. Firth ◽  
A. Eden ◽  
G. Alderman ◽  
C. J. L. Baker ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Ground Water ◽  
Water Level ◽  
Peat Soil ◽  
Ground Surface ◽  
Nutrient Status ◽  
High Water ◽  
Water Levels ◽  
Italian Ryegrass ◽  
High Water Level ◽  
Below Ground

1. Further studies were carried out during 1950 on the effects of different ground water-levels upon the productivity and composition of Italian ryegrass grown on a calcareous light peat soil. The season was an unusually wet one, in contrast with the dry season experienced in 1949.2. Seven successive cuts were taken during the season from each of two crops of ryegrass, one following a crop of marrow-stem kale, and the other a crop of celery. Different amounts of a general compound fertilizer had been applied.3. Generally, the findings confirmed those of the previous year's investigation. High ground waterlevel (approximately 18 in. below ground surface) had a deleterious effect upon the yield and quality of ryegrass as reflected by its protein content, compared with the medium and low water-levels (23 and 30 in. below ground surface, respectively).4. The high water-level also had a depressing effect upon the percentage of potassium and magnesium in the grass, but had no consistent effect upon calcium and phosphorus. The silica content rose steadily in all cases as the season advanced, as occurred in the previous year.5. Residual manuring effects were well marked in the crop following celery. The total yields of dry matter from the medium and low water-levels considerably exceeded those of similar plots following kale, and the protein contents were also appreciably higher. This demonstrates the advantages of a high soil nutrient status, under conditions of suitable water-levels, for a crop of fenland grass.6. A high water-level inhibited growth and quality, irrespective of the nutrient status of the soil.

scholarly journals Bearing Capacity Investigation of Silty Sandy Soil Layer Using Kunzelstab Test

2016 ◽  
Vol 6 (1) ◽  
pp. 57-61
Author(s):  
C. Kererat
Keyword(s):  
Ground Water ◽  
Bearing Capacity ◽  
Water Level ◽  
Sandy Soil ◽  
Cone Angle ◽  
Soil Layer ◽  
Ground Surface ◽  
Water Levels ◽  
Ground Water Level ◽  
Dry Soil

Abstract This study presents the effect of the 3 apex angles of cone and water levels on the bearing capacity of silty sandy soil (SM) layer by interpreting results from Kunzelstab test. The SM soil layer was prepared in the testing tank and it was used as the representative of sandy soil for some area in Thailand. As the results, the cone angle increase, a number of blows increase and the adjusted factors of the blows from the apex angles of 60° and 180 º to be that of the apex angle of 90º (control) were 1.118 and 0.878, respectively. The obtained correlation between the blows and the internal friction angles of SM soil can be used for calculating the soil bearing capacity which lowers the ground surface of 0.6 m. The soil bearing capacity of SM soil below ground water level decreases 70 to 75 percent (average values from testing results) comparing to that of dry soil. Moreover, the bearing capacity of SM soil above the water level up to 0.6 m decreases 25 to 30 percent (average values from testing results) comparing to that of dry soil at the same depth. Silty sandy soil layer was found determined to have lower bearing capacity due to higher ground water level. Therefore, the calculation of the soil bearing capacity in silty sandy soil layer should be considered the effect of ground water level.

scholarly journals Observing slope stability changes on the basis of tilt and hydrologic measurements

2017 ◽  
Vol 11 (2) ◽  
Author(s):  
Gy. Mentes
Keyword(s):  
Slope Stability ◽  
Ground Water ◽  
Water Level ◽  
Monitoring Network ◽  
Water Levels ◽  
Ground Water Level ◽  
River Danube ◽  
Water Level Variations ◽  
The Stability ◽  
High Bank

AbstractIn Hungary, the high loess bank of the River Danube in Dunaszekcső has been moving with varying rate since 2007. On the high bank a geodetic monitoring network was established in September 2007. At the same time two borehole tiltmeters and later two ground water level sensors were also installed. The high-sensitive tiltmeters made it possible to study the relationships between the small tilts of the high bank and the ground water levels and the water level of the River Danube. Results of the multiple regression analysis between tilt components and water levels showed that the temporal variation of the regression coefficients is in close connection with the stability of the high bank. The investigations also showed that the movements are in very strong connection with the variation of the ground water level and less depend on the variation of the water level of the River Danube. The characteristic tilt processes, 3–4 weeks before large movements, and the slope stability changes inferred from the relationships between tilts and water level variations can be useful for early warning of landslides.

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