Breast-feeding, water and sanitation, and childhood malnutrition in the Philippines

SummaryThis study examines effects and interactions of socioeconomic status, access to water supply and sanitation, and breast-feeding practices in relation to child growth in two provincial cities in the Philippines. Multivariate analysis identified food expenditure per head, education of the household head and gender of the child as significant predictors of nutritional status. The duration of partial and full breast-feeding was negatively (though non-significantly) associated with growth. Sanitation facilities and breast-feeding are, however, important determinants during the first year of life. Among children over 1 year of age, socioeconomic variables and gender are the most important predictors. Breast-feeding is shown to provide more important health benefits for children in lower income households. The need for further studies on the causes of gender differences in nutritional status was apparent.

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Breast-feeding promotion in hospitals and prospective breast-feeding rates during the first year of life in two national surveys 1997–1998 and 2017–2019 in Germany

Public Health Nutrition ◽

10.1017/s1368980021001099 ◽

2021 ◽

pp. 1-13

Author(s):

Nele Hockamp ◽

Constanze Burak ◽

Erika Sievers ◽

Silvia Rudloff ◽

Anja Burmann ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Breast Feeding ◽

Infant Nutrition ◽

Feeding Habits ◽

First Year ◽

Feeding Rates ◽

Cross Sectional Survey ◽

Cross Sectional ◽

Web Based ◽

Phone Calls ◽

First Year Of Life

Abstract Objectives: The present study aimed to assess the current state of breast-feeding promotion in hospitals and the prevalence of breast-feeding during the first year of life in Germany and to compare the results with a study 20 years earlier. Design: In the studies on ‘breast-feeding and infant nutrition in Germany’ named ‘SuSe’, a cross-sectional survey in hospitals was combined with a subsequent prospective survey of breast-feeding and infant nutrition during the first year of life (0·5, 2, 4, 6 and 12 months after birth) in mother–infant pairs who were recruited in the hospitals. Written questionnaires and phone calls were used in SuSe I and web-based questionnaires in SuSe II. Breast-feeding promotion and prevalence were evaluated using recommendations from the WHO and the UNICEF. Setting: Two nationwide surveys SuSe I (1997–1998) and SuSe II (2017–2019). Participants: In SuSe I, 177 hospitals and 1717 mother–infant pairs and in SuSe II 109 hospitals and 962 mother–infant pairs were included. Results: In SuSe II, hospitals implemented seven of the WHO ‘Ten Steps to Successful Breastfeeding’ to a greater extent than the hospitals in SuSe I. More mothers exclusively breastfed for 4 months (57 % v. 33 %) and continued breast-feeding until 6 (78 % v. 48 %) and 12 months (41 % v. 13 %). In both studies, exclusive breast-feeding decreased between 4 and 6 months of age due to the introduction of complementary feeding. Conclusions: In Germany, breast-feeding habits have come closer to the recommendations over the last 20 years.

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Hospital Maternal Care Is Disruptive

PEDIATRICS ◽

10.1542/peds.57.2.294a ◽

1976 ◽

Vol 57 (2) ◽

pp. 294-295

Author(s):

Justin D. Call

Keyword(s):

Breast Milk ◽

Breast Feeding ◽

Maternal Care ◽

Respiratory Infections ◽

Mammalian Species ◽

Smooth Transition ◽

First Year ◽

First Year Of Life

"Breast-Feeding: Second Thoughts" by Gerrard,1 sets forth epidemiologic and immunological data on human and other mammalian species showing that colostrum and breast milk actively protect the infant from enterocolitis and respiratory infections when breast-feeding is begun immediately after birth and continued through at least most of the first year of life. Gerrard hypothesizes that breast-feeding provides a smooth transition for the baby from being entirely dependent on the mother for nutritional and immunological requirements to being completely independent from her.

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THE PIMA INFANT FEEDING STUDY: BREAST FEEDING AND GASTROENTERITIS IN THE FIRST YEAR OF LIFE

American Journal of Epidemiology ◽

10.1093/oxfordjournals.aje.a113752 ◽

1984 ◽

Vol 119 (3) ◽

pp. 335-349 ◽

Cited By ~ 22

Author(s):

M. R. FORMAN ◽

B. I. GRAUBARD ◽

H. J. HOFFMAN ◽

R. BEREN ◽

E. E. HARLEY ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Infant Feeding ◽

Breast Feeding ◽

First Year ◽

Feeding Study ◽

First Year Of Life

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The Pima Infant Feeding Study: Breast feeding and Respiratory Infections during the First Year of Life

International Journal of Epidemiology ◽

10.1093/ije/13.4.447 ◽

1984 ◽

Vol 13 (4) ◽

pp. 447-453 ◽

Cited By ~ 27

Author(s):

M R FORMAN ◽

B I GRAUBARD ◽

H J HOFFMAN ◽

R BEREIM ◽

E E HARLEY ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Infant Feeding ◽

Breast Feeding ◽

Respiratory Infections ◽

First Year ◽

Feeding Study ◽

First Year Of Life

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Reduced Efficacy of Intermittent Preventive Treatment of Malaria in Malnourished Children

