A survey of the factors affecting the future intentions of Irish dairy farmers

2011 ◽  
Vol 149 (5) ◽  
pp. 647-654 ◽  
Author(s):  
S. O'DONNELL ◽  
B. HORAN ◽  
A. M. BUTLER ◽  
L. SHALLOO
Keyword(s):  
Telephone Survey ◽  
Low Cost ◽  
Farm Size ◽  
Limiting Factor ◽  
Key Factors ◽  
Dairy Farmers ◽  
Factors Affecting ◽  
The Future ◽  
Survey Sample ◽  
Future Direction

SUMMARYEU milk quota deregulation has forced many farmers to reconsider the factors that will limit milk production into the future. Factors other than milk quota such as land, labour, capital, stock, etc. will become the limiting factor for many in a post-EU milk quota scenario. While it can be postulated what the limits to production will be in a post-quota scenario, how farmers react will determine the future direction of the industry. In order to determine the future attitudes and intentions and to identify the key factors influencing farmers who intend to expand, exit, remain static or contract their businesses in the future, a survey of a large group of Irish commercial dairy farmers was carried out. The telephone survey sample was chosen randomly, based on a proportional representation of suppliers to the largest milk processor in Ireland. The sample (780 suppliers) was broken down by quota size (five quota categories, Q1–Q5), supplier region and system of production. The sample was analysed to determine the effect of key survey variables on the future intentions of dairy farmers. The survey was completed by 659 suppliers (0·82 of the sample). The proportions of farmers intending to expand were 0·28, 0·47, 0·61, 0·61 and 0·56, respectively, for Q1–Q5, while the proportions intending to exit were 0·27, 0·18, 0·08, 0·09 and 0·08, respectively. Farmers who were intent on expanding had larger total farm areas, larger milk tank capacity per litre of milk quota, more modern milking facilities, more available cow housing and more housing that could be converted at a relatively low cost and were more likely to have a successor. Of those expanding, 0·60 wanted milk quotas abolished, while 0·36 of those planning to exit wanted milk quotas abolished. The level of expansion was affected by business scale, dairy stocking rate, the additional labour required with expansion and total and milking platform farm size.

scholarly journals The Effects of Mobility as a Service and Autonomous Vehicles on People’s Willingness to Own a Car in the Future

2021 ◽  
Vol 13 (4) ◽  
pp. 1962
Author(s):  
Timo Liljamo ◽  
Heikki Liimatainen ◽  
Markus Pöllänen ◽  
Riku Viri
Keyword(s):  
Public Transport ◽  
Autonomous Vehicles ◽  
Travel Behaviour ◽  
Car Ownership ◽  
Key Factors ◽  
Sustainable Mobility ◽  
Factors Affecting ◽  
Mobility Service ◽  
The Future ◽  
Mobility Behaviour

Car ownership is one of the key factors affecting travel behaviour and thus also essential in terms of sustainable mobility. This study examines car ownership and how people’s willingness to own a car may change in the future, when considering the effects of public transport, Mobility as a Service (MaaS) and automated vehicles (AVs). Results of two citizen surveys conducted with representative samples (NAV-survey = 2036; NMaaS-survey = 1176) of Finns aged 18–64 are presented. The results show that 39% of respondents would not want or need to own a car if public transport connections were good enough, 58% if the described mobility service was available and 65% if all vehicles in traffic were automated. Hence, car ownership can decrease as a result of the implementation of AVs and MaaS, and higher public transport quality of service. Current mobility behaviour has a strong correlation to car ownership, as respondents who use public transport frequently feel less of a will or need to own a car than others. Generally, women and younger people feel less of a will or need to own a car, but factors such as educational level and residential location seem to have a relatively low effect.

Part I General Questions, 2 Transnational Organised Crime: Concepts and Critics

2016 ◽  
Author(s):  
Sinn Arndt
Keyword(s):  
European Union ◽  
New Technology ◽  
Criminal Activity ◽  
Organised Crime ◽  
The European Union ◽  
Key Factors ◽  
Cross Border ◽  
The Future ◽  
Future Direction

The term ‘transnational organised crime’ is no recent invention, but the legislature first took heed of the phenomenon only thirty years ago. Three external developments contributed to this change: first, the worrying rise of narcotics-related criminal activity; second, the particularly organised way in which these and other crimes were committed; and third, cross-border activity especially in the context of new technology and the opening of borders in the European Union. Transnational organised crime (TOC) is thus a fairly young field of research. The specific structures of perpetrator groups and their methods have been of particular interest to criminologists, while criminal legal scholars have been much slower to react. This chapter gives an overview of the problems in describing, defining, and combating TOC. Key factors that are likely to influence the future direction of organised crime are also named.

