Sodium toxicity and cation imbalance in dry beans (Phaseolus vulgaris L.)

1974 ◽  
Vol 82 (2) ◽  
pp. 339-342 ◽  
Author(s):  
Ali T. Ayoub ◽  
H. M. Ishag
Keyword(s):  
Phaseolus Vulgaris ◽  
Plant Growth ◽  
Leaf Area ◽  
Phaseolus Vulgaris L ◽  
Sodic Soil ◽  
Total Leaf Area ◽  
Sodium Accumulation ◽  
Unit Leaf ◽  
Sodium Toxicity ◽  
Relative Water

SummaryLeaf burn and gradual death were the characteristic symptoms of injury in P. vulgaris sown on a sodic soil. Plant growth, total leaf area per plant, number of stomata and epidermal cells per unit leaf area, and relative water content were drastically reduced in injured plants; these were associated with large sodium accumulation in the shoot resulting in cation imbalance.

Comparative study of common bean (Phaseolus vulgaris L.) and mungbean (Vigna radiata (L.) Wilczek) response to seven watering regimes in a controlled environment

2010 ◽  
Vol 61 (11) ◽  
pp. 918 ◽  
Author(s):  
M. Bourgault ◽  
D. L. Smith
Keyword(s):  
Soil Moisture ◽  
Phaseolus Vulgaris ◽  
Common Bean ◽  
Water Content ◽  
Leaf Area ◽  
Vigna Radiata ◽  
Relative Water Content ◽  
Phaseolus Vulgaris L ◽  
Relative Water ◽  
Moisture Conditions

Legume crops are often grown in drought-prone areas, and subjected to water stress. Greater understanding of drought tolerance in legumes and the use of physiological traits in breeding programs would likely provide high returns. An experiment was conducted comparing the response of two legume crops, common bean (Phaseolus vulgaris L.) and mungbean (Vigna radiata (L.) Wilczek), to seven watering regimes, in order to identify traits and timing of observations that are inexpensive and relatively easy to phenotype. Gas exchange measurements were conducted before and after selected waterings, and plants were harvested at flowering for the determination of leaf area, biomass, relative water content, and water potential. Results demonstrated that mungbean exhibited a conservative use of water through lower leaf area and a limit to maximum transpiration under non-limiting soil moisture conditions, as well as a greater partitioning of biomass into stems rather than leaves. Mungbean also maintained higher photosynthesis than common bean in low soil moisture conditions, and maintained higher relative water content than common bean. We suggest investigations into stem water-soluble carbohydrates would be worthwhile.

Carbon Isotope Discrimination and Gas Exchange in Coffea arabica During Adjustment to Different Soil Moisture Regimes

1992 ◽  
Vol 19 (2) ◽  
pp. 171 ◽  
Author(s):  
FC Meinzer ◽  
NZ Saliendra ◽  
C Crisosto
Keyword(s):  
Soil Moisture ◽  
Gas Exchange ◽  
Leaf Area ◽  
Coffea Arabica ◽  
Carbon Isotope Discrimination ◽  
Total Leaf Area ◽  
Unit Leaf Area ◽  
Unit Leaf ◽  
Moisture Regimes ◽  
Area Basis