Antimicrobial Agents and Chemotherapy ◽

10.1128/aac.01723-08 ◽

2009 ◽

Vol 53 (5) ◽

pp. 1753-1759 ◽

Cited By ~ 13

Author(s):

Ina Danquah ◽

Ekkehart Dietz ◽

Philipp Zanger ◽

Klaus Reither ◽

Peter Ziniel ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Protective Efficacy ◽

Intermittent Preventive Treatment ◽

Preventive Treatment ◽

Child Growth ◽

Northern Ghana ◽

First Year ◽

Malnourished Children ◽

Increased Risk ◽

First Year Of Life ◽

The Impact

ABSTRACT Intermittent preventive treatment in infants with sulfadoxine-pyrimethamine (IPTi-SP) reduces malaria episodes by 20 to 59% across Africa. This protective efficacy, however, may be affected by the high frequency of malnutrition in African infants. We analyzed the impact of malnutrition as defined by anthropometry on the incidence of malaria and on the protective efficacy of IPTi in a cohort of 1,200 children in northern Ghana, where malaria is hyperendemic. These children received IPTi-SP or placebo at 3, 9, and 15 months of age and were monitored until 24 months of age. Malnutrition was present in 32, 40, and 50% of children at ages 3, 9, and 15 months, respectively. It was associated with increased risks of severe anemia and death but not an increased risk of malaria. Although malaria slightly contributed to chronic malnutrition, IPTi did not substantially improve child growth. Importantly, the protective efficacies of IPTi in malnourished children were roughly half or even less of those observed in nonmalnourished children. In the first year of life, IPTi reduced the incidence of malaria to a significantly lesser extent in infants who received both doses in a malnourished condition (25%; 95% confidence interval [CI], −7 to 48%) compared to that of nonmalnourished children (46%; 95% CI, 30 to 58%; P = 0.049). Moreover, in contrast to nutritionally advantaged children, the rate of severe malaria appeared to be increased in malnourished children who took IPTi. IPTi might exhibit reduced efficacy in regions of abundant malnutrition. Concomitant nutrition programs may be needed in these places to achieve the desired impact.

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EFFECTS OF BREAST FEEDING ON INCIDENCE OF OTITIS MEDIA IN THE FIRST YEAR OF LIFE. 1005

Pediatric Research ◽

10.1203/00006450-199604001-01027 ◽

1996 ◽

Vol 39 ◽

pp. 170-170

Author(s):

H Faden ◽

L Duffy ◽

D Krystofik ◽

R Wasielewski ◽

Y Tung ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Otitis Media ◽

Breast Feeding ◽

First Year ◽

First Year Of Life

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The importance of physical treatment in children underwent craniosynostosis surgery in the first year of life

Vojnosanitetski pregled ◽

10.2298/vsp171222021p ◽

2020 ◽

Vol 77 (3) ◽

pp. 324-329

Author(s):

Danijela Pavicevic ◽

Jelena Milosevic ◽

Ivana Petrovic-Markovic ◽

Zoran Milenkovic ◽

Katarina Parezanovic-Ilic

Keyword(s):

Postoperative Period ◽

Motor Development ◽

Surgical Intervention ◽

Psychomotor Development ◽

Favorable Effect ◽

First Year ◽

Moderate Degree ◽

Physical Treatment ◽

And Gender ◽

First Year Of Life

Background/Aim. Craniosynostosis is a condition that occurs intrauterine or develops in the infant period, and represents premature fusion of cranial sutures. This fusion of sutures limits the normal cranium development and leads to disorder in the phase of rapid growth and development of the brain. Creation of craniosynostoses is associated with an increased incidence of developmental delay during the breastfeeding period. Craniosynostoses are treated by surgery. The role of a physiatrist is to postoperatively assess psychomotor development and implement habilitation treatment. The aim of this study was to determine distribution of the type of craniosynostoses according to the age and gender of patients, effectiveness of habilitation treatment and to estimate the somatosensory evoked potential in the preoperative and postoperative period in children who underwent craniosynostosis surgery in the first year of life. Methods. The study was designed as a retrospective research. The data were collected from medical records of 51 children with craniosynostoses and delay in psychomotor development who underwent surgical intervention. The children included in this study, during follow-up, were involved in the habilitation treatment. Results. An early diagnosis and surgical intervention had a favorable effect on the development of motor function in children with craniosynostoses. The importance of stimulation treatment in the postoperative period was also proved for achievement of an adequate degree of motor development in children in relation to age. The results of our study confirmed the results obtained in previously published studies that the children who did not undergo surgery and start with the habilitation treatment immediately after it, had delay in psychomotor development of moderate degree. Conclusion. Habilitation treatment significantly reduced the deviations in psychomotor development of children with craniosynostoses if it started immediately after the surgical procedure.