The Enhancement of a Chronically Implanted Microwire Electrode Performance

2014 ◽  
Vol 960-961 ◽  
pp. 689-694
Author(s):  
Li Shi ◽  
Jian Wei Chen ◽  
Song Wei Wang
Keyword(s):  
Surface Modification ◽  
Signal To Noise Ratio ◽  
Low Cost ◽  
Signal Acquisition ◽  
Key Factors ◽  
Signal To Noise ◽  
Factors Affecting ◽  
Fabrication Cost ◽  
Electrode Fabrication

Electrodes are expensive consumables of electrophysiological experiments. Cheap and homemade microwire electrodes have been widely applied, but their implantation performance is not good. To fabricate low cost and acceptable performance of microwire electrode, first, we analyzed the key factors affecting the long-term recording performance and determined the direction of the enhancement of electrode. We improved the existing fabrication process through electrode fabrication and the electrode tip surface modification, and systematically evaluated its properties, signal acquisition ability and biocompatibility. The result shows that the improved electrode tip surface is smooth and tidy, and its impedance decreased by 56.1% on average; record signal-to-noise ratio is higher; recording longevity reached 45 days; biocompatibility is better. It can meet the use of the general electrophysiological experimental, and electrode fabrication cost is less than 58 yuan.

scholarly journals Recent Developments of PFAS-Detecting Sensors and Future Direction: A Review

Micromachines ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 11 (7) ◽  
pp. 667 ◽  
Author(s):  
Kelsey L. Rodriguez ◽  
Jae-Hoon Hwang ◽  
Amirsalar R. Esfahani ◽  
A H M Anwar Sadmani ◽  
Woo Hyoung Lee
Keyword(s):  
Technology Development ◽  
Smart Cities ◽  
Low Cost ◽  
Detection Methods ◽  
Traditional Methods ◽  
Detection Mechanism ◽  
Sensing Technology ◽  
The Future ◽  
Recent Developments ◽  
Future Direction

Per- and poly-fluoroalkyl substances (PFASs) have recently been labeled as toxic constituents that exist in many aqueous environments. However, traditional methods used to determine the level of PFASs are often not appropriate for continuous environmental monitoring and management. Based on the current state of research, PFAS-detecting sensors have surfaced as a promising method of determination. These sensors are an innovative solution with characteristics that allow for in situ, low-cost, and easy-to-use capabilities. This paper presents a comprehensive review of the recent developments in PFAS-detecting sensors, and why the literature on determination methods has shifted in this direction compared to the traditional methods used. PFAS-detecting sensors discussed herein are primarily categorized in terms of the detection mechanism used. The topics covered also include the current limitations, as well as insight on the future direction of PFAS analyses. This paper is expected to be useful for the smart sensing technology development of PFAS detection methods and the associated environmental management best practices in smart cities of the future.

Analysing the determinants of technical efficiency of dairy farms in Brazil

2019 ◽  
Vol 68 (2) ◽  
pp. 464-481 ◽  
Author(s):  
Taciana Mareth ◽  
Luiz Felipe Scavarda ◽  
Antonio Marcio Tavares Thomé ◽  
Fernando Luiz Cyrino Oliveira ◽  
Tiago Wickstrom Alves
Keyword(s):  
Technical Efficiency ◽  
Dairy Farms ◽  
Farm Size ◽  
The South ◽  
Dairy Farmers ◽  
Content Type ◽  
Factors Affecting ◽  
Use Of Services ◽  
South Of Brazil ◽  
Productivity And Competitiveness

PurposeThe purpose of this paper is to analyse the determinants of technical efficiency (TE) in dairy farms located in the South of Brazil, aiming for a better understanding of the topic for academics, dairy farmers and policymakers to improve the productivity and competitiveness of dairy farms.Design/methodology/approachThis study was developed using a two-stage approach. Data envelopment analysis was used to estimate the TE level and regression models to understand the factors affecting TE in dairy farms. The sample size is 253 dairy farms in the South of Brazil.FindingsThe variation in the mean TE indexes reported in the literature can be explained by the attributes of the analysed studies, including the education of the farm operator, farm size (number of cows and milk), feed and labour costs, and use of services. Additionally, the results suggest that dairy farmers in the sample could increase milk output by 50.1 per cent (level of inefficiency) on average if they improve their TE.Originality/valueThis study makes three important contributions: first, it formulates hypotheses from the previous literature’s propositions on the estimation of TE in dairy farms; second, it tests the hypotheses in an empirical study to understand the main factors affecting the TE in dairy farms of the selected municipalities in the South of Brazil; and third, it compares previous findings on the determinants of TE in dairy farms serving different stakeholders, such as researchers, farmers and government representatives, to improve the productivity and competitiveness of dairy farms.

scholarly journals The FFC Cambridge Process for Production of Low Cost Titanium and Titanium Powders

2010 ◽  
Vol 436 ◽  
pp. 75-83 ◽  
Author(s):  
Mark Bertolini ◽  
Lee Shaw ◽  
Lucy England ◽  
Kartik Rao ◽  
James Deane ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Low Cost ◽  
Current Status ◽  
Process Equipment ◽  
Structure And Properties ◽  
The Future ◽  
Titanium Powders ◽  
Future Direction

The current status and recent advancements in the use of the FFC Cambridge process for the production of low cost titanium and titanium powders is presented. This will include an overview of the process, current and future process equipment and recent results in terms of chemistry, structure and properties of powder and consolidated product. The future direction and activities for the FFC Cambridge process will also be briefly discussed.

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