The Nightmare and the Dream: Edward Bellamy and the Travails of Socialist Thought

2002 ◽  
Vol 36 (3) ◽  
pp. 417-440 ◽  
Author(s):  
SAMUEL HABER

In the light of recent events, the once widely accepted Marxist distinction between “scientific” and “utopian” socialism is fading rapidly. For it has become increasingly difficult to believe that any form of socialism is inherent in the workings of history, as the Marxists had claimed for their “scientific” variety. Today Marxism, in its own terms, turns out to be “utopian.” One can now more readily recognize the kinship of the many different socialisms as well as the significance of their link to the social ideals of the past. What had previously been a somewhat antiquarian literature on “precursors,” “forerunners,” and “schismatics” of socialism suddenly appears as especially pertinent and perhaps even central. Today, without difficulty, one turns away from the various contradistinctions developed in this scholarship and toward the interconnections implicit in it.1Surveying this literature, we can recognize three preeminent social ideals that went into the making of the various socialisms – the call for social justice, the aspiration toward a society of brotherly love, and the belief that one could rid society of poverty. It was the eighth-century prophets of the Hebrew Bible who advanced the audacious demand for justice in society. They urged an end to oppression, cruelty, abuse, and more generally that people be given what was rightfully theirs. This demand recurs in almost all the socialist programs. In the Marxist scheme, it takes the form of the theory of surplus value which describes capitalist profit as a surplus product stolen (“entwandt”) from the worker who creates it.

Author(s):  
Changming Duan ◽  
Kristen Sager

Empathy, one of the most studied and most multidisciplinary theoretical constructs, has garnered the attention of scholars from psychology as well as the social and biological sciences. The scholarship of empathy has developed significantly in the past century, with the most notable knowledge emerging in the areas of the neuroscience of empathy and the interplay between race/culture and empathy in recent decades. The positive psychology of empathy also continues to occupy researchers, as the links between empathy and individual and societal health abound. Future empathy research by socially and scholastically responsible scientists must overcome a long history of Euro-ethnocentric biases and integrate social justice into the understanding of this important construct. The scholarship and application of empathy will continue to be an important source of positivity for humans and for society as a whole.


2006 ◽  
Vol 4 (2) ◽  
pp. 149-168 ◽  
Author(s):  
R. D. Miller

Discussion about the reconstruction of the history of ancient Israel seldom interacts with theoretical literature on the nature of history. Modern attempts to write Israel’s history, however, have been shaped by their theoretical underpinnings for the past two centuries. This essay explores the epistemological underpinnings of the historical criticism of the Hebrew Bible, outlines trends in historiographical theory, and assesses the impact newer theories of intellectual cultural history can have on studies of the history of the social world of ancient Israel.


1983 ◽  
Vol 23 (1) ◽  
pp. 26-46 ◽  
Author(s):  
Judith M. Bennett

Advocates of the “new social history” have buttressed their efforts to recreate the past lives of ordinary people with concepts, models, and quantitative methods taken from the social sciences. These new approaches have allowed scholars to extract vivid and dynamic reconstructions of past human experiences from the dry folios of civil and ecclesiastical registers. Their successes, as exemplified by the many publications of the Cambridge Group for the History of Population and Social Structure, have focused largely on the demographic and familial histories of the early modern era. The manipulation of parish listings of baptisms, marriages, and burials is now a fairly precise science that has taught us much (and will doubtless teach us more) about the daily lives of common people and their families in the sixteenth, seventeenth, and eighteenth centuries. But the tracing into the past of the social, familial, and demographic characteristics of the English people need not start abruptly with the auspicious advent of parish registers in 1538. Indeed, we can only hope to trace the origins of fundamental features of Tudor-Stuart life (such as the pronounced tendency towards late marriage and the high incidence of persons who never married) if we develop accurate techniques for analyzing the pre-1500, pre-parish register materials at our disposal. From the perspective of a medievalist, this work is clearly essential; most medieval people, quite simply, were peasants, and we shall better understand the histories of medieval parliaments, towns, and universities when we have successfully uncovered their rural underpinnings.


1979 ◽  
Vol 21 (2) ◽  
pp. 198-216 ◽  
Author(s):  
P.K. Edwards

The social analysis of strike activity is in its infancy despite the many recent publications which focus on the "social" rather than the "economic" causes of strikes. In the past, writers have searched for fundamental causes and have concentrated on three major areas: social disorganisation, frustration and com munication and the basic conflict of interest between employer and employee. Now, utilising the concepts of structure and process, the social perspectives of strike activity have been reformulated. It would appear that the earlier, static, one-way approach may have distorted reality. Thus a dialectic between structure and process should form the focus of attention when considering the causes of strikes. The conclusion is that the concept of a dialectic is an important step forward in replacing the old fundamentalist perspective, even though the concept still requires considerable refinement before it can be fully operational as a useful research tool.


