Birth spacing and infant mortality: evidence for eighteenth and nineteenth century German villages

1991 ◽  
Vol 23 (4) ◽  
pp. 445-459 ◽  
Author(s):  
Anne R. Pebley ◽  
Albert I. Hermalin ◽  
John Knodel
Keyword(s):  
Infant Mortality ◽  
Breast Feeding ◽  
Feeding Behaviour ◽  
Strong Association ◽  
Fertility Control ◽  
Birth Spacing ◽  
Interval Length ◽  
Confounding Factors ◽  
Previous Child ◽  
Previous Birth

SummaryData from an historical population in which fertility control was minimal and modern health services were mostly unavailable are used to show that there appears to have been a strong association between previous birth interval length and infant mortality, especially when the previous child survived. Although only imperfect proxies for breast-feeding practices and other potentially confounding factors are available for this population, the results suggest that the association between previous interval length and infant mortality in this population is not solely, or primarily, a function of differences in breast-feeding behaviour or socioeconomic status. Other factors, e.g. maternal depletion or sibling competition, are more likely to explain the observed association.

scholarly journals 735Dynamics and Determinants of Birth Spacing in India

2021 ◽  
Vol 50 (Supplement_1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Priyanka Sahu ◽  
C.M. Pandey ◽  
Shambhavi Mishra
Keyword(s):  
Infant Mortality ◽  
Waiting Time ◽  
Birth Interval ◽  
Infant Health ◽  
Family Income ◽  
Cox Regression ◽  
Birth Spacing ◽  
High Fertility ◽  
Contraceptive Devices ◽  
Previous Child

Abstract Background Birth spacing is an important determinant of the high fertility populations and has a strong bearing on maternal and infant health. The birth interval is composed of three major components namely postpartum amenorrhoea (PPA), waiting time to conception and gestation. To manage the high fertility in India, the present study is aimed to investigate the differential pattern of duration of birth interval components with respect to various socio demographic, child mortality, family planning services etc. Methods The data for this analysis was taken from National Family Health Survey 2015-16 (NFHS-4), provides information on population, health and nutrition for India and each State / Union territory. It gathered information from 601,509 households from overall India. Results Cox’ regression explores infant mortality, lactation, use of contraceptive devices, son preference and religion are found significant (P < 0.01) factors on the dynamics of birth interval components After adjustment of the effects of other explanatory variables, duration of breast feeding (P < 0.01), infant mortality (P < 0.01) and family income (P < 0.05) are found to have their significant impacts on the variation of PPA whereas death of previous child in infancy (P < 0.01), sex of previous child (P < 0.05), lactation (P < 0.01), education of mother (P < 0.05), and use of effective contraceptives have are found to be significant factors influencing the duration of waiting time to conception. Conclusions Among the determinants, infant mortality, lactation and religion have significant impacts on both duration variables in the Cox’s stepwise regression models. Key messages To control the growth of population, birth spacing must be maintained.

Interactions of contraception and breast-feeding in developing countries

1977 ◽  
Vol 9 (S4) ◽  
pp. 93-111 ◽  
Author(s):  
W. H. Mosley ◽  
T. Osteria ◽  
S. L. Huffman
Keyword(s):  
Child Health ◽  
Breast Feeding ◽  
Maternal And Child Health ◽  
Fertility Control ◽  
Birth Spacing ◽  
Control Measures ◽  
Modern Contraceptive ◽  
Modern Methods ◽  
And Child Health ◽  
Health Programmes

One of the major goals of health programmes in the developing world is to improve maternal and child health. Two important steps towards achieving this goal are the promotion of birth spacing and the promotion of breast-feeding. Since birth spacing requires some type of fertility control measures, modern contraceptive programmes are becoming an integral part of maternal and child health programmes. The next logical question would then appear to be, ‘What are the appropriate contraceptives, particularly among the modern methods, for use during lactation ?’

Child Survivorship and Pregnancy Spacing in Iran

1983 ◽  
Vol 15 (1) ◽  
pp. 35-46 ◽  
Author(s):  
Barbara Janowitz ◽  
Douglas J. Nichols
Keyword(s):  
Breast Feeding ◽  
Pregnancy Outcomes ◽  
Contraceptive Use ◽  
Birth Spacing ◽  
Maternity Hospital ◽  
Previous Pregnancy ◽  
Degree Of Protection ◽  
Pregnancy Spacing ◽  
Pregnancy Intervals ◽  
Using Data

SummaryUsing data collected over a 12-month period (1977–78) from more than 15,000 hospital deliveries at a single maternity hospital in Tehran, Iran, we have examined the effects of previous pregnancy outcomes, breast-feeding and contraceptive use on birth spacing. The outcomes of previous pregnancies, particularly the most recent, significantly affect the length of the pregnancy interval, and so does breast-feeding. Pregnancy outcomes influence both breast-feeding and subsequent contraceptive behaviour, and breast-feeding adds to the degree of protection against pregnancy afforded by conventional contraception. Improved survivorship increases the length of pregnancy intervals most when it results in increased use of contraception and when breast-feeding is commonly practised for extended periods.

