scholarly journals ESTIMATES OF COUSIN MARRIAGE AND MEAN INBREEDING IN THE UNITED KINGDOM FROM ‘BIRTH BRIEFS’

2001 ◽  
Vol 33 (1) ◽  
pp. 55-66 ◽  
Author(s):  
MALCOLM T. SMITH
Keyword(s):  
United Kingdom ◽  
Consanguineous Marriage ◽  
Inbreeding Coefficient ◽  
Cousin Marriage ◽  
Previous Generation ◽  
The United Kingdom ◽  
Secular Decline ◽  
Nineteenth And Twentieth Centuries ◽  
The Mean ◽  
Late Nineteenth

From 626 ascendant genealogies, known as ‘birth briefs’, deposited by members of the Society of Genealogists in their London library, rates of consanguineous marriage and coefficients of mean inbreeding (α) of offspring were estimated for cohorts of marriages contracted in the late nineteenth and early twentieth centuries. The rate of first cousin marriage in the generation estimated to have married during the 1920s was 0·32%, with no marriages between second cousins. The mean inbreeding coefficient for the offspring of these marriages was estimated as 0·0002. In the previous generation 1·12% of the marriages were between first cousins, and the estimate of mean inbreeding was 0·0007. Comparison with data taken from the published literature suggests that the levels of cousin marriage observed are consistent with a secular decline during the late nineteenth and twentieth centuries.

The Command of the Sea

2017 ◽  
Author(s):  
David G. Morgan-Owen
Keyword(s):  
Nineteenth Century ◽  
United Kingdom ◽  
Late Nineteenth Century ◽  
British Isles ◽  
Royal Navy ◽  
Naval Warfare ◽  
The United Kingdom ◽  
Late Nineteenth

The Royal Navy thought about war in a particular way in the late nineteenth century. This chapter explains how the contemporary Navy understood strategy as it pertained to protecting the United Kingdom from invasion. By examining the different approaches taken to war against France and Germany between 1885 and 1900 it shows how the Admiralty understood the defence of the British Isles in this period in largely symmetrical terms. The battle fleet remained key to naval warfare and to preventing invasion, but it did not need to be shackled to the British coastline in order to prevent a hostile power from attempting to cross the Channel.

scholarly journals The impact of symptoms on quality of life before and after diagnosis of coeliac disease: the results from a Polish population survey and comparison with the results from the United Kingdom

2021 ◽  
Vol 21 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Emilia Majsiak ◽  
Magdalena Choina ◽  
Dominik Golicki ◽  
Alastair M. Gray ◽  
Bożena Cukrowska
Keyword(s):  
Quality Of Life ◽  
United Kingdom ◽  
Coeliac Disease ◽  
Gluten Free Diet ◽  
Gluten Free ◽  
The United Kingdom ◽  
Before And After ◽  
The Mean ◽  
The Uk

Abstract Background Coeliac disease (CD) is characterised by diverse clinical symptoms, which may cause diagnostic problems and reduce the patients’ quality of life. A study conducted in the United Kingdom (UK) revealed that the mean time between the onset of coeliac symptoms and being diagnosed was above 13 years. This study aimed to analyse the diagnostic process of CD in Poland and evaluate the quality of life of patients before and after CD diagnosis. In addition, results were compared to the results of the original study conducted in the UK. Methods The study included 2500 members of the Polish Coeliac Society. The patients were asked to complete a questionnaire containing questions on socio-demographic factors, clinical aspects and quality of life, using the EQ-5D questionnaire. Questionnaires received from 796 respondents were included in the final analysis. Results The most common symptoms reported by respondents were bloating (75%), abdominal pain (72%), chronic fatigue (63%) and anaemia (58%). Anaemia was the most persistent symptom, with mean duration prior to CD diagnosis of 9.2 years, whereas diarrhoea was observed for the shortest period (4.7 years). The mean duration of any symptom before CD diagnosis was 7.3 years, compared to 13.2 years in the UK. CD diagnosis and the introduction of a gluten-free diet substantially improved the quality of life in each of the five EQ-5D-5L health dimensions: pain and discomfort, anxiety and depression, usual activities, self-care and mobility (p < 0.001), the EQ-Index by 0.149 (SD 0.23) and the EQ-VAS by 30.4 (SD 28.3) points. Conclusions Duration of symptoms prior to the diagnosis of CD in Poland, although shorter than in the UK, was long with an average of 7.3 years from first CD symptoms. Faster CD diagnosis after the onset of symptoms in Polish respondents may be related to a higher percentage of children in the Polish sample. Introduction of a gluten-free diet improves coeliac patients’ quality of life. These results suggest that doctors should be made more aware of CD and its symptoms across all age groups.

