The effects of omitting or reducing pesticide and other inputs on the disease incidence and yield components of winter wheat in Northern Ireland

1995 ◽  
Vol 124 (3) ◽  
pp. 343-350
Author(s):  
D. L. Easson
Keyword(s):  
Northern Ireland ◽  
Winter Wheat ◽  
Disease Incidence ◽  
Sowing Date ◽  
Seed Rate ◽  
Yield Increase ◽  
Half Seed ◽  
Chemical Inputs ◽  
Intensively Managed ◽  
Late Sowing

SUMMARYOmitting or changing various inputs to winter wheat, cv. Norman, were studied over the 1985/86, 1986/87 and 1987/88 crop years in Northern Ireland. Control plots received chemical inputs as commonly applied to intensively managed wheat, including herbicide, two broad spectrum fungicides and chlormequat and yielded 7·5, 9·3 and 6·3 t/ha in 1986, 1987 and 1988 respectively. Other treatments included no herbicide, no chlormequat, no late fungicide, no fungicide, no sprays, half seed rate, late sowing and late sowing with no sprays. Later sowing decreased take-all in 1986 and increased yield. All other treatments either reduced yield or had no effect. Omitting fungicide gave consistent and large decreases in yield by depressing the 1000-grain weight but the importance of early and late applications varied between years. The yield reductions from omitting fungicide were generally larger than those reported elsewhere. Lodging occurred in all years but chlormequat reduced it only in 1988 and gave a yield increase only in 1986, although the number of grains/ear was increased in all years. There was no evidence of any interactions between different pesticide inputs or with seed rate or sowing date.

The influence of cultural factors and mildew on yield of winter barley

1980 ◽  
Vol 94 (2) ◽  
pp. 389-397 ◽  
Author(s):  
A. Bainbridge ◽  
M. E. Finney ◽  
J. F. Jenkyn
Keyword(s):  
Early Spring ◽  
Winter Barley ◽  
Late Spring ◽  
First Year ◽  
Seed Rate ◽  
Significant Yield ◽  
Half Seed ◽  
Plant Emergence ◽  
Effect On Yield ◽  
Late Sowing

SummaryIn experiments on winter barley in 1975–6 and 1977–8 early or late sowing, full or half seed rate, nitrogen applied in March or April and tridemorph spray applied in autumn, early spring and late spring were assessed factorially in all combinations for their effects on mildew development, crop growth and grain yield.Date of sowing had the biggest effect on yield. Early-sown crops (24 September 1975, 6 October 1977) greatly out-yielded the late-sown; by 79·8% in the first year and 53·9% in the second. Late sowing (6 November 1975, 2 November 1977) approximately halved plant emergence. Although late-sown plants developed more tillers, more grains per ear and larger grain this failed to compensate for the thinner stand.Sowing at half seed rate did not decrease yield when compared with the crop sown at the full seed rate on the same date. In contemporaneous crops extra tillering and larger ears generally compensated for fewer plants.The effect of date of applying N was variable. April N gave the best yield in the early· and late-sown crops in 1975–6 and in the late-sown crop in 1977–8. However, in the early-sown crop in the second year March N was best. Number of ears was increased in early-sown crops by March N but date of N application had no influence on number of ears in late-sown crops or on the number of grains per ear in any crop.The winter of 1975–6 was mild and mildew developed on both early· and late-sown crops throughout their growth.Single tridemorph sprays applied in autumn (14 November) to the early-sown crop or winter (25 February) to the late-sown crop or early spring (9 April) to both crops gave significant yield increases of 6·3–7·6%. Applying two sprays, one in autumn or winter plus one in early spring gave an increase equal to the sum of each applied separately. A late spring spray (14 May) had no significant effect on yield. The 1977–8 winter was colder and although mildew was moderate on the early-sown crop in autumn it was almost absent from this experiment after winter. Spraying failed to increase yield significantly.

scholarly journals Формування продуктивності колоса рослин пшениці озимої залежно від строку сівби та норми висіву

