The "Social" Determination of Strike Activity: An Explication and Critique

1979 ◽  
Vol 21 (2) ◽  
pp. 198-216 ◽  
Author(s):  
P.K. Edwards
Keyword(s):  
Conflict Of Interest ◽  
Social Analysis ◽  
Strike Activity ◽  
Social Perspectives ◽  
The Past ◽  
Fundamental Causes ◽  
The Social ◽  
The Many ◽  
Social Disorganisation

The social analysis of strike activity is in its infancy despite the many recent publications which focus on the "social" rather than the "economic" causes of strikes. In the past, writers have searched for fundamental causes and have concentrated on three major areas: social disorganisation, frustration and com munication and the basic conflict of interest between employer and employee. Now, utilising the concepts of structure and process, the social perspectives of strike activity have been reformulated. It would appear that the earlier, static, one-way approach may have distorted reality. Thus a dialectic between structure and process should form the focus of attention when considering the causes of strikes. The conclusion is that the concept of a dialectic is an important step forward in replacing the old fundamentalist perspective, even though the concept still requires considerable refinement before it can be fully operational as a useful research tool.

Spouses, Siblings and Surnames: Reconstructing Families From Medieval Village Court Rolls

1983 ◽  
Vol 23 (1) ◽  
pp. 26-46 ◽  
Author(s):  
Judith M. Bennett
Keyword(s):  
Social History ◽  
Quantitative Methods ◽  
Common People ◽  
Daily Lives ◽  
Never Married ◽  
The Past ◽  
The Social ◽  
History Of ◽  
The Many ◽  
Early Modern Era

Advocates of the “new social history” have buttressed their efforts to recreate the past lives of ordinary people with concepts, models, and quantitative methods taken from the social sciences. These new approaches have allowed scholars to extract vivid and dynamic reconstructions of past human experiences from the dry folios of civil and ecclesiastical registers. Their successes, as exemplified by the many publications of the Cambridge Group for the History of Population and Social Structure, have focused largely on the demographic and familial histories of the early modern era. The manipulation of parish listings of baptisms, marriages, and burials is now a fairly precise science that has taught us much (and will doubtless teach us more) about the daily lives of common people and their families in the sixteenth, seventeenth, and eighteenth centuries. But the tracing into the past of the social, familial, and demographic characteristics of the English people need not start abruptly with the auspicious advent of parish registers in 1538. Indeed, we can only hope to trace the origins of fundamental features of Tudor-Stuart life (such as the pronounced tendency towards late marriage and the high incidence of persons who never married) if we develop accurate techniques for analyzing the pre-1500, pre-parish register materials at our disposal. From the perspective of a medievalist, this work is clearly essential; most medieval people, quite simply, were peasants, and we shall better understand the histories of medieval parliaments, towns, and universities when we have successfully uncovered their rural underpinnings.

Hacker's Liberal Democracy and Social Control: A Critique

1957 ◽  
Vol 51 (4) ◽  
pp. 1027-1039
Author(s):  
Samuel Dubois Cook
Keyword(s):  
Social Control ◽  
Liberal Democracy ◽  
American Culture ◽  
Social Process ◽  
Ruling Class ◽  
Close Affinity ◽  
The Past ◽  
The Social ◽  
The Many ◽  
Exclusive Or

The essence of Hacker's construction is the theory of the ruling class. Immediately, one thinks of Marx, Mosca, Michels, Pareto, and several Americans who have espoused, in one form or another, oligarchic doctrines. What most sharply distinguishes Hacker from most theorists of this persuasion is the absence of presuppositions of historical inevitability. Seeking only to describe sequences and relations of the past and present, he makes no claims of omniscience, of knowing what the social process must unfold. Neither is his theory normative.Yet, apart from details and variations, there is a crucial framework of meaning which discloses Hacker's close affinity with the essence of conventional oligarchic doctrines: the few rule, the many simply obey; the governors, in substance if not in form, are free from compulsion to answer to the governed. Historically, and indeed currently, Hacker asserts, genuine power has been and is the exclusive or, at least, the primary possession of a privileged few. True, the composition and foundation of the governing class have changed, but this change, he continues, did not bring in its wake a widening or deepening of the structure of power in American culture. It merely means the substitution of one set of masters or controllers for another. After all, a monopoly of power is a monopoly, whether its source be deference or manipulation. Both, he avers, “permit a few men to rule many men.” Neither system of power allows the personnel and the general policies of government to be the product of voluntary and active consent. In both contexts, the ruled, not the rulers, are the object of control. “Both deference and manipulation are similar in that they are control.” Such, then, is Hacker's relation to the essence of oligarchic thought. What can be said of the validity of his formulation?