Survey of the Use of Diffusion-Weighted Imaging for Cholesteatoma in the United Kingdom

ORL ◽  
2021 ◽  
pp. 1-7
Author(s):  
Sunil Dutt Sharma ◽  
Ahmad Hariri ◽  
Ravi Kumar Lingam ◽  
Arvind Singh
Keyword(s):  
United Kingdom ◽  
British Society ◽  
Petrous Apex ◽  
The United Kingdom ◽  
Diffusion Weighted ◽  
Clinical Scenarios ◽  
Head And Neck Imaging ◽  
The Mean ◽  
The Uk

<b><i>Background:</i></b> Non-echoplanar diffusion-weighted MRI (DWMRI) has a role in the surgical planning for cholesteatoma. <b><i>Aims/Objectives:</i></b> The aim of the study was to assess the use of DWMRI in the management of cholesteatoma across the UK, and measure clinicians’ confidence in the use of DWMRI. <b><i>Materials and Methods:</i></b> Telephone survey in 139 Otolaryngology Departments in the United Kingdom between March 2017 and July 2017, and asking radiology delegates at the British Society of Head and Neck Imaging 2017 meeting. <b><i>Results:</i></b> The response rate was 101 out of 139 Trusts (73%). Of those respondents who did have DWMRI available, 68/88 respondents (77%) use it for cholesteatoma. The mean confidence (±standard deviation) of the respondents with DWMRI in identifying cholesteatoma presence was 7.3 ± 2.1, in identifying volume of cholesteatoma was 6.8 ± 1.8, and in identifying subsites of cholesteatoma was 4.6 ± 2.1. <b><i>Conclusions and Significance:</i></b> DWMRI has a well-defined role in the follow-up of patients after cholesteatoma surgery, and those primary cases of cholesteatoma where the diagnosis is in question. The use of DWMRI for cholesteatoma is variable across the UK, but there are certain clinical scenarios where there is not enough awareness regarding the benefits of imaging (such as petrous apex cases of cholesteatoma).

scholarly journals Ireland, Wales, and Scotland

2017 ◽  
Author(s):  
Stewart J. Brown
Keyword(s):  
United Kingdom ◽  
Significant Influence ◽  
Church Of England ◽  
The Other ◽  
Late Nineteenth Century ◽  
Oxford Movement ◽  
Church Of Scotland ◽  
Presbyterian Church ◽  
The United Kingdom ◽  
Late Nineteenth

In this chapter the author demonstrates that while the Oxford Movement was an English development, it also exercised a significant influence upon the other nations within the United Kingdom. In Ireland and Wales, where the established United Church of England and Ireland held the allegiance of only a minority of the population, small but influential groups of High Churchmen embraced Tractarian principles as a form of Church defence. In Scotland, Tractarian principles contributed to the modest revival of the small Scottish Episcopal Church, and also had unexpected consequences in promoting a Scoto-Catholic movement within the late nineteenth-century established Presbyterian Church of Scotland.

Union and its Challengers in the United Kingdom

2021 ◽  
pp. 21-36
Author(s):  
Michael Keating
Keyword(s):  
Twentieth Century ◽  
United Kingdom ◽  
The State ◽  
Clear Distinction ◽  
World War Two ◽  
World War ◽  
The United Kingdom ◽  
Parliamentary Sovereignty ◽  
Nineteenth And Twentieth Centuries ◽  
Over Time

The United Kingdom was created over time without a clear plan. Creation of the state largely coincided with the creation of the Empire so that there was not a clear distinction between the two. The union preserved many of the elements of the pre-union component parts, but was kept together by the principle of unitary parliamentary sovereignty. Within the union, the distinct nationalities developed in the modern period and produced nationalist movements. Most of these aimed at devolution within the state, but some demanded separation. Management of these demands was a key task of statecraft in the nineteenth and twentieth centuries. In the post-World War Two era, the nationalities question appeared to have gone away but it returned in the 1970s. Devolution settlements at the end of the twentieth century represented a move to stabilize the union on new terms.

scholarly journals “The Most Improbable Diocese of the Anglican Communion”

2016 ◽  
Vol 29 (1-2) ◽  
pp. 93-117
Author(s):  
John Stuart
Keyword(s):  
South Africa ◽  
Nineteenth Century ◽  
United Kingdom ◽  
Late Nineteenth Century ◽  
Historical Overview ◽  
The United Kingdom ◽  
Late Nineteenth ◽  
Mission Church

The Anglican presence in Mozambique dates from the late nineteenth century. This article provides a historical overview, with reference to mission, church and diocese. It also examines ecclesiastical and other religious connections between Mozambique and the United Kingdom, South Africa and Portugal. Through focus on the career and writings of the English missionary-priest John Paul and on the episcopacy of the Portuguese-born bishop of Lebombo Daniel de Pina Cabral, the article furthermore examines Anglican affairs in Mozambique during the African struggle for liberation from Portuguese rule.