scholarly journals Knowledge and Practice of Postnatal Mother in Newborn Care

2013 ◽  
Vol 52 (190) ◽  
Author(s):  
Tumla Shrestha ◽  
Saraswoti Gautam Bhattarai ◽  
Kalpana Silwal
Keyword(s):  
Infant Mortality ◽  
Breast Feeding ◽  
Newborn Care ◽  
Structured Interview ◽  
Care Practice ◽  
Exclusive Breast Feeding ◽  
Danger Signs ◽  
Newborn Care Practice ◽  
Postnatal Mothers ◽  
Knowledge And Practice

Introduction: Neonatal mortality has continued to increase as a percentage (>60%) of overall infant mortality. Any further reduction in infant mortality is dependent on saving more newborn lives. It is possible if their mothers are knowledgeable and provide proper newborn care. Therefore, the objective of the study was to find out knowledge and practice of the postnatal mothers about newborn care.Methods: A descriptive study was done among 100 purposively selected post natal mothers admitted in Teaching Hospital. Newborn care practice was observed among 20 mothers and comparison was done between knowledge and practice. Semi-structured interview questionnaire and observation checklist was used to collect the data. The descriptive statistics was used.Results: Respondents’ mean knowledge was on keeping newborn warm 44.2, on newborn care 47.2, on immunization 67.33, on danger signs 35.63. All (100%) respondents had have knowledge and practice to feed colostrums and exclusive breast feeding, 70 (70%) knew about early initiation of breastfeeding. Mean knowledge and practice of respondents was on measures to keep warm 8.5 and 17. Although 60 (60%) had knowledge to wash hands before breastfeeding, and after diaper care, only 10 (10%) followed it in practice. Mean practice of successful breast feeding was 37.5, 12 (60%) applied nothing kept cord dry. Conclusion: Postnatal mothers have adequate knowledge on areas like early, exclusive breast feeding, colostrums feeding, they have not much satisfactory knowledge in areas like hand washing, danger signs etc. While comparing knowledge with practice regarding newborn care, practice looks better in many areas._______________________________________________________________________________________Keywords: knowledge; newborn care; practice; postnatal mother.

Infant Mortality, Breast-Feeding, and Improved Health Surveillance

PEDIATRICS ◽  
1972 ◽  
Vol 50 (5) ◽  
pp. 823-824
Author(s):  
Allan S. Cunningham
Keyword(s):  
Mortality Rate ◽  
Infant Mortality ◽  
Breast Feeding ◽  
Vital Statistics ◽  
Health Surveillance ◽  
Breast Fed

In light of Dr. Wegman's comments on infant mortality in his review of vital statistics I thought it would be of interest to recall two morbidity-mortality studies of infants born between 1910 and 1930. Grulee et al. studied 20,000 welfare infants in Chicago. Nearly 10,000 of them were breast-fed exclusively for ten months and had a mortality rate less than 1.6 per thousand. Mortality in otherwise comparable groups of partly breast-fed and exclusively bottle-fed infants were 6.9 and 84 per thousand, respectively.

Cost-effectiveness analysis of Baby-Friendly Hospital Initiative in promotion of breast-feeding and reduction of late neonatal infant mortality in Brazil

2020 ◽  
pp. 1-11
Author(s):  
Osvaldinete Lopes de Oliveira Silva ◽  
Marina Ferreira Rea ◽  
Flávia Mori Sarti ◽  
Gabriela Buccini
Keyword(s):  
Cost Effectiveness ◽  
Mortality Rate ◽  
Infant Mortality ◽  
Neonatal Mortality ◽  
Breast Feeding ◽  
Cost Effective ◽  
Economic Assessment ◽  
Baby Friendly Hospital Initiative ◽  
Effectiveness Analysis ◽  
The Cost

Abstract Objective: To analyse the cost-effectiveness of Baby-Friendly Hospital Initiative (BFHI) in promoting breast-feeding during the first hour of life (BFFHL) and reducing late neonatal mortality. Design: Cost-effectiveness economic assessment from the health system perspective, preceded by a prospective cohort of mother–baby followed from birth to 6 months of life. The direct costs associated with two health outcomes were analysed: intermediate end point (BFFHL) and final end point (reduction in late neonatal mortality). Setting: Study was carried out in six hospitals in the city of São Paulo (Brazil), three being Baby-Friendly Hospitals (BFH) and three non-BFH. Participants: Mothers with 24 h postpartum, over 18 years old, single fetus and breast-feeding at the time of the interview were included. Poisson regressions adjusted for maternal age and level of education were estimated to identify factors related to BFFHL and late neonatal mortality. Sensitivity analysis was performed to ensure robustness of the economic assessment. Results: Cost-effectiveness analysis showed that BFHI was highly cost-effective in raising BFFHL by 32·0 % at lower cost in comparison with non-BFHI. In addition, BFHI was cost-effective in reducing late neonatal mortality rate by 13·0 % from all causes and by 13·1 % of infant mortality rate from infections. Conclusions: The cost-effectiveness of the BFHI in promoting breast-feeding and reducing neonatal mortality rates justifies the investments required for its expansion within the Brazilian health system.