2016 ◽  
pp. 6-11
Author(s):  
А. О. Рожков ◽  
М. А. Бобро ◽  
Т. В. Рижик
Keyword(s):  
Winter Wheat ◽  
Weather Conditions ◽  
Growing Season ◽  
Sowing Date ◽  
Seeding Rate ◽  
Seed Rate ◽  
Soft Winter Wheat ◽  
Productivity Indicators ◽  
Sowing Seed ◽  
The Impact

У статті представлені результати досліджень, проведених протягом 2007–2009, 2014 рр. на дослідному полі ХНАУ ім. В. В. Докучаєва щодо впливу застосування різних строків сівби та норм висіву на варіабельність показників продуктивності колоса різних систем стебел пшениці м’якої озимої сорту Астет. Формування вищих показників продуктивності колоса головної і бічної системи стебел у середньому за роками досліджень забезпечувала сівба 15–17 вересня з нормою висіву 5,0 млн нас./га. Ефективність чинника норми висіву за роками досліджень була більш сталою порівняно зі строками проведення сівби, вплив яких значно залежав від погодних умов веґетаційного періоду конкретного року досліджень. The article presents the results of studies conducted during 2007–2009, 2014 in the experimental field of HNAU named after V. V. Dokuchayev regarding the impact of the application of different sowing date and seeding rates on the variability of  ear productivity indicators of different systems of soft winter wheat stalks of variety Astet. Formation of the highest levels of ear productivity of main and side stems of the average for the year of studies was provided on 15–17 September with the sowing seed rate 5,0 million grains/ha. The effectiveness of the seeding rate by years of research was more stable compared to the timing of sowing, the impact of which is significantly dependent on the weather conditions of the growing season of a particular year.

scholarly journals Effect of sowing date and seed rate on crop development and grain production of winter wheat.

1977 ◽  
Vol 25 (2) ◽  
pp. 83-94 ◽  
Author(s):  
A. Darwinkel ◽  
B.A. ten Hag ◽  
J. Kuizenga
Keyword(s):  
Winter Wheat ◽  
Grain Yield ◽  
Sowing Date ◽  
Positive Influence ◽  
Grain Production ◽  
Mutual Compensation ◽  
Crop Development ◽  
Negative Effect ◽  
Autumn And Winter ◽  
Late Sowing

In a field trial in 1973-5, winter wheat cv. Lely was sown on 3 dates at 3- to 4-wk intervals from end-Sept. at low (80-90 kg seed/ha) or high (160-180 kg seed/ha) sowing rates. Delaying the sowing date decreased grain yield. This decrease was caused by a smaller number of grains/ear and a lower grain wt. Sowing rate had a positive influence on the number of ears, but a negative effect on the number of grains/ear and the grain wt. With early sowing, sowing rate was found to have no effect on grain yield, due to mutual compensation of changes in yield components. With late sowing, a higher sowing rate increased the number of ears so much that a higher grain yield was achieved. The grain yield/ear depended on the age of the tiller. Tillers that emerged earlier produced more and heavier ears. The number of grains/ear and the grain wt. could be related to the rate of development of the ear-bearing shoot. The pattern of tillering was affected by the sowing date. With early sowing, most tillers emerged in autumn and winter, whereas the late-sown wheat tillered in spring. Also, the early-sown crop consisted largely of ears from early tillers, whereas the late-sown one had many ears from late-formed tillers. (Abstract retrieved from CAB Abstracts by CABI’s permission)

Effects of nitrogen applied at different dates, and of other cultural treatments on eyespot, take-all and yield of winter wheat (field experiment, 1953)

1957 ◽  
Vol 48 (3) ◽  
pp. 326-335 ◽  
Author(s):  
G. A. Salt
Keyword(s):  
Winter Wheat ◽  
Field Experiment ◽  
Sulphuric Acid ◽  
Ammonium Sulphate ◽  
Disease Incidence ◽  
Initial Infection ◽  
Seed Rate ◽  
Wheat Field ◽  
Take All