The Nightmare and the Dream: Edward Bellamy and the Travails of Socialist Thought

2002 ◽  
Vol 36 (3) ◽  
pp. 417-440 ◽  
Author(s):  
SAMUEL HABER
Keyword(s):  
Social Justice ◽  
Hebrew Bible ◽  
Eighth Century ◽  
Edward Bellamy ◽  
Surplus Value ◽  
The Past ◽  
The Social ◽  
Utopian Socialism ◽  
The Many ◽  
Almost All

In the light of recent events, the once widely accepted Marxist distinction between “scientific” and “utopian” socialism is fading rapidly. For it has become increasingly difficult to believe that any form of socialism is inherent in the workings of history, as the Marxists had claimed for their “scientific” variety. Today Marxism, in its own terms, turns out to be “utopian.” One can now more readily recognize the kinship of the many different socialisms as well as the significance of their link to the social ideals of the past. What had previously been a somewhat antiquarian literature on “precursors,” “forerunners,” and “schismatics” of socialism suddenly appears as especially pertinent and perhaps even central. Today, without difficulty, one turns away from the various contradistinctions developed in this scholarship and toward the interconnections implicit in it.1Surveying this literature, we can recognize three preeminent social ideals that went into the making of the various socialisms – the call for social justice, the aspiration toward a society of brotherly love, and the belief that one could rid society of poverty. It was the eighth-century prophets of the Hebrew Bible who advanced the audacious demand for justice in society. They urged an end to oppression, cruelty, abuse, and more generally that people be given what was rightfully theirs. This demand recurs in almost all the socialist programs. In the Marxist scheme, it takes the form of the theory of surplus value which describes capitalist profit as a surplus product stolen (“entwandt”) from the worker who creates it.

scholarly journals Designing for social experiences with and within autonomous vehicles – exploring methodological directions

2018 ◽  
Vol 4 ◽  
Author(s):  
Helena Strömberg ◽  
Ingrid Pettersson ◽  
Jonas Andersson ◽  
Annie Rydström ◽  
Debargha Dey ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Social Interactions ◽  
Autonomous Vehicles ◽  
Social Aspects ◽  
Small Scale ◽  
Multidisciplinary Teams ◽  
Wizard Of Oz ◽  
Social Perspectives ◽  
The Social ◽  
Social Entity ◽  
The Many

The introduction of autonomous vehicles (autonomous vehicles) will reshape the many social interactions that are part of traffic today. In order for autonomous vehicles to become successfully integrated, the social interactions surrounding them need to be purposefully designed. To ensure success and save development efforts, design methods that explore social aspects in early design phases are needed to provide conceptual directions before committing to concrete solutions. This paper contributes an exploration of methods for addressing the social aspects of autonomous vehicles in three key areas: the vehicle as a social entity in traffic, co-experience within the vehicle and the user–vehicle relationship. The methods explored include Wizard of Oz, small-scale scenarios, design metaphors, enactment and peer-to-peer interviews. These were applied in a workshop setting with 18 participants from academia and industry. The methods provided interesting design seeds, however with differing effectiveness. The most promising methods enabled flexible idea exploration, but in a contextualized and concrete manner through tangible objects and enactment to stage future use situations. Further, combinations of methods that enable a shift between social perspectives were preferred. Wizard of Oz and small-scale scenarios were found fruitful as collaboration basis for multidisciplinary teams, by establishing a united understanding of the problem at hand.

scholarly journals Searching for how Epistemic Power is Made, Appropriated, Circulated, and Challenged

2021 ◽  
Vol 7 (2) ◽  
pp. 97-119
Author(s):  
Sharon Traweek ◽  
Duygu Kaşdoğan ◽  
Kim Fortun
Keyword(s):  
Social Studies ◽  
Academic Career ◽  
Science And Technology ◽  
Social Dimensions ◽  
Audio File ◽  
Social Studies Of Science ◽  
The Past ◽  
The Social ◽  
The Many ◽  
Virtual Conference