Although carbon isotope discrimination (Δ) has been reported to decline in plants growing under reduced soil moisture, there is little information available concerning the dynamics of adjustments in Δ and gas exchange following a change in soil water availability. In this study Δ, photosynthetic gas exchange, and growth were monitored in container-grown coffee (Coffea arabica L.) plants for 120 days under three soil moisture regimes. At the end of 120 d, total leaf area of plants irrigated twice weekly was one half that of plants irrigated twice daily, although their assimilation rates on a unit leaf area basis were nearly equal throughout the experiment. This suggested that maintenance of nearly constant photosynthetic characteristics on a unit leaf area basis through maintenance of a smaller total leaf area may constitute a major mode of adjustment to reduced soil moisture availability in coffee. Intrinsic water-use efficiency (WUE) predicted from foliar Δ values was highest in plants irrigated weekly, intermediate in plants irrigated twice weekly and lowest in plants irrigated twice daily. When instantaneous WUE was estimated from independent measurements of total transpiration per plant and assimilation on a unit leaf area basis, the reverse ranking was obtained. The lack of correspondence between intrinsic and instantaneous WUE was attributed to adjustments in canopy morphology and leaf size in the plants grown under reduced water supply which enhanced transpiration relative to assimilation. Values of Δ predicted from the ratio of intercellular to ambient CO2 partial pressure determined during gas exchange measurements were not always consistent with measured foliar Δ. This may have resulted from a patchy distribution of stomatal apertures in plants irrigated weekly and from a lag period between adjustment in gas exchange and subsequent alteration in Δ of expanding leaves. The importance of considering temporal and spatial scales, and previous growth and environmental histories in comparing current single leaf gas exchange behaviour with foliar Δ values is discussed.

GROWTH OF BEAN ACCESSIONS AT VARIOUS TEMPERATURES

1979 ◽  
Vol 59 (1) ◽  
pp. 81-85 ◽  
Author(s):  
S. FREYMAN ◽  
G. A. KEMP ◽  
D. B. WILSON
Keyword(s):  
Growth Rate ◽  
Phaseolus Vulgaris ◽  
Leaf Area ◽  
Dry Matter ◽  
Early Growth ◽  
Controlled Environment ◽  
Phaseolus Vulgaris L ◽  
Canadian Prairie ◽  
Bean Cultivar ◽  
Commercial Cultivars

Growth and rates of photosynthesis of two accessions and two cultivars (Great Northern 1140 and Sutter Pink) of bean (Phaseolus vulgaris L.) were compared at 10, 15, and 23 °C in a controlled environment cabinet. The leaf area, dry matter, and rate of total apparent photosynthesis of one of the accessions was significantly higher after growth for 13 days at 10 °C than that of the commercial cultivars. This advantage was not maintained at 23 °C. In another experiment, growth of the same four cultivars was compared at light/dark temperatures of 10/10, 15/12, and 23/18 °C. The two accessions established a higher leaf area and accumulated more dry matter at the cooler temperatures than the commercial cultivars, but lost this advantage at the highest temperatures. In a field trial, the accessions had a similar rapid early growth but fell behind later in the season. Ideally, a bean cultivar for the Canadian prairie should incorporate the accession’s ability for rapid growth and leaf expansion at cool temperatures with a growth rate during mid-summer comparable to that of Great Northern 1140.

A DIGITAL IMAGE ANALYSIS METHOD FOR SELECTING OZONE-INSENSITIVE WHITE BEANS

1988 ◽  
Vol 68 (3) ◽  
pp. 627-632 ◽  
Author(s):  
T. E. MICHAELS
Keyword(s):  
Image Analysis ◽  
Standard Deviation ◽  
Phaseolus Vulgaris ◽  
Leaf Area ◽  
Video Image ◽  
Digital Method ◽  
Phaseolus Vulgaris L ◽  
Breeding Lines ◽  
Ozone Sensitivity ◽  
Pixel Brightness

Rating ozone damage in common bean (Phaseolus vulgaris L.) requires visual estimation by experienced evaluators. The objective of this study was to determine whether an alternative digital method based on the mean and standard deviation of pixel brightness values from the video image of a leaf could rapidly and reliably measure ozone sensitivity of white bean breeding lines. Fourteen-day-old seedlings of 35 breeding lines and six parental cultivars were exposed to controlled fumigation with 0.20 μL L−1 ozone for 6 h during each of 4 d in growth chambers. On day 5, injury of the two unifoliolate leaves was evaluated using the digital method and visual estimates of damaged leaf area. The standard deviation of pixel brightness values was significantly correlated with the percentage damaged leaf area estimates (r = 0.68). The digital and visual methods identified most of the same breeding lines as ozone-insensitive, but disagreed on the ranking of the ozone-sensitive lines.Key words: Bean (common), Phaseolus vulgaris L., ozone, video image analysis, selection