A field experiment to test effects of cultural treatments on eyespot (Cercosporella herpotrichoides Fron.), lodging and yield of winter wheat, begun in 1952 (Salt, 1955), was continued on the same site in 1953. In 1952 only eyespot and lodging were severe, but in 1953 take-all (Ophiobolus graminis Sacc.) and weeds were severe also.Squareheads Master 13/4 and Cappelle, each sown at 1½ and 3 bushels/acre, were top-dressed at four different dates with ammonium sulphate at 0, 2 and 4 cwt./acre. Sulphuric acid (12½% b.o.v. at 100 gal./ acre) was sprayed on four of the eight blocks of ten plots in March to control eyespot.Halving the seed rate decreased the percentage of severe eyespot from 63 to 52%, decreased the area stunted by take-all from 36 to 14% and increased yield by amounts ranging from 8·3 cwt. in nitrogendeficient plots to 2·6 cwt./acre in plots well supplied with ammonium sulphate. The fertilizer applied to Squareheads Master at 0, 2 and 4 cwt./acre had little effect on the incidence of eyespot lesions at harvest, but increased the area lodged from 23 to 53 and 60% respectively; it decreased the area stunted by takeall from 47 to 19 and 10% respectively, and increased yield from 13 to 17 and 18 cwt./acre. Cappelle did not lodge and the fertilizer decreased take-all patches from 51 to 28 and 18% respectively, and increased grain from 15 to 20 and 21 cwt./acre. The time when nitrogen was applied to either variety had no important effect on disease incidence or yield.Sulphuric acid sprayed in 1953 on blocks unsprayed in 1952 and so having a higher initial infection of eyespot and weeds, decreased the area lodged and the area covered by weeds, but did not decrease the percentage of straws with eyespot below that in unsprayed plots.

Low-tillering winter wheat cultivars are more adaptable to late sowing

2021 ◽  
pp. 1-14
Author(s):  
Lijun Yin ◽  
Chengxiang Zhang ◽  
Kaizhen Liu ◽  
Xiaoyan Wang
Keyword(s):  
Winter Wheat ◽  
Grain Yield ◽  
Dry Matter ◽  
Accumulation Rate ◽  
Sowing Date ◽  
Dry Matter Accumulation ◽  
Wheat Cultivars ◽  
Spike Number ◽  
Winter Wheat Cultivars ◽  
Late Sowing

Abstract Global warming increases the risk of pests and weeds before wintering, and decreases the grain yield of winter wheat. Therefore, the sowing date should be delayed properly. But the variety of winter wheat that can adapt to late sowing remains unclear. Here, we selected two winter wheat cultivars and evaluated four sowing date treatments on 1 October (early sowing), 8 (normal sowing), 15 (late sowing) and 22 (latest sowing) over two wheat-growing seasons at the experimental Station of Shandong Agricultural University (35°96′N, 117°06′E), Daiyue District, Taian, Shandong, China. We examined the effects of sowing date on a few traits, and found that, compared with normal sowing, though spike number decreased, grain yield was maintained above 9300 kg/ha under late and latest sowing. The main reason was that the more accumulated N from jointing to anthesis resulted in a higher grain number per spike. The higher net photosynthetic rate after anthesis, through optimizing N distribution in the canopy and increasing Rubisco content of flag leaves, improved dry matter accumulation rate and contribution ratio of vegetative organs, ultimately, ensured consistent grain weight. The grain yield of high-tillering winter wheat cultivars decreased from 9370 to 8346 kg/ha. The main reason was that spike number, accumulated N from jointing to anthesis and net photosynthetic rate decreased significantly, which reduced the dry matter accumulation rate, and only satisfied less grains to achieve consistent grain weight. Therefore, low-tillering winter wheat cultivars are more adaptable to late sowing, and can reduce the harm of global warming.