2021 ◽  
Vol 15 (2) ◽  
pp. 315-344
Author(s):  
Claire Smith ◽  
Jordan Ralph ◽  
Elspbeth Hodgins ◽  
Susan Arthure ◽  
Heather Burke ◽  
...  

This paper examines the role of material culture in replicating everyday racism in Katherine, Northern Territory, Australia. We argue that inclusivity is determined by inclusive design supported by inclusive behaviours and that archaeologists can inform the creation of a more equitable world by identifying how material culture acts to exclude certain groups and replicate inequalities that might otherwise go unnoticed. This paper is part of the social justice movement in archaeology that analyses material remains in both the past and the present to reveal relationships between racism, racial discrimination, and racial inequality.


Author(s):  
Barrie A. Irving ◽  
Vivienne Barker ◽  
Marie Parker-Jenkins ◽  
Dimitra Hartas

RESUMENEn este artículo, se reflexiona sobre la atención a la diversidad cultural en los Servicios de Orientación para la Carrera en Inglaterra, y cómo, a pesar del discurso vigente sobre igualdad de oportunidades, se está excluyendo de forma sistemática a ciertos grupos. Las intervenciones parten de un sistema de valores occidental, orientado al individuo frente a la colectividad, lo que entra en conflicto con la forma de actuar de ciertos grupos. Se ejemplifica dicha situación con el caso de las jóvenes musulmanas, un grupo muy numeroso en Inglaterra. En la primera sección se exponen las limitaciones del actual discurso liberal referido a la «igualdad de oportunidades», en la sociedad inglesa. Los autores argumentan que este discurso es demasiado individualista y no tiene en cuenta las dimensiones sociales presentes en una sociedad culturalmente diversa. Proponen cambiar este concepto por el de justicia social, crítica detrás para que no se quede en un mero concepto de corte paternalista. Consideran que para sentar las bases de una sociedad más dinámica y justa que busque dar respuesta a las necesidades de todos sus ciudadanos, de forma individual y colectiva, es preciso adoptar un enfoque más amplio y crítico como es el de la justicia social, postura que defienden a lo largo de todo el artículo. En la segunda parte, se menciona brevemente la transformación sufrida por los Servicios de Orientación en Inglaterra a partir de 1993 (de ser públicos a entrar en un «mercado de libre competición»), y las distintas prioridades con respecto a los destinatarios según los gobiernos sucesivos. En cualquier caso, y a pesar de que el de centro-izquierda pusiera el énfasis en la atención a grupos en desventaja social, se sigue ignorando el contexto social como variable moduladora de los procesos vocacionales y de elección ocupacional, y se sigue aplicando un modelo de orientación basado sólo en premisas occidentales. Se hace referencia además a los resultados de una investigación llevada a cabo por los autores, para averiguar cómo los servicios de orientación estaban atendiendo las necesidades de orientación para la carrera de las jóvenes musulmanas en los últimos años de la escolaridad obligatoria, y si se tenía en cuenta la influencia que ejerce la cultura (y en concreto la religión) en sus decisiones. Mediante una encuesta a los servicios de orientación, y entrevistas a algunos, se les preguntó sobre su interpretación del concepto de «igualdad de oportunidades», qué medidas estaban adoptando para atender a la diversidad étnica en general, y si realizaban actividades concretas dirigidas a jóvenes musulmanas. Por último, en la tercera sección, proporcionan un marco de referencia para reflexionar sobre la atención a las necesidades vocacionales de los diversos grupos culturales, y concretamente de las jóvenes musulmanas. Parten de tres dimensiones que afectan el desarrollo de la carrera y la elección ocupacional: la existencia de influencias comunes que afectan a todas las personas que viven en una sociedad Occidental, independientemente de su cultura o religión de origen; que la forma de interpretar estas influencias es singular a su propio contexto cultural, y las características individuales, que también  entran  en  juego,  según  la  importancia  relativa  que  se  les  conceda  en  relación  a  la  afiliación cultural. Se centran sólo en la segunda, puesto que los Servicios de Orientación atienden a la primera y tercera, y consideran que es fundamental tener en cuenta la dimensión social. Identifican así cuatro ejes de influencia que afectan tanto el nivel de autonomía de las jóvenes musulmanas como su acceso a distintos recursos: los padres y la familia, la comunidad, los centros escolares y las instituciones de educación superior, los empresarios y formadores (en el trabajo). Concluyen sugiriendo que se debe revisar el actual discurso sobre la igualdad de oportunidades, que no está dando lugar a una verdadera igualdad de resultados proponiendo el enfoque crítico de justicia social como alternativa que facilite una mayor conciencia y comprensión sobre los diversos grupos culturales, y un cambio de actitud con respecto a la «diferencia» «diversidad» como rasgos permanentes y deseables de nuestra sociedad. El reto consistirá en asegurar que personas pertenecientes a comunidades diversas que pueden diferir en función de su raza/etnicidad, género o clase social, obtengan el apoyo y los recursos necesarios que respondan a sus distintas necesidades.ABSTRACTFor many years, a liberal discourse of «equal opportunities» has continued to dominate challenges to racist, sexist and inequitable practices. The desire to treat «everyone the same» is a common strand in which the universal needs of the «many» are set against the differentiated needs of the «few». The authors suggest that this discourse is too individualistic and inward looking, failing to acknowledge and adequately accommodate the social dimensions which exist within a culturally diverse society. It is  argued  that  a  broader  social  justice  philosophy  should  be  adopted  which  is  critically  located, politically informed and sensitive to cultural diversity and differentiated needs. This article considers how  the  «equal  opportunities»  discourse  has  influenced  much  careers  guidance  practice  amongst English Careers Services in relation to the career guidance needs of Muslim girls. Finally it draws upon recent research, to highlight the possibilities presented by the adoption of a critical social justice approach.