In the 2020 Prague Virtual Conference of the Society for Social Studies of Science (4S), Sharon Traweek was awarded the society’s John D. Bernal Prize jointly with Langdon Winner. The Bernal Prize is awarded annually to individuals who have made distinguished contributions to the field of STS. Prize recipients include founders of the field of STS, along with outstanding scholars who have devoted their careers to the understanding of the social dimensions of science and technology. This is an edited transcription, which accompanies the full audio file also available in this issue of the journal. The interview supplements the text of Traweek’s 2020 Bernal lecture. In this interview, Traweek discusses her research, academic career, the many influences on her life, and her thoughts on STS—in the past and in the future.

scholarly journals Alienation of tradition as a way of person's relationship with the past

2021 ◽  
pp. 68-81
Author(s):  
Dmitry Vladimirovich Rakhinsky ◽  
Grigorii Andreevich Illarionov ◽  
Svetlana Yurevna Piskorskaya ◽  
Aleksei Gennadevich Rusakov ◽  
Evgenii Stepanovich Shcheblyakov
Keyword(s):  
Cultural Memory ◽  
Self Determination ◽  
Intergenerational Communication ◽  
The Past ◽  
Active Subject ◽  
The Social ◽  
Interdisciplinary Synthesis ◽  
The Subject ◽  
The One

The subject of this research is the alienation of tradition as a way of relating to the past. The goal of this article consists in conceptualization of an “alienated tradition” as a mode of relationship between the social present and the social past, generated by the historical dynamics of development of the tradition, which is simultaneously a factor of social development and a source of personal suffering. The research methodology leans on the principle of social epistemology, which implies following the mutual conditionality of evolution of representations on connection between the present and the past, reflected in the concept of tradition sociocultural mechanisms of the  tradition. The article analyzes the language of interpretation of tradition as a combination of sociocultural mechanisms connecting the social present and the past. The novelty of this work consists in interdisciplinary synthesis of the concepts and research positions: the classical concept of alienation, research on intergenerational communication and cultural memory, socio-criticism studies, and theory of suffering. The alienation of tradition suggests objectification of these connections, in terms of which the social past perceived by a person as the new and communicative grounds for the alienation of tradition, emerged as result of increasing vicariousness of intergenerational communication. The alienation of tradition has a dual meaning. On the one hand, it becomes the foundation for self-determination of a person with regards to cultural continuum, force of development, due to the fact that a person is no longer positioned as a result of determinacy by the past, but an active subject who transforms the world relying on own mind, rather than the legacy of the past. On the other hand, the alienation of tradition becomes a cause of suffering; the more vicarious becomes the person’s relationship with the past, the more antagonistic and alienated become the grounds for his existence in culture that are determined by the past.

We Dance for Knowledge

2008 ◽  
Vol 40 (1) ◽  
pp. 31-44 ◽  
Author(s):  
Sharon Māhealani Rowe
Keyword(s):  
Natural History ◽  
Limited Range ◽  
Folk Dance ◽  
Exotic Dancers ◽  
The Past ◽  
Art Form ◽  
The Social ◽  
The World ◽  
The Rich ◽  
The Many

Every year, for hundreds of thousands of tourists, seeing “real Hawaiian hula” in a hotel or in a packaged lū'au setting is standard fare. Commonplace too is receiving one's introduction to hula through any of the many competitions that take place annually in Hawai'i and, with increasing frequency, throughout the world. Still others find hula marketed for its exercise benefits, peddled as the latest fitness fad in gyms and malls across the country. But is hula the allure of exotic dancers evoking prurient responses from tourists, one moment tantalized by undulating hips only to be teasingly chastised the next to “keep your eyes on the hands”? Is it the crisp, impeccably synchronized movement danced before panels of judges at the several hula competitions that mark the year for many hula hālau? Is hula the movement, the meaning conveyed through the movement, or the full context out of which movement casts itself into an art form that inspires passion and perpetuates a traditional way of living?For Mary Kawena Pukui, credited with helping to bring the rich traditional context of hula into the present, hula is “a general name for many types of Hawaiian folk dances” (1942/1980, 70). Pukui's laconic description says everything, and nothing. Everything because hula is the unique dance of the Hawaiian people. Everything because despite the homogenizing influence of hula competition, which has brought only a limited range of the vast hula repertoire to the public's attention over the past thirty-five years, hula encompasses many different styles and types of dances. But it says nothing because hula simply cannot be reduced to Hawaiian folk dance. Hula is a moving encyclopedia inscribed into the sinews and postures of dancers' bodies. It carries forward the social and natural history, the religious beliefs, the philosophy, the literature, and the scientific knowledge of the Hawaiian people.