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Determinants of Growth From Birth to 12 Months Among Breast-Fed Honduran Infants in Relation to Age of Introduction of Complementary Foods

PEDIATRICS ◽

10.1542/peds.96.3.504 ◽

1995 ◽

Vol 96 (3) ◽

pp. 504-510

Author(s):

Roberta J. Cohen ◽

Kenneth H. Brown ◽

Judy Canahuati ◽

Leonardo Landa Rivera ◽

Kathryn G. Dewey

Keyword(s):

Birth Weight ◽

Multiple Regression ◽

Breast Feeding ◽

Growth Patterns ◽

First Year ◽

Complementary Foods ◽

Exclusive Breast Feeding ◽

The Us ◽

First Year Of Life ◽

Breast Fed

Objectives. To evaluate the impact of introducing complementary foods to exclusively breast-fed infants at 4 vs 6 months on growth from 6 to 12 months, and to compare growth patterns of Honduran infants with those of breast-fed infants in the United States. Design. Randomized intervention trial from 4 to 6 months and longitudinal study of infants from birth to 12 months. Setting. Low-income communities in San Pedro Sula, Honduras. Subjects. Primiparous, breast-feeding mothers and their infants (n = 141) recruited from public maternity hospitals. Intervention. Infants were randomly assigned to exclusive breast-feeding to 6 months, or exclusive breast-feeding with addition of hygienically prepared, nutritionally adequate complementary foods at 4 months, with or without maintenance of baseline breast-feeding frequency. After 6 months, mothers continued to breast-feed and also fed their infants home-prepared foods after receiving instruction in appropriate feeding practices. Outcome Measures. Infant weight was measured monthly during the first year of life and infant length monthly from 4 to 12 months. Statistical Analysis. Growth parameters were compared between the Honduran and US cohorts using multiple-regression and repeated-measures analysis of variance. Stepwise multiple regression was used to identify determinants of infant growth. Results. There were no differences in growth patterns by intervention group. Mean birth weight of the Honduran infants was significantly less than that of a cohort of breast-fed infants in an affluent US population (n = 46) (2889 ± 482 vs 3611 ± 509 g), but the Honduran infants exhibited rapid catch up in weight in the first few months of life, and the cohorts were similar in weight by 3 months. Mean weight and length gain were similar to those of the US cohort from 4 to 9 months but were lower from 9 to 12 months. Mean length for age was significantly less than that of the US cohort from 4 to 12 months; this was attributable to the difference in maternal height (12 cm shorter in Honduras on average). Within the Honduran cohort, growth velocity of low birth weight infants (<2500 g; n = 28) was similar to that of their normal birth weight peers; thus, the former subgroup remained smaller than the latter throughout the first year of life. Conclusions. In poor populations, when breast-feeding is exclusive for the first 4 to 6 months, continues from 6 to 12 months, and is accompanied by generally adequate complementary foods, faltering in weight does not occur before 9 months among infants born with birth weights of more than 2500 g.

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Infant Feeding and Infectious Disease

PEDIATRICS ◽

10.1542/peds.86.5.806 ◽

1990 ◽

Vol 86 (5) ◽

pp. 806-806

Author(s):

FRED AGRE

Keyword(s):

Infectious Disease ◽

Prospective Study ◽

Infant Feeding ◽

Breast Feeding ◽

First Year ◽

Prospective Data ◽

Infectious Illness ◽

A Prospective Study ◽

First Year Of Life

To the Editor.— In the article "Relationship Between Infant Feeding and Infectious Illness: A Prospective Study of Infants during the First Year of Life" the authors comment on the methodologic failures of other studies.1 These failures include: (1) prospective data on infection and feeding, (2) specifying what is meant by infectious illness and breast-feeding, (3) controlling for other variables, and (4) exposure to illness through time. Such a study accounting for the above methodologic flaws was conducted by me and reported in the American Journal of Diseases of Children.2

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Breast-Feeding and Infectious Illness, Power and Confidence Intervals

PEDIATRICS ◽

10.1542/peds.88.5.1079a ◽

1991 ◽

Vol 88 (5) ◽

pp. 1079-1080

Author(s):

JUDY HOPKINSON

Keyword(s):

Prospective Study ◽

Confidence Intervals ◽

Infant Feeding ◽

Breast Feeding ◽

First Year ◽

Infectious Illness ◽

A Prospective Study ◽

First Year Of Life ◽

The Impact ◽

Breast Fed

The article "Relationship Between Infant Feeding and Infectious Illness: A Prospective Study of Infants During the First Year of Life" by Rubin et al in the April issue of Pediatrics was provocative. Like Mulford, I too am concerned about the definitions of breast-feeding used in the study. Breast-feeding and formula-feeding are defined in such a way that the study actually examines the impact of the degree of breast-feeding on health of breast-fed infants. This may be an important issue in Denmark where the incidence of breast-feeding at 1 month is more than 90%.

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