Estimation of economically optimum seed rates for winter wheat from series of trials

2006 ◽  
Vol 144 (4) ◽  
pp. 303-316 ◽  
Author(s):  
C. M. THEOBALD ◽  
A. M. I. ROBERTS ◽  
M. TALBOT ◽  
J. H. SPINK
Keyword(s):  
Winter Wheat ◽  
Expert Knowledge ◽  
Quadratic Function ◽  
Sowing Date ◽  
Economic Consequences ◽  
Plant Populations ◽  
Seed Rate ◽  
Combining Data ◽  
Management Factors ◽  
The Uk

The results of recent trials for winter wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) have influenced farming practice in the UK by encouraging the use of lower seed rates. Spink et al. (2000) have demonstrated that, particularly if sown early, wheat can compensate for reduced plant populations by increased tiller production.Results from seed-rate trials are usually analysed separately for each environment or each combination of environment and variety, and not combined into a single model. They therefore address the question of what the best seed rate would have been for each combination, rather than answer the more relevant question of what rate to choose for a future site. The current paper presents a Bayesian method for combining data from seed-rate trials and choosing optimum seed rates: this method can incorporate information on seed and treatment costs, crop value and covariates. More importantly, for use as an advisory tool, it allows incorporation of expert knowledge of the crop and of the target site.The method is illustrated using two series of trials: the first, carried out at two sites in 1997–99, investigated the effects of sowing date and variety in addition to seed rate. The second was conducted at seven sites in 2001–03 and included latitude and certain management factors. Recommended seed rates based on these series vary substantially with sowing date and latitude.Two non-linear dose-response functions are fitted to the data, the widely used exponential-plus-linear function and the inverse-quadratic function (Nelder 1966). The inverse-quadratic function is found to provide a better fit to the data than the exponential-plus-linear and the latter function gives estimated optimum rates which are as much as 40% lower. The economic consequences of using one function rather than the other are not great in these circumstances.The method is found to be robust to changes in the prior distribution and to other changes in the model used for dependence of yield on sowing date, latitude, variety and management factors.

scholarly journals Meta-Analysis of the Effects of Triazole-Based Fungicides on Wheat Yield and Test Weight as Influenced by Fusarium Head Blight Intensity

2010 ◽  
Vol 100 (2) ◽  
pp. 160-171 ◽  
Author(s):  
P. A. Paul ◽  
M. P. McMullen ◽  
D. E. Hershman ◽  
L. V. Madden
Keyword(s):  
Winter Wheat ◽  
Fusarium Head Blight ◽  
Wheat Yield ◽  
Test Weight ◽  
Response To Treatment ◽  
Yield Response ◽  
Head Blight ◽  
Yield Increase ◽  
Soft Red Winter Wheat ◽  
Red Winter Wheat

Multivariate random-effects meta-analyses were conducted on 12 years of data from 14 U.S. states to determine the mean yield and test-weight responses of wheat to treatment with propiconazole, prothioconazole, tebuconazole, metconazole, and prothioconazole+tebuconazole. All fungicides led to a significant increase in mean yield and test weight relative to the check (D; P < 0.001). Metconazole resulted in the highest overall yield increase, with a D of 450 kg/ha, followed by prothioconazole+tebuconazole (444.5 kg/ha), prothioconazole (419.1 kg/ha), tebuconazole (272.6 kg/ha), and propiconazole (199.6 kg/ha). Metconazole, prothioconazole+tebuconazole, and prothioconazole also resulted in the highest increases in test weight, with D values of 17.4 to 19.4 kg/m3, respectively. On a relative scale, the best three fungicides resulted in an overall 13.8 to 15.0% increase in yield but only a 2.5 to 2.8% increase in test weight. Except for prothioconazole+tebuconazole, wheat type significantly affected the yield response to treatment; depending on the fungicide, D was 110.0 to 163.7 kg/ha higher in spring than in soft-red winter wheat. Fusarium head blight (FHB) disease index (field or plot-level severity) in the untreated check plots, a measure of the risk of disease development in a study, had a significant effect on the yield response to treatment, in that D increased with increasing FHB index. The probability was estimated that fungicide treatment in a randomly selected study will result in a positive yield increase (p+) and increases of at least 250 and 500 kg/ha (p250 and p500, respectively). For the three most effective fungicide treatments (metconazole, prothioconazole+tebuconazole, and prothioconazole) at the higher selected FHB index, p+ was very large (e.g., ≥0.99 for both wheat types) but p500 was considerably lower (e.g., 0.78 to 0.92 for spring and 0.54 to 0.68 for soft-red winter wheat); at the lower FHB index, p500 for the same three fungicides was 0.34 to 0.36 for spring and only 0.09 to 0.23 for soft-red winter wheat.

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