19. Social harm

2021 ◽  
pp. 591-617
Author(s):  
Steve Case ◽  
Phil Johnson ◽  
David Manlow ◽  
Roger Smith ◽  
Kate Williams
Keyword(s):  
Intimate Partner Violence ◽  
Human Trafficking ◽  
Partner Violence ◽  
Intimate Partner ◽  
Social Structures ◽  
Social Harm ◽  
The Past ◽  
The Social ◽  
Wide Range ◽  
The Many

This chapter evaluates the idea of ‘social harm’, considering whether we should think of it as being separate from, or related to, what we have previously thought of as ‘criminology’. It begins by examining what social harm is, and the many criticisms that its proponents make of traditional interpretations of ‘crime’ and ‘criminology’. The social harm approach, a perspective that has become increasingly prominent over the past two decades, argues that state-generated, legal definitions of ‘crime’ are much too narrow, as they do not reflect significant (though not always illegal) social, physical, emotional, psychological, cultural, and financial and economic harms that can be inflicted by social structures, multinational bodies, and the state. So far, much of the work in this area has focused on broader theoretical and conceptual issues, but social harm perspectives have also informed important studies of a wide range of social occurrences and events. These have ranged from studies of the harm caused by corporations, human trafficking, genocide, austerity measures, intimate partner violence, and penal harm.

Fame and its Vagaries in the Middle Ages

2018 ◽  
Author(s):  
Antonio Sennis
Keyword(s):  
Middle Ages ◽  
Social Group ◽  
Late Antiquity ◽  
Cultural Context ◽  
Cultural Perspective ◽  
Important Work ◽  
The Past ◽  
The Social ◽  
The Many ◽  
The Way

One of the many new avenues of research that Chris has opened up for us in the past decades is the study of fama in medieval contexts. In his important work on twelfth-century Tuscany, Chris considered fama as a form of superior hearsay, derived from gossip and talk, which could involve every member of the social group and to which some credibility could be given in court. This chapter attempts to develop this line of enquiry in a cultural perspective. I seek to show how the way in which the members of a social group bestow fame and celebrity (or their opposites) on some individuals can reveal a lot of the cultural context in which they operate; in other words, how the fame of certain individuals can, within their lifetime and after their death, alternate dramatically according to the way in which some members of future generations view the world in which they had lived. In this perspective, particularly revealing is the case of Theodoric, an individual who, in his lifetime, was famous almost in a modern sense, carving for himself a major role in the geopolitics of Late Antiquity. But Theodoric also become a paradigm, and the vagaries of his fame reveal a lot of the battle of memories and texts that took place in Italy, and more broadly in Europe, between the sixth and the ninth centuries.

The Social Class of the Cappadocian Fathers

1973 ◽  
Vol 42 (4) ◽  
pp. 453-466 ◽  
Author(s):  
Thomas A. Kopecek
Keyword(s):  
Social Class ◽  
Social History ◽  
Fifth Century ◽  
Class Membership ◽  
The Past ◽  
Present Essay ◽  
The Social ◽  
History Of ◽  
Cappadocian Fathers

Although the past two decades have shown signs of scholarly interest in the social history of fourth- and fifth-century Christianity, especially among British scholars, much remains to be done before a synthetic reconstruction will be justified. Among the tasks to be completed is the determination of the social class backgrounds of the later empire's Christian clergy. For if these backgrounds can be established, it will be possible to investigate how extensively they influenced the clerics' thought and action. Unfortunately, the determination of social origins in antiquity is not always a straightforward enterprise. This is particularly true in the case of the Cappadocian Fathers, whose social class membership is the topic of the present essay.

Sign in / Sign up

Export Citation Format

Share Document