2020 ◽  
Vol 22 ◽  
pp. 50-67
Author(s):  
Christopher Scull ◽  
Gabor Thomas

This paper offers a critical reconsideration of the social, spatial and temporal dynamics of sixth- to eighth-century great hall complexes in England. The major interpretative issues and constraints imposed by the data are considered, and the sites are then subject to comparative analysis across long-term and short-term temporal scales. The former highlights persistence of antecedent activity and centrality, the latter the ways in which the built environment was perceived in the past, structured social action, and was a medium for the construction and consolidation of elite identity and authority. Within the broad similarity that defines the site-type there is evidence for considerable diversity and complexity of site history and afterlife.


2014 ◽  
Vol 70 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Blessing O. Bọlọjẹ ◽  
Alphonso Groenewald

Any time humans in any culture consider primary ethical concepts, justice will be to the fore. Much seems to hinge upon it whether human society is to function with any semblance of civil order, security and harmony. When justice is pervasively trampled upon, the very fabric of liveable society crumbles. The apprehension for justice is clearly reflected in almost all of the Old Testament (OT). It is an important theological motif in the OT. This is found in such OT literature as historical, legal, prophetic and wisdom writings. This evidence thus reveals that the apprehension for the issue of justice was one of the many ways by which Israel’s multifaceted social life was knit together throughout its various ancient historical developments. No aspect of the life of Israel was excluded from this kind of apprehension for justice, and Yahweh was understood to be actively involved in its entire phase. This article examines Malachi’s fourth disputation in the light of the lawlessness alluded to in Malachi 2:17 and the corruption of personal and civil morality in Malachi 3:5. In the discussions that follow, this article examines the need for the justice of Yahweh; that is, Yahweh’s righting of past wrongs and the reversal of sinful societal order. The purpose is to enact a communal ethic for those who generously care for the neighbourhood and are firm in their devotion to Him, that is, God.


Author(s):  
Mohammed Akinola Akomolafe

Nigeria, as a geographical entity is replete with various ethnic and cultural identities that have continued to evolve from pre-colonial times to recenttimes. Granted that civilizations from Europe and Arabia have dictated almost all spheres of living, both in the Northern and Southern geographies of the country and eroded nearly all traditional values that would have assisted in curbing social and filial tensions; it is pertinent to inquire into the social relations before this ‘encounter.’ This is important as this research seeks to invoke some aspects of the past that can be relevant for contemporary utility. Hence, through the method of critical analysis, this study takes a look at the socio-economic norms among the pre-colonial cultures that eventually evolved into Nigeria, paying attention to the place of slaves and women and laying emphasis on the filial and communal nature which allowed for a not too wide the gap between the rich and the poor. Even when this study is not unaware of the positive roles of foreign influence, it recounts the deficits of this presence and suggests that aproper way is to explore some indigenous ideas and apply them for contemporary living. Keywords: Culture, Family, Moral Values, Nigeria, Pre-colonial


1964 ◽  
Vol 6 (3) ◽  
pp. 250-267 ◽  
Author(s):  
Bernard J. Meislin ◽  
Morris L. Cohen

The Hebrew Bible contains a thrice repeated prohibition against the taking of interest on loans. For many centuries, these injunctions exerted a profound influence on the life and thought of the Western World. However, they have never been significantly observed or consistently enforced in their original, categorical terms. From an absolute prohibition, which treated all interest (of any kind, in any amount) as usurious, we have developed, through economic revolutions and moral transvaluations, a quantitative morality which determines legality by the rate of taking, rather than by the fact of interest. Today, these laws lack force either as social legislation or as religious command. They are virtually ignored and forgotten by men of affairs of all stations, Jewish and Christians alike. Only the social and religious philosophers, historians and other scholars of the past are still excited by the moral implications of this prohibition.


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