The chance of conception during lactation

1977 ◽  
Vol 9 (S4) ◽  
pp. 41-54 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jeroen K. van Ginneken
Keyword(s):  
Menstrual Cycle ◽  
Milk Production ◽  
Breast Feeding ◽  
Low Income ◽  
Rural Areas ◽  
Spacing Effect ◽  
Birth Spacing ◽  
Low Income Countries ◽  
Newborn Child

Many mothers in low-income countries, particularly in rural areas, nurse their children for 1–2 years on the average. The main purpose of this practice is, of course, to provide the newborn child with the nutrition necessary for its survival. Prolonged breast-feeding, however, also has a birth-spacing effect and postpones the next pregnancy by inhibiting ovulation and by delaying resumption of the menstrual cycle. Suckling of the infant is important for this suppression of the menstrual cycle because it leads to the release of prolactin, which not only plays an important role in milk production but also inhibits the release of gonadotrophins which initiate resumption of the menstrual cycle. For further details about these endocrinological aspects of lactation see, for example, Rolland et al. (1975); Thomson, Hytten & Black (1975) and Buchanan (1975).

Birth intervals regarding infant mortality and extramarital reproduction in a Spanish rural community

1995 ◽  
Vol 27 (4) ◽  
pp. 421-429
Author(s):  
V. Fuster ◽  
A. Jiménez ◽  
B. Morales
Keyword(s):  
Infant Mortality ◽  
Family Size ◽  
Rural Community ◽  
Birth Spacing ◽  
Birth Intervals ◽  
Very High

SummaryRecord linking provided information on the complete reproductive schedules of a sample of 1102 couples with at least two children born alive from a rural Spanish community characterised by very high extramarital reproduction. Birth spacing was analysed considering final family size as well as the legitimate–illegitimate status and sex of the newborn, and survival of the preceding sibling.

Postpartum Lactational Amenorrhoea as a Means of Family Planning in the Sudan: A Study of 500 Cases

1983 ◽  
Vol 15 (1) ◽  
pp. 9-23 ◽  
Author(s):  
Amal M. Adnan ◽  
Salah Abu Bakr
Keyword(s):  
Family Planning ◽  
Breast Feeding ◽  
Fertility Control ◽  
Supplementary Feeding ◽  
Policy Implications ◽  
Modern Contraceptive ◽  
Lactating Women ◽  
Factors Affecting ◽  
Lactating Mothers ◽  
Primiparous Women

SummaryThe lactational histories of 500 Sudanese women were studied retrospectively to examine postpartum lactational amenorrhoea as a method of family planning. Particular attention was given to the factors affecting postpartum lactational amenorrhoea, including supplementary feeding and the use of modern contraceptive methods. Breast-feeding was overwhelmingly practised (90%) among this sample, which was roughly representative of the Sudanese population as a whole. The prevalence of amenorrhoea among this group of lactating women was quite high (73%). Duration of lactational amenorrhoea ranged from 2 to 36 months with a median of 12 months.Introduction of supplementary feeding had little effect on lactational amenorrhoea up to the 9th month of breast-feeding. Beyond the 12th month of breast-feeding, lactational amenorrhoea was significantly prolonged by postponing the introduction of supplementary feeding until the 4th month or later.Ovulation, and hence conception, during lactational amenorrhoea was unpredictable. It occurred as early as the 3rd or as late as the 36th month postpartum. Conceptions interrupting lactational amenorrhoea soon after delivery (3–9 months) were more frequent among primiparous women. The failure rate of lactational amenorrhoea as a contraceptive was 8·4%. Though extremely high compared to that of the pill, lactational amenorrhoea was more useful as a fertility control mechanism because, in this study, a high proportion of women initiated pill use, but soon discontinued it because of side effects. Modern contraceptive practice was not prevalent. Amenorrhoeic mothers accepted the pill after the 6th month postpartum (41%), compared to lactating mothers whose menses had returned who started it much earlier. Forty-nine percent of the women studied relied completely on the protection of lactational amenorrhoea. Fifty-seven percent of all lactating women who used the combined pill reported a reduction in milk production. There are several policy implications of this study.

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