scholarly journals Reactions to Standardized Cigarette Packs With Varying Structural Designs, and the Association With Smoking Susceptibility: A Postimplementation Cross-Sectional Survey With Never-Smoking Adolescents in Scotland

2020 ◽  
Vol 22 (11) ◽  
pp. 2041-2050 ◽  
Author(s):  
Danielle Mitchell ◽  
Nathan Critchlow ◽  
Crawford Moodie ◽  
Linda Bauld
Keyword(s):  
United Kingdom ◽  
Cross Sectional Survey ◽  
Cross Sectional ◽  
The United Kingdom ◽  
Cigarette Pack ◽  
The Mean ◽  
Never Smokers ◽  
Smoking Susceptibility ◽  
Similar Legislation ◽  
Cigarette Packs

Abstract Introduction From May 20, 2017, cigarettes in the United Kingdom must be sold in standardized (plain) packaging. We explore postimplementation reactions to standardized cigarette packaging among never-smokers in Scotland, whether reactions vary in relation to permitted variations in pack structure, and whether reactions are associated with susceptibility. Aims and Methods A cross-sectional survey with 12–17-year-old never-smokers (n = 507) in Scotland, conducted November 2017–November 2018. Participants were shown one “regular” standardized cigarette pack (flip-top lid and straight-edged pack, similar to designs in Australia) and three standardized packs with varied pack structures (beveled-edges, slim pack, and shoulder box), which are permitted postimplementation in the United Kingdom. Participants rated each pack on eight five-point reaction measures (eg, attractiveness). Participants also indicated which pack, if any, they would choose. Smoking susceptibility was the outcome. Results The mean reaction scores for all four packs were mostly negative, however the shoulder box was consistently rated less negatively than the regular, slim, or beveled-edge packs. Most participants (87%) said they would not select any of the four packs, although susceptible participants were more likely to select one than nonsusceptible participants (25% vs. 7%; χ 2 = 29.70; p &lt; .001). For all four packs, not finding them off-putting was associated with susceptibility (Adjusted Odds Ratio range: 2.73–3.69), albeit only a minority of adolescents did not find each pack off-putting. Conclusions Adolescents have negative reactions to the standardized cigarette packs implemented in the United Kingdom, albeit permitted variations in structure can reduce the extent of negativity. Most reactions to standardized packaging had no association with susceptibility. Implications We provide the first empirical evidence that adolescents find the standardized cigarette packs implemented in the United Kingdom unappealing and that most pack reactions have no association with susceptibility among never-smokers, with the exception of the minority who did not think that they would put them off smoking. This suggests that the legislation is achieving one of its primary aims, to reduce the appeal of packaging. That permitted variations in pack structure (eg, shoulder boxes) somewhat reduce negative reactions suggests that the United Kingdom, and other countries introducing similar legislation, should ensure that all aspects of pack design are fully standardized.

scholarly journals Glucocorticoid management of adrenal insufficiency in the United Kingdom: assessment using real-world data

2019 ◽  
Vol 8 (1) ◽  
pp. 20-31 ◽  
Author(s):  
Kamran Iqbal ◽  
Kate Halsby ◽  
Robert D Murray ◽  
Paul V Carroll ◽  
Robert Petermann
Keyword(s):  
United Kingdom ◽  
Adrenal Insufficiency ◽  
Real World ◽  
Hospital Admissions ◽  
Immediate Release ◽  
Resource Utilisation ◽  
Health Improvement ◽  
Real World Data ◽  
The United Kingdom ◽  
The Mean

Background and objectives Glucocorticoids are used to manage adrenal insufficiency (AI). We describe treatments used in the United Kingdom and real-world clinical outcomes for each treatment. Methods We used 2010–2016 primary care data from The Health Improvement Network (THIN). Descriptive analyses were conducted, and differences in variables between patients prescribed immediate-release hydrocortisone (IR HC), prednisolone or modified-release hydrocortisone (MR HC) were assessed using Fisher’s exact test. Results Overall, 2648 patients were included: 1912 on IR HC (72%), 691 on prednisolone (26%) and 45 (2%) on MR HC. A total of 1174 (44.3%) had primary and 1150 (43.4%) had secondary AI. Patients on prednisolone were older (P < 0.001) and had a greater history of smoking (292/691, P < 0.001) and CVD (275/691, P < 0.001). Patients on MR HC had more PCOS (3/45, P = 0.001) and diabetes (27/45, P = 0.004). The number of GP visits/patient/year was 6.50 in IR HC, 9.54 in prednisolone and 9.11 in MR HC cohorts. The mean number of A&E visits and inpatient and outpatient hospital admissions ranged from 0.42 to 0.93 visits/patient/year. The mean number of adrenal crises/patient/year was between 0.02 and 0.03 for all cohorts. Conclusion IR HC is most commonly used for the management of AI in the United Kingdom, followed by prednisolone. Few patients receive MR HC. The prednisolone and MR HC cohorts displayed a greater prevalence of vascular risk factors compared with IR HC. The occurrence of AC and primary and secondary resource use were similar between treatment cohorts, and they indicate significant resource utilisation. Improved treatment and management of patients with AI is needed.