Reexamining the empirical relation between plant growth and leaf photosynthesis

2006 ◽  
Vol 33 (5) ◽  
pp. 421 ◽  
Author(s):  
Eric L. Kruger ◽  
John C. Volin
Keyword(s):  
Gas Exchange ◽  
Plant Growth ◽  
Leaf Area ◽  
Leaf Gas Exchange ◽  
Empirical Relation ◽  
Leaf Photosynthesis ◽  
Unit Leaf Area ◽  
Leaf Mass ◽  
Unit Leaf ◽  
Growth Variation

Technological advances during the past several decades have greatly enhanced our ability to measure leaf photosynthesis virtually anywhere and under any condition. Associated with the resulting proliferation of gas-exchange data is a lingering uncertainty regarding the importance of such measurements when it comes to explaining intrinsic causes of plant growth variation. Accordingly, in this paper we rely on a compilation of data to address the following questions: from both statistical and mechanistic standpoints, how closely does plant growth correlate with measures of leaf photosynthesis? Moreover, in this context, does the importance of leaf photosynthesis as an explanatory variable differ among growth light environments? Across a wide array of species and environments, relative growth rate (RGR) was positively correlated with daily integrals of photosynthesis expressed per unit leaf area (Aarea), leaf mass (Amass), and plant mass (Aplant). The amount of RGR variation explained by these relationships increased from 36% for the former to 93% for the latter. Notably, there was close agreement between observed RGR and that estimated from Aplant after adjustment for theoretical costs of tissue construction. Overall, based on an analysis of growth response coefficients (GRCs), gross assimilation rate (GAR), a photosynthesis-based estimate of biomass gain per unit leaf area, explained about as much growth variation as did leaf mass ratio (LMR) and specific leaf area (SLA). Further analysis of GRCs indicated that the importance of GAR in explaining growth variation increased with increasing light intensity. Clearly, when considered in combination with other key determinants, appropriate measures of leaf gas exchange effectively capture the fundamental role of leaf photosynthesis in plant growth variation.

The Growth of Banana Plants in Relation to Temperature

1983 ◽  
Vol 10 (1) ◽  
pp. 43 ◽  
Author(s):  
DW Turner ◽  
E Lahav
Keyword(s):  
Water Content ◽  
Leaf Area ◽  
High Temperatures ◽  
Relative Water Content ◽  
Chilling Injury ◽  
Vapour Pressure Deficit ◽  
Dry Weight ◽  
Unit Leaf ◽  
Whole Plant ◽  
Relative Water

Bananas (cv. Williams) were grown for 12 weeks in sunlit growth chambers at day/night temperatures of 17/10, 21/14, 25/18, 29/22, 33/26 or 37/30°C. Humidity was not controlled. At 17/10°C, the plants showed chilling injury and heat injury occurred at 37/30°C. Total plant dry weight was greatest at 25/18°C while leaf area was greatest at 33/26°C. At high temperatures proportionately less dry matter was present in the roots and corm compared with plants at 25/18°C. High temperatures produced more horizontal leaves but, to compensate for this, the laminae folded more readily. Lamina folding was closely associated with relative water content of the laminae, except under cool conditions where laminae folded despite high (97-99%) leaf relative water contents. Unit leaf rate (increase in whole plant dry weight per unit leaf area per unit time) was greatest at 21/14°C (5.8 g m-2 day-1) and least at 37/30°C (1.7 g m-2 day-1.) and had a strong negative association with whole-plant leaf resistance. Leaf relative water content was more closely associated with vapour pressure deficit than temperature and even at 37/30°C was high at 94%.

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