Studying, Working, and Living in Another EU Country

2000 ◽  
Vol 5 (3) ◽  
pp. 216-227 ◽  
Author(s):  
Etienne Mullet ◽  
Véronique Dej ◽  
Isabelle Lemaire ◽  
Philippe Raïff ◽  
Jolyon Barthorpe
Keyword(s):  
Factor Analysis ◽  
United Kingdom ◽  
Family Influence ◽  
Eu Countries ◽  
The United Kingdom ◽  
Confirmatory Factor ◽  
The Family ◽  
The Mean ◽  
Very High

This study assessed the willingness of French youth to go and study or work for some time in another EU country. We examined three types of questions: (a) What is the overall level of willingness to go in another EU country? Does age, gender or socioeconomic status (SES) of the family influence this overall level? Which country do French youth prefer to go to? (b) Is a four-factor Push-Anti-Push-Pull-Anti-Pull model able to account for data regarding attitudes toward other countries and attitudes toward France? (c) Is this model able to predict willingness to go and study or work in another EU country, both generally and for individual countries? The overall level of willingness to go to other EU countries was not very high. Except for the United Kingdom the mean response was always located closer to the “No” pole than to the “Quite possible” pole. Gender, age, and educational level of the father did not play a role. Participants clearly preferred the United Kingdom and Spain to Germany or The Netherlands. Exploratory factor analysis showed a clearly interpretable Push-Anti-Push-Pull-Anti-Pull solution, and confirmatory factor analysis showed that this structure fits the attitudes data very well according to the usual indices. This general model, however, did not explain much of the “intent-to-go” variance. In addition, specific Pull attractiveness considerations (liking and knowing the country) played, beyond the general Push-Pull model, a notable role in the determination of willingness to go and study or work in each of the 14 EU countries.

Maternal Phenylketonuria: Experiences From the United Kingdom

PEDIATRICS ◽  
2003 ◽  
Vol 112 (Supplement_4) ◽  
pp. 1553-1556
Author(s):  
Philip J. Lee ◽  
Maggie Lilburn ◽  
Jenny Baudin
Keyword(s):  
Congenital Heart Disease ◽  
United Kingdom ◽  
Heart Disease ◽  
Birth Weight ◽  
Head Circumference ◽  
Congenital Heart ◽  
Developmental Quotient ◽  
The United Kingdom ◽  
Postnatal Environment ◽  
The Mean

Charles Dent was one of the first physicians to recognize the teratogenic effects of maternal phenylalanine (Phe) on the fetus in 1956. This article describes the clinical experiences of women with phenylketonuria (PKU) within the unit that was established by Dent in the United Kingdom. Between 1977 and 2002, 79 infants were born to women with PKU. Of the 79, 18 (23%) were conceived while the women were on a normal diet with high blood Phe levels. The mean birth weight was 2.89 kg, and head circumference was 32.8 cm. At 1 year, the mean developmental quotient was 105.5 and at 4 years was 82.3. Four of these infants had congenital heart disease (2 of whom died as a result). In the remaining 61 infants, Phe-restricted diet started before conception. None of them had congenital heart disease. The mean birth weight was 3.23 kg, and head circumference was 34.0 cm. At 1 year, mean developmental quotient was 108.0 and at 4 years was 90.9. They continue to be followed up with additional neuropsychometric assessments at 8 and 14 years of age. This cohort is a proportion of infants who were born to mothers with PKU in the United Kingdom. Between 1978 and 1997, 255 live births were reported. Of these, 56% were conceived on unrestricted diet with subsequently poor outcome. This relatively high rate of conception off PKU diet is likely to reflect the scarcity of medical services for adults with metabolic disorders. We conclude that many features of the maternal PKU syndrome can be prevented but still occur because of the lack of appropriate resources to care for at-risk women. The precise targets for blood Phe and other nutrients during pregnancy are not entirely clear, neither are the reasons that some offspring are spared the harmful effects of Phe. The impact of the postnatal environment in which these infants find themselves requires additional assessment, too.

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